Rice Straw Silage Research Articles

Effects of lactic acid bacteria and molasses on fermentation dynamics, structural and nonstructural carbohydrate composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of rice straw silage.

ObjectiveThis study was to evaluate the fermentation dynamics, structural and nonstructural carbohydrate composition and in vitro gas production of rice straw ensiled with lactic acid bacteria and molasses.MethodsFresh rice straw was ensiled in 1-L laboratory silos with no additive control (C), Lactobacillus plantarum (L), molasses (M) and molasses+Lactobacillus plantarum (ML) for 6, 15, 30, and 60 days. After storage, the silages were subjected to microbial and chemical analyses as well as the further in vitro fermentation trial.ResultsAll additives increased lactic acid concentration, and reduced pH, dry matter (DM) loss and structural carbohydrate content relative to the control (p<0.05). The highest organic acid and residual sugar contents and lignocellulose reduction were observed in ML silage. L silage had the highest V-score with 88.10 followed by ML silage. L and ML silage improved in vitro DM digestibility as compared with other treatments, while in vitro neutral detergent fibre degradability (IVNDFD) was increased in M and ML silage (p<0.05). M silage significantly (p<0.05) increased propionic acid (PA) content and decreased butyric acid content and acetic acid/PA as well as 72-h cumulative gas production.ConclusionThe application of ML was effective for improving both the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage. Inclusion with molasses to rice straw could reduce in vitro ruminal gas production.

Study on round rice straw bale wrapping silage technology and facilities

Specific to problems of the existing round bale wrapping machine in China, such as small application scope and failing to satisfy the wrapping demands of round bales of different specifications, a tumbler-type round bale wrapping machine based on wrapping silage with stretch film was designed. By theoretical analysis and preliminary experiments of the corresponding wrapping process, revolving speed of tumbler, speed ratio between tumbler and carrier rollers, and pre-load force of stretch film were determined as experimental factors, while wrapping time and consumption of stretch film per unit mass of round bale were determined as evaluation indexes. Furthermore, quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combination experimental design was adopted to carry out the wrapping experiment. The regression models were set up, and influencing rules of experimental factors on evaluation indexes were also analyzed. The optimal parameter combination scheme was revolving speed of tumbler of 31-32 r/min, speed ratio between tumbler and carrier rollers of 2.6, and pre-load force of stretch film of 20-22 N. Under such a circumstance, the corresponding wrapping time required was 37.7-38.9 s and consumption of stretch film per unit mass of round bale was 3.21-3.46 kg/t. The predicted values and the measured values of evaluation indexes basically coincided with each other and the relative error fell below 5%, which indicated that both the optimized regression models acquired through the wrapping experiment and the relevant parameter optimization results were reliable. To guarantee the quality of rice straw silage, the round bale should be wrapped by no less than five layers of stretch films through the utilization of the tumbler-type round bale wrapping machine. The study results could be used as references for research and development of the round bale wrapping machine. Keywords: round bale, silage, wrapping machine, tumbler-type, analysis, experiment DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181104.2855 Citation: Li L Q, Wang D F, Yang X. Study on round rice straw bale wrapping silage technology and facilities. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(4): 88-95.

Evaluation of the Fermentation Ability of Lactic Acid Bacteria to Manufacture Highest Quality Rice Straw Silage

Evaluation of the Fermentation Ability of Lactic Acid Bacteria to Manufacture Highest Quality Rice Straw Silage

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as a roughage source for beef cattle.

ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to evaluate kenaf as a roughage source in vitro and its effects on meat quality of Hanwoo (Korean native) cattle.MethodsThree roughage materials, rice straw silage, ryegrass silage, and kenaf silage, were tested in a batch culture and feeding trial. Rumen fermentation parameters, including gas, pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), and ammonia were analyzed. In the feeding trial, Hanwoo steers (373.5±5.1 kg, n = 36, 11 month of age) were divided into three feeding groups (n = 12 each). Animals were fed with each silage and concentrate until the fattening stage.ResultsCrude protein, ether extract, and non-structural carbohydrates were greater in kenaf silage. Total gas production was higher in ryegrass silage, followed by kenaf silage and rice straw silage (p<0.05). Total VFA and individual VFA (acetate, propionate, and n-butyrate) were greater in kenaf silage than rice straw silage (p<0.05). In vitro dry matter digestibility showed a similar trend to that of total gas and VFA production; it was higher in ryegrass silage and lower in rice straw (p<0.05). Throughout the feeding trial, the rice straw silage group showed significantly greater average daily gain than did the others (p<0.05). The feed conversion ratio in the group fed kenaf silage was significantly greater than that of others (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in yield or quality traits, including carcass weight, ribeye area, backfat thickness, and scores for marbling, meat color, and fat color (p>0.05).ConclusionThe results indicated that no negative effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics occurred across treatments. Therefore, kenaf could be substituted for rice straw, which is most widely used as a roughage source in Korea.

Study on round rice straw bale wrapping silage technology and facilities

Specific to problems of the existing round bale wrapping machine in China, such as small application scope and failing to satisfy the wrapping demands of round bales of different specifications, a tumbler-type round bale wrapping machine based on wrapping silage with stretch film was designed. By theoretical analysis and preliminary experiments of the corresponding wrapping process, revolving speed of tumbler, speed ratio between tumbler and carrier rollers, and pre-load force of stretch film were determined as experimental factors, while wrapping time and consumption of stretch film per unit mass of round bale were determined as evaluation indexes. Furthermore, quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combination experimental design was adopted to carry out the wrapping experiment. The regression models were set up, and influencing rules of experimental factors on evaluation indexes were also analyzed. The optimal parameter combination scheme was revolving speed of tumbler of 31-32 r/min, speed ratio between tumbler and carrier rollers of 2.6, and pre-load force of stretch film of 20-22 N. Under such a circumstance, the corresponding wrapping time required was 37.7-38.9 s and consumption of stretch film per unit mass of round bale was 3.21-3.46 kg/t. The predicted values and the measured values of evaluation indexes basically coincided with each other and the relative error fell below 5%, which indicated that both the optimized regression models acquired through the wrapping experiment and the relevant parameter optimization results were reliable. To guarantee the quality of rice straw silage, the round bale should be wrapped by no less than five layers of stretch films through the utilization of the tumbler-type round bale wrapping machine. The study results could be used as references for research and development of the round bale wrapping machine. Keywords: round bale, silage, wrapping machine, tumbler-type, analysis, experiment DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181104.2855 Citation: Li L Q, Wang D F, Yang X. Study on round rice straw bale wrapping silage technology and facilities. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(4): 88-95.

볏짚 사일리지에 대한 잔류농약 다성분 동시분석

볏짚 사일리지에 대한 잔류농약 다성분 동시분석

Development of a new lactic acid bacterial inoculant for fresh rice straw silage.

ObjectiveEffects of newly isolated Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation and chemical composition of fresh rice straw silage was evaluated in this study.MethodsLactic acid bacteria (LAB) from good crop silage were screened by growing them in MRS broth and a minimal medium with low carbohydrate content. Selected LAB (LAB 1821) were Gram-positive, rods, catalase negative, and were identified to be Lactobacillus plantarum based on their biochemical characteristics and a 16S rRNA analysis. Fresh rice straw was ensiled with two isolated LAB (1821 and 1841), two commercial inoculants (HM/F and P1132) and no additive as a control.ResultsAfter 2 months of storage at ambient temperature, rice straw silages treated with additives were well-preserved, the pH values and butyric and acetic acid contents were lower, and the lactic acid content and lactic/acetic acid ratio were higher than those in the control (p<0.05). Acidity (pH) was lowest, and lactic acid highest, in 1821-treated silage (p<0.05). The NH3-N content decreased significantly in inoculant-treated silage (p<0.05) and the NH3-N content in 1821-treated silage was lowest among the treatments. The dry matter (DM) content of the control silage was lower than that of fresh rice straw (p<0.05), while that of the 1841- and p1174-inoculant-treated silages was significantly higher than that of HM/F-treated silage. Microbial additives did not have any significant (p>0.05) effect on acid detergent fiber or neutral detergent fiber contents. Crude protein (CP) content and in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) increased after inoculation of LAB 1821 (p<0.05).ConclusionLAB 1821 increased the CP, IVDMD, lactic acid content and ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid in rice straw silage and decreased the pH, acetic acid, NH3-N, and butyric acid contents. Therefore, adding LAB 1821 improved the fermentation quality and feed value of rice straw silage.

Kualitas Bakteri Asam Laktat Isolasi Jerami Padi Dengan Penambahan Berbagai Level Molases

One of the problems in the development of ruminants, especially in the dry season is difficult to feed of quantity and quality. The aim of this research is to study of pH, the number of colonies of Lactic Acid Bacteria, antimicrobial isolated from rice straw silage with the addition of levels of molasses. This research was conducted from Juli until November 2015 at Laboratory of Agrosotology, Feed Industry and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau.. The research method of rice straw silage with the addition of various levels of molasses, isolation of lactic acid bacteria and antimicrobial effect. The method used to analyze pH, the number of colonies of Lactic Acid Bacteria, and antimicrobial effect is exploration by using descriptive analysis. The conclusion that treatment of rice straw silage by adding molasses 9% level pH content, the number of colonies and the antimicrobial effect better than the other treatments.

Effects of Previously Fermented Juice on Nutritive Value and Fermentative Quality of Rice Straw Silage

The effects of Previously Fermented Juice (PFJ) on the fermentative quality and changes in chemical composition during fermentation of rice straw silage were investigated. The results showed that the PFJ and diluted the PFJ (dPFJ) treated silages had significantly (p<0.05) lower pH and ammonia-nitrogen content, while significantly higher lactic acid content compared with treatments. This study confirmed that the applying of the PFJ and the dPFJ improved fermentation quality of silage.

Optimization of Analytical Methods for Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone by UHPLC in Rice Straw Silage and Winter Forage Crops

Optimization of Analytical Methods for Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone by UHPLC in Rice Straw Silage and Winter Forage Crops

Adding distiller's grains and molasses on fermentation quality of rice straw silages

ABSTRACT: Ensilage is a simple and low-cost strategy to enable long term preservation and environmentally friendly utilization of agricultural by-products, such as straws and distiller's grains (DG) for ruminants. Effect of mixing different proportions of DG and rice straw (i.e. 0, 10, 20 or 30% of DG) with or without 5% molasses addition on fermentation and chemical variables of silages was evaluated. The study was conducted as a randomized blocks design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with three replications, using laboratory silos of 1L capacity (n=24). Despite a significant interaction (P&lt;0.01) between DG and molasses addition was observed for most variables, in general the increased addition of DG linearly decreased the pH value, acetic acid (AA), butyric acid (BA) and ammonia N concentration (P&lt;0.01), and increased the lactic acid (LA) concentration (P&lt;0.01). Exception was the propionic acid concentration which linearly decreased without molasses addition and linearly increased with molasses addition at increased proportion of DG (P&lt;0.01). In both silages with or without molasses the addition of DG increased the dry matter, water soluble carbohydrates and crude protein (P&lt;0.01), and decreased the NDF content (P&lt;0.01). Based on the perspective of maximum utilization of rice straw, the mixture of 10% of DG associated to 5% molasses at ensilage process is recommended.

Effect of different levels of corn steep liquor addition on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of fresh rice straw silage.

The object of this study was to determine the proper mixing ratio of fresh rice straw to corn steep liquor (CSL) to obtain a high protein content silage feed. The following experimental silages were generated: the control (C1), composed of fresh rice straw without CSL additive, mixed with CSL in the ratios of 4:1 (C4), 3:1 (C3) and 2:1 (C2). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant was applied at the rate of 50 mL/kg (fresh basis) of forage to achieve a final application rate of 1 × 106 cfu/g of fresh matter (FM). Duplicate silos for each treatment were opened after 0, 3, 7, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 d for microbiological and chemical analysis. The results showed that the addition of CSL significantly increased crude protein (CP) contents, and decreased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of treatments after 60 d of ensiling (P < 0.05). The lactic acid contents in C4 and C3 were significantly higher than that in C1 (P < 0.05). In summary, mixing fresh rice straw with CSL at addition levels of 4:1 (C4) and 3:1 (C3) can improve the fermentation quality and nutrient composition of fresh rice straw silage. However, a large proportion of CSL (C3) had a negative impact on the aerobic stability of fresh rice straw.

Adding sweet potato vines improve the quality of rice straw silage.

Rice straw and sweet potato vines are the main by-products of agricultural crops, and their disposal creates problems for the environment in the south of China. In order to establish an easy method for making rice straw silage successfully, experiments were conduct to evaluate fermentation quality and nutritive value of rice straw silages ensiled with or without sweet potato vine. Paddy rice straw (PR) and upland rice straw (UP) were ensiled alone or with sweet potato vines (SP) by a ratio of 1:1 (fresh matter basis), over 3 years. Compared with rice straw silages ensiled alone, the mixed-material silages (PR + SP, UR + SP) showed higher fermentation quality with lower propionic acid content and NH3 -N ratio of total N, and higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid, resulting in decrease (P < 0.05) of dry matter loss and higher (P < 0.05) in vitro ruminal dry matter digestion. When the fermentation quality, chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics were considered, ensiling would be an effective way of utilization of rice straw and sweet potato vines in the regions where rice and sweet potato are harvested at same season, and the sweet potato vines have the potential to improve rice straw fermentation quality with low water soluble carbohydrate content in south of China.

Binding and detoxification of chlorpyrifos by lactic acid bacteria on rice straw silage fermentation

ABSTRACTThis investigation examined the reduction of pesticide residues on straw inoculated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during ensiling. Lactobacillus casei WYS3 was isolated from rice straw that contained pesticide residues. Non-sterilized rice straw, which was inoculated with L. casei WYS3, showed increased removal of chlorpyrifos after ensiling, compared with rice straw that was not inoculated with L. casei WYS3 or sterilized rice straw. In pure culture, these strains can bind chlorpyrifos as indicated by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Viable L. casei WYS3 was shown to bind 33.3–42% of exogenously added chlorpyrifos. These results are similar to those of acid-treated cells but less than those of heat-treated cells, which were found to bind 32.0% and 77.2% of the added chlorpyrifos respectively. Furthermore, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis determined that L. casei WYS3 detoxified chlorpyrifos via P-O-C cleavage. Real-time polymerized chain reaction analysis determined that organophosphorus hydrolase gene expression tripled after the addition of chlorpyrifos to LAB cultures, compared with the control group (without chlorpyrifos). This paper highlights the potential use of LAB starter cultures for the detoxification and removal of chlorpyrifos residues in the environment.

Fermentation Quality and Additives: A Case of Rice Straw Silage.

Rice cultivation generates large amount of crop residues of which only 20% are utilized for industrial and domestic purposes. In most developing countries especially southeast Asia, rice straw is used as part of feeding ingredients for the ruminants. However, due to its low protein content and high level of lignin and silica, there is limitation to its digestibility and nutritional value. To utilize this crop residue judiciously, there is a need for improvement of its nutritive value to promote its utilization through ensiling. Understanding the fundamental principle of ensiling is a prerequisite for successful silage product. Prominent factors influencing quality of silage product include water soluble carbohydrates, natural microbial population, and harvesting conditions of the forage. Additives are used to control the fermentation processes to enhance nutrient recovery and improve silage stability. This review emphasizes some practical aspects of silage processing and the use of additives for improvement of fermentation quality of rice straw.

Effects of Moisture Content and Chopping Treatment of Rice Straw Silage on Particle Size and in situ Digestibility of Total Mixed Ration in Dairy Cows

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of chopped and non-chopped rice straw on characteristics of silage-based total mixed ration (TMR) according to the particle size, laceration, and in situ dry matter (DM) degradation. The three rice straw silages as low moisture unchopped (LMUC; 32.75% of moisture, unchopped), high moisture unchopped (HMUC; 42.05% of moisture, unchopped), and high moisture chopped (HMC; 44.71% of moisture, chopped to 30 cm lengths) were tested. Samples were collected at every 5 minutes from 10 min of pre-mixing to 50 min. The percentage of >19 mm in LMUC and HMC was decreased to 7.23% and 7.74% (p was increased to 5.81% and 5.24%, respectively. Furthermore, the laceration of forage by a TMR mixer showed that there was little change in the reduction of 1.26% in HMC, but was reduced to 7.53% and 16.06% in LMUC and HMUC, respectively. The peNDF>8 was maintained 17 ~ 18.5% of the optimal requirement level for 15 to 45 min mixing in LMUC and for 30 to 50 min mixing in HMC, but it exceeded the level of peNDF>8 in the range of 21.49 to 22.53% for 50 min mixing in HMUC. However, ruminal in situ DM degradation appeared as LMUC > HMUC > HMC. Therefore, these results suggest that the rice straw silage may be useful for high-yielding lactating cows, if it can be supplied with the adequate peNDF, and the limiting factor on DMI and DM degradation was reduced by crushing of the plant tissue, although the rice straw silage was concerned to low quality forage.

The effect of lactic acid bacterial starter culture and chemical additives on wilted rice straw silage.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are suitable for rice straw silage fermentation, but have been studied rarely, and rice straw as raw material for ensiling is difficult because of its disadvantages, such as low nutrition for microbial activities and low abundances of natural populations of LAB. So we investigated the effect of application of LAB and chemical additives on the fermentation quality and microbial community of wilted rice straw silage. Treatment with chemical additives increased the concentrations of crude protein (CP), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), acetic acid and lactic acid, reduced the concentrations of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), but did not effectively inhibit the growth of spoilage organisms. Inoculation with LABs did not improve the nutritional value of the silage because of poor growth of LABs in wilted rice straw. Inoculation with LAB and addition of chemical materials improved the quality of silage similar to the effects of addition of chemical materials alone. Growth of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria was inhibited by this mixed treatment and the LAB gradually dominated the microbial community. In summary, the fermentation quality of wilted rice straw silage had improved by addition of LAB and chemical materials.

Effect of Addition of Chlorella and Lactic Acid Bacteria on Nutritive Value and Fermentation Quality of Fresh Rice Straw Silage

Ki Choon Choi*, Soundarrajan Ilavenil, Mariadhas Valan Arasu, Hyung-Su Park and Won-Ho KimNational Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan 331-808, KoreaABSTRACTFresh rice straw silage(RSS) was prepared with lactic acid bacteria(LAB) and chlorella(CA) at the experimental field of National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan Province, Korea. This experiment consisted of the following eight treatments: control treatment without CA and LAB; treatment of 0.1% CA applied without LAB; treatment of 0.5% CA applied without LAB; treatment of 1.0% CA applied without LAB; treatment of only LAB inoculation without CA; treatment of 0.1% CA inoculated with LAB; treatment of 0.5% CA inoculated with LAB; and treatment of 1.0% CA inoculated with LAB. The content of crude protein of RSS significantly elevated with increased concentration of CA(p<0.05). The levels of acid detergent fiber(ADF), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), total digestible nutrient(TDN), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) showed no significant improvement in all treatments when compared to control. However, the quantity of lactic acid in RSS increased in CA and LAB alone inoculated treatments. Similarly, lactic acid significantly increased in LAB with CA treatments when compared to control. In addition, the number of LAB in LAB treatment increased as compared to control and significantly increased by an increase of CA concentration(p<0.05). Therefore, the nutritive values and quality of RSS can be improved by the addition of CA.(Key words :Chlorella, Lactic acid bacteria, Fresh rice straw, Lactic acid)

The effect of anaerobic fungal inoculation on the fermentation characteristics of rice straw silages.

To identify whether the supplement of anaerobic fungi isolates with cellulolytic activities accelerates the silage fermentation. Three fungal isolates with the highest cellulolytic activities among 45 strains of anaerobic fungal stock in our laboratory were selected and used as silage inoculants. The rice straw (RS) was ensiled for 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days with four treatments of anaerobic fungi derived from the control (no fungus), Piromyces M014 (isolated from the rumen of the Korean native goat), Orpinomyces R001 (isolated from the duodenum of Korean native cattle) and Neocallimastix M010 (isolated from the guts of termites), respectively. The silages inoculated with pure strains of fungi showed a higher fungal population (P < 0.05) when compared to the control silage. In situ ruminal DM disappearance of RS silage (RSS) was improved with fungal treatment. SEM observation showed live fungal cells inoculated in RS could survive during the ensiling process. Overall, this study indicated that the inoculation of anaerobic fungi decreased the cell wall content of the RSS and increased in situ dry matter disappearance. The supplementation of anaerobic fungi isolates to RSS as a silage inoculant improves the RSS quality. This is the first study showing the potential application of supplement of anaerobic fungi isolated from the guts may be applied industrially as an alternate feed additive that improves the silage quality.

Effects of Fresh Rice Straw Silage on Feeding Performance During the Late Stage of Fattening in Japanese Black Steers

Effects of Fresh Rice Straw Silage on Feeding Performance During the Late Stage of Fattening in Japanese Black Steers