Rice Seeds Research Articles

The role of Ni- and Cd-resistant rhizobacteria in promoting the growth of rice seedlings and alleviating the combined phytotoxicity of Ni and Cd

The problem of potentially toxic metal pollution is increasingly acute with the development of human society. In this study, we investigated the remediation of nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) co-contamination through inoculating rice with three new-isolated Ni- and Cd-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Y3, Y4, and Y5. These three strains possessed growth-promoting properties, including 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity, the ability of indoleacetic acid (IAA) production, phosphate solubilization, siderophores production, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) development. According to 16S rDNA sequence homology, strains Y3, Y4, and Y5 were identified as Pseudomonas sp., Chryseobacterium sp., and Enterobacter sp., respectively. Based on the results of rice germination experiments conducted under combined toxicity, we set the contamination concentrations for Ni2+ at 20 μg mL−1 and Cd2+ at 40 μg mL−1. Then we conducted potting experiments at these concentration levels to study the effects of strains Y3, Y4, and Y5 on rice growth under synergistic Ni and Cd stress. The results indicated that the inoculated strains Y3, Y4, and Y5 were effective in promoting the growth of rice seedlings under the combined stress of Ni and Cd, and conferring tolerance to Ni and Cd by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities of the seedlings. Among them, strain Y3 exhibited stronger ACC deaminase activity, IAA production capacity, and EPS production capacity, showing the most pronounced growth-promoting effect on rice. It was demonstrated that after inoculation with strain Y3, the germination rate of rice seeds increased by 43 %, the fresh weight of stems improved by 35 %, and the chlorophyll content enhanced by 70 % and other growth-promoting phenomena. Additionally, under Ni and Cd stress, strain Y5 performed better than strain Y4 in terms of IAA production capacity and its influence on rice root growth, suggesting that IAA production might play a specifically essential role in root growth under Ni and Cd stress.

Relationship between Protein, MicroRNA Expression in Extracellular Vesicles and Rice Seed Vigor.

Plant extracellular vesicles are non-self-replicating particles released by living plant cells and delimited by a lipid bilayer. They contain a large amount of lipids, RNA, and proteins. Seed vigor plays an important role in agricultural production and preservation of germplasm resources. Extracellular vesicles with cross-species communication with bioactive molecules can resist pathogens, exhibit anti-aging properties, and perform other functions; however, its potential influence on seed vigor has not been reported. In this study, rice seeds with different germination percentages were used to extract extracellular vesicles, endogenous proteins, and RNA. Protein qualitative identification and miRNA differential analysis were performed to analyze the regulatory mechanism of extracellular vesicles on seed vigor. Results: The profiles of four miRNA families were found to be significantly different: osa-miR164, osa-miR168, osa-miR166, and osa-miR159. Protein correlation analysis predicted that extracellular vesicles might mediate the synthesis of the seed cell wall; glyoxic acid cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle; non-specific lipid transfer; mitochondrial quality control; and other biological processes to regulate rice seed viability. In addition, cupin protein, phospholipase D, aldehyde dehydrogenase, seven heat shock proteins (especially BiP1 and BiP2), protein disulfide isomerase-like (PDI), thioredoxin, calnexin and calreticulin, glutathione transferase, and other proteins found in extracellular vesicles were closely related to seed vigor. This provides a novel direction for the study of the regulation mechanism of seed vigor.

Effects of Plant Extracts on Growth Promotion, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Secondary Metabolites in Rice (Oryza sativa) Plants

Plant extracts are widely used in sustainable agriculture practices to enhance crop production and reduce chemical usage in agriculture. This study employed several extraction solutions of various plant extracts to synthesize planting and spraying strategies, assess the persistence efficacy of rice, and investigate the influence of selected water extracts on secondary chemicals at different rice planting stages. Among 17 water extracts that were evaluated on rice seeds, 7 were enhanced to align with the lengths of rice roots 50–70% and shoots 40–50%. The analysis of extraction, spraying, and planting experiments revealed that water extracts, soil application, and transplanting were the most efficient methods for stimulating rice growth, especially 0.1 and 0.5% concentrations. The efficacy of the extracts remained intact also after 14 days of treatment. This study showed that photosynthesis and antioxidant activities may play crucial roles in plant growth. Rice growth stimulation has been linked to photosynthesis, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant enzymes, providing a balanced supply of nutrients for plant growth. Among all tested water extracts, Psidium guajava, Aloe vera, Allium sativum, and Medicago sativa extracts can be used to promote plant growth in organic farming.

Enhancing growth and yield attributes through bio priming approach in direct seeded rice

Sowing pregerminated and primed rice seeds was found to be advantageous in shortening the numbers of emergence, heading, and maturity days. Reduction in the maturity period of rice by 14.1 days is a significant phonological achievement. Therefore, to ensure the benefits of seed enhancing techniques on seed yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.),field experiment was conducted in Split Plot Design with four replications using PMK(R)4 with fourteen different seed biopriming liquid microbial cultures and its combinations. The results showed that the seeds soaked in equal volume of liquid microbial cultures Azospirillum+ Phosphobacteria 20% for 18hrs recorded maximum plant height at 45(29.2cm), 90DAS(105.2 cm) and harvest stages (113.3 cm). The leaf area index(10), number of productive tillers, panicle length(36.3 cm), number of spikelets per panicle (106) and panicle weight were maximum in co-inoculated priming treatment Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria and Azospirillum+ Phosphobacteria+ Silicate Solublizing Bacteria followed by Azosprillium 20% for 18hrs and minimum with non-primed seeds. Combined application of Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria was found to be most effective treatment in improving seed yield per plot(6.6g), seed yield per hectare and 1000 seed weight (24.72 g) over non-primed seeds.

Allelopathic effects of leaves extract of parthenium hysterophorus l. On seed germination of three Rice varieties

This study investigates the allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus L. leaf and root extracts on the germination and growth of three rice varieties (Hira dhan, BRRI dhan-28, and BRRI dhan-29) in Bangladesh. Leaf and root extracts of P. hysterophorus were prepared at different concentrations and applied to rice seeds in a controlled environment. Results showed that low concentrations of the extracts inhibited seed germination and growth, with significant differences among rice varieties (p < 0.05). Hira dhan exhibited the most sensitivity, with germination rates as low as 42.86% under high extract concentrations. In contrast, BRRI dhan-29 showed a stimulatory effect, particularly at low concentrations. The shoot and root lengths of Hira dhan and BRRI dhan-29 were significantly inhibited at higher concentrations, while BRRI dhan-28 demonstrated growth stimulation. The fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots varied significantly among the varieties with the greatest inhibitory effect observed in BRRI dhan-29. These findings align with previous studies, suggesting that allelochemicals in P. hysterophorus, such as parthenin and phenolic acids, play a critical role in inhibiting rice growth. The study emphasizes the need for further research on allelopathic interactions and suggests that controlling P. hysterophorus at the crop emergence stage could mitigate its suppressive effects on rice growth. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(3): 411-421, 2024 (September)

Genetic control of seed formation

Aim. To explain the rice seeds longevity from the point of view of genetic control of their formation under climate change. Methods. Analysis of the current state of scientific research on genetic control of seed formation, laboratory studies of rice seed germination, monitoring of meteorological conditions of seed formation in different years of reproduction, results statistical processing. Results. Rice seed longevity of different reproduction years under conditions of formation in climate change context was analysed. Lower longevityity of experimental seeds under formation conditions with higher precipitation was found. Influence of genetic control, transcription factors on seed embryo formation and reserve nutrients in different climatic conditions is discussed. Conclusions. Rice seed formation conditions during higher precipitation had a negative impact on seed longevity even under optimal medium-term storage conditions. Additional research is needed to prove the change in transcriptional regulation of certain synthesis of necessary for seed formation and development under these conditions substances.

Sodium alumino silicate (SAS) neem nanocomposite – A novel seed storage tool against toxigenic Aspergillus flavus causing deterimental effects on seeds health and quality of rice

Infection of rice grains in the field during harvest and storage by Aspergillus flavus, a toxigenic mold causes significant losses to market acceptability of seeds due to its detrimental effects on seed health and quality parameters. Production of aflatoxin by A. flavus interferes with physiological factors affecting the quality of seeds during storage in addition to nutritional losses to the grains. Chemical seed treatments are generally not recommended during storage due to their adverse effects on seed germination and vigor. Leaves of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) are well known for antifungal properties against phytopathogenic fungi such as A. flavus. The paper presents the effect of neem leaf extract adsorbed onto sodium alumino-silicate (SAS) nanoparticles against A. flavus in rice seeds during storage. SAS-Neem nanocomposite, a novel unexplored seed storage material against toxigenic A. flavus, was synthesized for augmented antitoxin and seed invigorating potential. The nanocomposite was characterized using an array of microscopic and spectroscopic methods to evaluate the adsorption of neem leaf extract components on SAS nanoparticles. The antifungal mechanism of the nanocomposite was evaluated via scanning electron microscope, phase contrast, and fluorescence microscopy. The toxin analysis of pathogen-inoculated seeds was carried out at monthly intervals for 6 months during storage of two rice varieties, i.e. PR114 and Pusa-Basmati 1121. The results indicated that the nSAS-Neem composite used as seed coating material maintained significantly higher seed germination (86.23 and 81.49%) and minimized seed rot (6.70 and 5.30%, respectively) in the two varieties under study than the control after 6 months of storage. There was a notable decrease in toxin concentration from 20.58 to 11.19 μg/kg and 19.16 to 12.58 μg/kg in seeds of the two varieties i.e. PR114 and Pusa Basmati 1121, respectively. The nano-composite proved effective against toxigenic A. flavus during seed storage of rice without compromising the seed quality parameters.

Does non-farm employment influence a farmer’s decision to adopt hybrid rice seeds or improved variety?

Purpose. The study aims to examine the effect of non-farm employment decisions on the adoption decision of rice hybrid seeds or improved variety in Vietnam. Methodology / approach. This study uses panel data from the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) 2008–2016 dataset. The study uses the correlated random effect Probit model with the Mundlak approach to control unobserved heterogeneity of panel data and the endogenous switching Probit model (ESPM) to solve the endogeneity problem and self-selection of the non-farm participation variable. Results. There has been increasing interest that the development of rural non-farm employment has effects on agricultural production as well as agricultural growth. However, still relatively poor understanding of how non-farm participation affects the farmers’ decision to adopt modern technologies in the face of market failure. Our findings indicate that non-farm employment has a positive effect on the adoption of rice hybrid seeds or improved varieties in Vietnam. The value ATT is predicted from the endogenous switching Probit model, which implies that farm households who engage in non-farm employment had a 35.1 % of probability of modern varieties adoption, vs. 19.0 % in the sample overall. Originality / scientific novelty. This study adds evidence from a developing country (using the example of Vietnam) to the broader literature on the role of non-farm employment participation on farmers’ adoption behaviour under market imperfections. In addition, the research addresses the limitations of unobserved heterogeneity of an unbalanced panel by applying the Mundlak approach and contributes to the literature by controlling the endogenous problem and self-selection problem of non-farm participation by using the endogenous switching Probit model. Practical value / implications. Based on the empirical results of this paper, some policy implications are provided to develop the rural non-farm sector and to diffuse modern technologies among rural farmers.

Potential analysis of radiographic images to determine infestation of rice seeds

Potential analysis of radiographic images to determine infestation of rice seeds

Regional propolis extracts suppress Fusarium fujikuroi and boost rice seedling growth and response against Bakanae disease

Bakanae, caused by Fusarium fujikuroi, is a serious seed-borne disease affecting rice production worldwide. Herein, we investigated the potential of propolis, a natural honeybee product, collected from three geographic locations in Egypt: North (Menofia), Middle (Cairo), and South (Sohag), and extracted with four different solvents (ethanol, olive oil, hexane, and water) as a sustainable eco-friendly alternative to control the Bakanae disease in rice. In vitro experiments showed that propolis extracts exhibited antifungal activity against F. fujikuroi and significantly suppressed its mycelial growth and sporulation. The antifungal activity of propolis extracts was associated with its chemical composition which varied depending on geographical origin, and the extraction solvents. Moreover, SEM-based analysis revealed that ethanolic extract of northern propolis prominently altered the microconidia morphology of F fujikuroi, which shrunken and seemed to lose their viability. These findings were further confirmed in vivo under greenhouse conditions. Soaking F fujikuroi-inoculated rice seeds in 1000 ppm of propolis extract significantly reduced the bakanae disease incidence, and disease severity index compared to mock-treated controls. Although infection with F fujikuroi induced the accumulation of H2O2, the application of propolis extracts alleviated oxidative stress and significantly reduced the H2O2 levels within infected rice seedlings. Moreover, propolis extracts enhanced the profile of enzymatic antioxidants (guaiacol-dependent peroxidase [POX] and polyphenol oxidase [PPO]) in F. fujikuroi-infected rice seedlings. Finally, Propolis extracts-treated rice seedlings exhibited higher transcript levels of three PTI-marker genes including nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (OsNPR1), WRKY transcription factor 21(OsWRKY21), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (OsPAL1), which are associated with systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and crucial for the plant's defense response against pathogens. Collectively, these findings suggest that propolis might be a promising sustainable, eco-friendly alternative to control bakanae disease and other fungal seed-borne phytopathogens due to its antifungal properties and ability to induce a complex multilayered defense system within infected plants.

Xanthomonas sontii, and Not X. sacchari, Is the Predominant Vertically Transmitted Core Rice Seed Endophyte.

Seed endophytes, particularly the abundant, core, and vertically transmitted species, are major areas of focus in host microbiome studies. Apart from being the first members to colonize, they accompany the plant throughout its development stages and to the next generation. Recently published studies have reported the keystone species to be Xanthomonas sacchari, a core endophyte that is vertically transmitted in rice with probiotic properties. Furthermore, the Xanthomonas species was reported to be involved in the assembly of beneficial bacteria after early inoculation in rice seeds. However, the strains discussed in these studies were misclassified as X. sacchari, a well-known pathogen of sugarcane. By including nonpathogenic Xanthomonas species with plant-protective functions reported from rice seeds, we have correctly established the phylogenetic and taxonomic identity of the keystone species as X. sontii. This will enable researchers to use the correct reference or lab strain of X. sontii for further systematic and in-depth studies as a model endophyte in plant-microbe interactions apart from its exploitation in seed health.

Enhancing Coleoptile Length of Rice Seeds under Submergence through NAL11 Knockout.

Submergence stress challenges direct seeding in rice cultivation. In this study, we identified a heat shock protein, NAL11, with a DnaJ domain, which can regulate the length of rice coleoptiles under flooded conditions. Through bioinformatics analyses, we identified cis-regulatory elements in its promoter, making it responsive to abiotic stresses, such as hypoxia or anoxia. Expression of NAL11 was higher in the basal regions of shoots and coleoptiles during flooding. NAL11 knockout triggered the rapid accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and reduction of Gibberellin (GA), stimulating rice coleoptile elongation and contributes to flooding stress management. In addition, NAL11 mutants were found to be more sensitive to ABA treatments. Such knockout lines exhibited enhanced cell elongation for coleoptile extension. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that NAL11 mediated the gluconeogenic pathway, essential for the energy needed in cell expansion. Furthermore, NAL11 mutants reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde under submerged stress, attributed to an improved antioxidant enzyme system compared to the wild-type. In conclusion, our findings underscore the pivotal role of NAL11 knockout in enhancing the tolerance of rice to submergence stress by elucidating its mechanisms. This insight offers a new strategy for improving resilience against flooding in rice cultivation.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Combined Treatment of Resveratrol- and Protopanaxadiol-Enriched Rice Seed Extract on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells.

The overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines triggers a variety of diseases. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) and resveratrol are naturally found in plants such as ginseng and have potential anti-inflammatory properties, and resveratrol- and PPD-enriched rice seeds have been previously successfully generated. Herein, the synergistic anti-inflammatory activities of extracts of these enriched seeds were assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In comparison with treatment using extract prepared from PPD-producing transgenic rice (DJ-PPD) alone, cotreatment with DJ526 and DJ-PPD (TR_3) markedly enhanced the anti-inflammatory activities at a similar (compared to DJ526) or higher (compared to DJ-PPD) level. Cotreatment with DJ526 and DJ-PPD markedly inhibited the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Thus, DJ526 and DJ-PPD in combination suppressed the expression of phosphorylated (p)-NF-κB p65, p-p38 MAPK, and p-ERK 1/2. Cotreatment with DJ526 and DJ-PPD downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), LPS receptor (toll-like receptor-4, TLR-4), proinflammatory mediators (nitric oxide and PGE2), and arachidonic acid pathway critical enzyme (COX-2). These findings demonstrate the synergistic potential anti-inflammatory activities of resveratrol- and PPD-enriched rice seed extract.

UJI BERBAGAI JENIS BAHAN MATRICONDITIONING TERHADAP VIABILITAS DAN VIGOR BENIH PADI (ORYZA SATIVA L.) VARIETAS INPARI 32

The aim of this research was to determine the type of matriconditioning material on the viability and vigor of rice seeds of the Inpari 32 variety. The research was carried out in April – June 2024 at the Agroecotechnology Integrated Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, ULM. The research used a single factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD), namely treatment type matriconditioning consisting of: m0: control (water); m1: Husk charcoal; m2: Rubbing ash; m3: Sawdust; m4: Charcoal husk & Ash (1:1); m5: Husk charcoal & sawdust (1:1); m6: Crushed ash & Sawdust (1 : 1) and m7: Husk charcoal & Crushed ash & Sawdust (1:1:1). The results of the research showed that the treatment had no real effect on the maximum growth potential of the seeds, but had a significant effect on the germination capacity, simultaneous growth and growth speed of the rice seeds of the Inpari 32 variety. The best treatment was sawdust matriconditioning material which was able to increase the viability and vigor of the rice seeds. Inpari 32

Physiological Basis of Plant Growth Promotion in Rice by Rhizosphere and Endosphere Associated Streptomyces Isolates from India

This study demonstrated the plant growth-promoting capabilities of native actinobacterial strains obtained from different regions of the rice plant, including the rhizosphere (FT1, FTSA2, FB2, and FH7) and endosphere (EB6). We delved into the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of these plant-microbe interactions by conducting a transcriptional analysis of a select group of key genes involved in phytohormone pathways. Through in vitro screening for various plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits, all tested isolates exhibited positive traits for indole-3-acetic acid synthesis and siderophore production, with FT1 being the sole producer of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). All isolates were identified as members of the Streptomyces genus through 16S rRNA amplification. In pot culture experiments, rice seeds inoculated with strains FB2 and FTSA2 exhibited significant increases in shoot dry mass by 7% and 34%, respectively, and total biomass by 8% and 30%, respectively. All strains led to increased leaf nitrogen levels, with FTSA2 demonstrating the highest increase (4.3%). On the contrary, strains FB2 and FT1 increased root length, root weight ratio, root volume, and root surface area, leading to higher root nitrogen content. All isolates, except for FB2, enhanced total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels. Additionally, qRT-PCR analysis supported these findings, revealing differential gene expression in auxin (OsAUX1, OsIAA1, OsYUCCA1, OsYUCCA3), gibberellin (OsGID1, OsGA20ox-1), and cytokinin (OsIPT3, OsIPT5) pathways in response to specific actinobacterial treatments. These actinobacterial strains, which enhance both aboveground and belowground crop characteristics, warrant further evaluation in field trials, either as individual strains or in consortia. This could lead to the development of commercial bioinoculants for use in integrated nutrient management practices.

OsMBF1a Facilitates Seed Germination by Regulating Biosynthesis of Gibberellic Acid and Abscisic Acid in Rice.

Seed germination is a pivotal stage in the plant life cycle, orchestrated by a myriad of internal and external factors, notably plant hormones. The underlying molecular mechanisms governing rice seed germination remain largely unelucidated. Herein, we uncover OsMBF1a as a crucial regulatory factor that employs a dual strategy to promote seed germination: positively activating genes involved in gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis pathways, while negatively regulating key genes responsible for abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis. Furthermore, OsMBF1a modulates the endogenous levels of ABA and GA in rice seeds, reinforcing its central role in the germination process. The expression of ZmMBF1a and ZmMBF1b, the homologous genes in maize, in rice seeds similarly affects germination, indicating the conserved functionality of MBF1 family genes in regulating seed germination. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying rice seed germination and underscores the significance of MBF1 family genes in plant growth and development.

Pollution Evaluation and Risk Control Suggestion of Heavy Metals in Soil-crop System in Different Soil Parent Material Areas of Guangxi

To study the heavy metal pollution and influencing factors of soils and crops in different parent material areas and provide the basis for the classification and control of cultivated land, a total of 1 326 soil surface samples and 46 crop seed-root soil samples were collected from Xingye County in the southeast of Guangxi. The enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in the soil-crop system of four soil-forming parent materials were compared and analyzed, and the influencing factors of Cd absorption by rice were studied. The comprehensive quality impact index method was used to evaluate the soil and crops in the study area, and the safe use of cultivated land was proposed according to the evaluation results. The results showed that in the four soil-forming parent material areas, only the carbonate rock parent material area showed obvious enrichment of heavy metals in the soil, especially Cd. According to the "National Food Safety Standard for the Limit of Pollutants in Food" （GB 2762-2022）, the excess rate of heavy metal Cd in rice seeds was 35.7%, and the other heavy metal rates were not exceeded. The bioconcentration coefficient of heavy metal Cd in rice from different parent material areas was as follows： quaternary sediment area > carbonate parent material area > clastic parent material area > granite parent material area. The enrichment of Cd in rice was affected by soil pH and CaO. When the soil pH value was in the range of 5.5-6.5, the Cd content and exceeding rate of rice seed increased significantly. The evaluation results of soil-crop heavy metal pollution showed that the overall heavy metal risk in the study area was high, and the proportions of clean, mild, light, moderate, and heavy pollution were 23.91%, 10.87%, 17.39%, 17.39%, and 30.43%, respectively. Combined with the distribution of the comprehensive quality influence index and the pollution characteristics of different parent materials, the classification and control suggestions were put forward, which provided ideas for the safe utilization of polluted cultivated land.

Biological effect of dual-frequency laser pulse radiation during pre-sowing treatment of rice seeds at early stages of development under stressful environmental conditions

The biological effect of two-frequency laser pulsed radiation produced on copper vapor during pre-sowing treatment of rice seeds of Veles and Leader varieties at early stages of development in extreme stressful environmental conditions has been studied. The copper vapor laser used in the experiment had the following output characteristics: wavelengths of 510.6 nm (green radiation line) and 578.2 nm (yellow radiation line), pulse duration of 15 ns, repetition frequency of 10 kHz, total pulse power of 10 kW, energy-power ratio between the green and yellow radiation lines 3/1 The interaction of laser radiation with wavelengths of 510.6 and 578.2 nm in the nonlinear medium of the seed caused the formation of additional wavelengths: a total wavelength of 271 nm (ultraviolet radiation) and a difference wavelength of 4.37 microns. Exposure to each of the four wavelengths in its spectral range could lead to the initiation of at least four radiation-induced biochemical reactions. It is shown that pre-sowing treatment of rice seeds with two-frequency laser pulsed radiation for 5–20 seconds had a stimulating effect on the growth and development of rice (the greatest effect was when exposed to 5–10 seconds), and also increased its stability when grown in extreme stressful environmental conditions (moisture deficiency, depleted soil) at early stages of development.

Recommendation method for selecting the rice seeds based on group decision support system

<p>In this paper, we provide group recommendations based on each decision makers (DMs) in choosing the best type of rice for replanting. This group decision support system (GDSS) aims to guide stakeholders who have a role in selecting rice types. In this method, we propose using technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to rank each DM, Borda to rank in groups, and then test it using Spearman's rank correlation to measure the relationship between system results and the method applied. The results of this study show that DM<sub>1</sub> ranks highest in selecting Gelagai rice seeds with a preference of 0.7786. Then DM<sub>2</sub> ranked highest with Ekor Payau rice seeds in preference 0.6529. Meanwhile, DM<sub>3</sub> ranked highest in Gelagai rice seeds with a selection of 0.7728. The final group voting system uses Borda, where Gelagai rice seeds occupy the highest rank with the most accumulated votes from each DMs. The best option or the highest rating based on the assessment of the three DMs, DM<sub>1</sub> as a farmer is the first rank A10 Gelagai with a score of Borda 26 in the decision group selection of superior rice seeds.</p>

Transcriptome profiling reveals ethylene production by reactive oxygen species in trichloroisocyanuric acid-treated rice seeds.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been extensively suggested to stimulate ethylene production. However, the molecular mechanism by which ROS stimulate ethylene production remains largely unclear. Here, transcriptome profiling was used to verify if ROS could stimulate ethylene production via direct formation of ethylene from ROS. Trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) can stimulate seed germination in rice. When transcriptome profiling was performed to determine the molecular responsiveness of rice seeds to TCICA, TCICA was initially proven to be a ROS-generating reagent. A total of 300 genes potentially responsive to TCICA treatment were significantly annotated to cysteine, and the expression of these genes was significantly upregulated. Nonetheless, the levels of cystine did not exhibit significant changes upon TCICA exposure. Cystine was then proven to be a substrate that reacted with TCICA to form ethylene under FeSO4 conditions. Moreover, 7 of 22 genes responsive to TCICA were common with the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-responsive genes. Ethylene was then proven to be produced from cysteine or cystine by reacting with H2O2 under FeSO4 condition, and the hydroxyl radical (OH-) was proposed to be the free radical species responsible for ethylene formation under FeSO4 condition. These results provide the first line of evidence that ethylene can be produced from ROS in a non-enzymatic manner, thereby unveiling one new molecular mechanism by which ROS stimulate ethylene production and offering novel insights into the crosstalk between ethylene and ROS.