Rice Ratooning Research Articles

Modelling rice growth and grain yield in rice ratooning production system

Ratoon rice (RR) is one of the cropping systems with the potential to increase rice production with high resource use efficiency. So far, there has been limited information in the literature on the simulation of the dynamic biomass production of the ratoon crop (RC) in the RR system. ORYZA series models have been widely applied in rice modelling worldwide. By adding a reserve pool submodule to ORYZA v3, ORYZA_R model has been developed to simulate the growth and development of main crop (MC) and RC. This study made the first attempt to evaluate the prediction performance of ORYZA_R model. The model was calibrated and validated in central China by using field data collected from the experiments with the various heights of stubbles left from the MC (SHMLeft), nitrogen (N) applications, and varieties in 2015 and 2016. The values of normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of grain yields in calibration and validation were 7% and 9% for the MC, respectively, and 9% and 12% for the RC, respectively. Furthermore, the simulations of the dynamic growth of various organs for both MC and RC were robust. The sensitive analysis implied that the most sensitive parameters affecting the RC simulation were those relating the initial development stage and the dry matter production and allocation in the early growth stage. The scenario simulation indicated that simulated grain yield and biomass of RC demonstrated a strong response to SHMLeft and N applications. In conclusion, the calibrated ORYZA_R model can properly simulate the rice growth and grain yield of both MC and RC. The exploration of physiological mechanism underlying the response of RC yield to management practices and additional evaluation of this model in diverse environments are needed so as to improve the performance of model prediction.

Agronomic responses of ratoon rice to nitrogen management in central China

Rice ratooning is becoming an important component of rice cropping system in central China because of its low production costs. However, low and unstable grain yield in ratoon season has limited the wide adoption of this technology. Nitrogen (N) management is the most critical in improving the grain yield of rice crops. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of different N treatment on the grain yield and yield attributes of ratoon crop (RC). Two widely planted varieties, Liangyou6326 (LY6326) and Huanghuazhan (HHZ), were grown for rice ratooning in field experiments in Qichun County, Hubei Province, central China in 2016 and 2017. The grain yield of RC ranged from 2.96 to 6.49 t ha−1 across N treatments, varieties, and years with total growth duration of 61 to 84 d in the ratoon season. Application of 100 kg N ha−1 at 15 d after heading of the main crop (MC) for promoting bud development (Nbud) increased the grain yield of RC by 12.7–55.4%. The yield improvement by Nbud was attributed to increased panicles m−2 in the ratoon season. Application of 100 kg N ha−1 at 1–2 d after cutting of MC for promoting the development of regenerated tillers (Ntiller) increased the grain yield of RC by 11.5–35.5% only when Nbud was not applied, and the yield improvement was due to increased panicles m−2 or spikelets panicle−1 or both in the ratoon season. The N rates in MC (100 vs. 200 kg N ha−1) had relatively small and inconsistent effects on the grain yield of RC. Our results indicated that both Nbud and Ntiller were critical for improving the grain yield of RC, although Nbud was more effective than Ntiller under the conditions of our study.

SALIBU technology in Indonesia: an alternative for efficient use of agricultural resources to achieve sustainable food security

SALIBU technology (rice ratooning modification) is an innovation in rice farming technology allowing ratoon crops to be harvested up to 3.5–4 times annually with a yield equivalent to that of the main crop. Although the practice of rice ratooning in Indonesia has a long history, SALIBU technology was invented as recently as 2010 by Mr. Erdiman, one of the co-authors of this paper. This technology is already well known by local farmers, who realize that with it, they need only sow and transplant once, and can then harvest repeatedly. Accordingly, it includes scope to reduce the time taken to cultivate paddies and the usage of water, seed and labor. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the SALIBU technology and to highlight its excellence in terms of its role in using agricultural resources efficiently. This paper also reviews several previous researches which become the basis of its innovations and development. One research was conducted by Erdiman et al. (2013) in several districts of West Sumatra Province related to treatments for: (1) stem-cutting height, (2) cutting timing and (3) dosage of NPK fertilizers. The research findings indicated that the optimum results in terms of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle and rice productivity came when the stem-cutting height was 3–5 cm above ground level and the stems were cut 7–8 days after harvesting and fertilizer dosage was 150 kg of urea and Ponska, respectively. Another experiment showed no significant difference in rice productivity among three agroecosystem zones namely highland, moderate and lowland for the application of SALIBU technology.

Booming research on rice physiology and management in China: A bibliometric analysis based on three major agronomic journals

Rice research has always been the top priority in China and China produces the highest number of scientific journal papers on rice, particularly on rice genetics and breeding. In this study, we used a bibliometric approach to analyze the trends of papers published by Chinese researchers on rice physiology and management. Data were collected from three major agronomic journals (i.e., Agronomy Journal, Crop Science, and Field Crops Research) by searching in the Web of Science on September 8, 2017. A total of 186 rice papers were published by Chinese researchers on crop physiology and management in the three journals since their establishment. Yearly average number of such papers was 1.6, 6.5, and 21.0 for the periods of 1993–2005, 2006–2011, and 2012–2017, respectively. Their quality in terms of citation performance has also improved significantly in the recent decade. Huazhong Agricultural University, Yangzhou University, and Nanjing Agricultural University were leading organizations and published 54.4% of all 186 papers. Huang Min of Hunan Agricultural University and Peng Shaobing of Huazhong Agricultural University published the most number of rice papers on crop physiology and management as the first and corresponding authors, respectively. Yield potential and nitrogen-related research such as nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen management, and plant nitrogen diagnosis have been the research focuses for rice crop. In recent years, research on global warming including high temperature stress, direct seeding, zero tillage, Bt rice, and critical nitrogen dilution curve were becoming popular. New research is emerging on yield gap, rice ratooning, and simplified and reduced-input practices in rice production.

Ratoon rice generated from primed parent plants exhibit enhanced herbivore resistance.

Rice ratooning is practiced in many rice-growing countries for achieving increased rice production with limited labour input. Here, we report that attack by insect herbivores, or treatment with a defense signaling compound in parent plants, can prime anti-herbivore defense responses in subsequent ratoon plants. We compared the defense responses of rice ratoons generated from parent plants that had been either infested by Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (rice leaffolder, LF) caterpillars or treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) during vegetative growth, with ratoons generated from control parent plants. Ratoon plants generated from parents receiving prior LF infestation or MeJA treatment exhibited higher jasmonic acid (JA) levels, as well as elevated levels of transcripts of defense-related genes associated with JA signaling. In addition, elevated activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and trypsin protease inhibitor were observed, as well as enhanced resistance towards subsequent LF infestation. Pre-priming of ratoon defense responses was significantly reduced in plants where expression of OsAOS (allene oxide synthase, involved in JA biosynthesis) or OsCOI1 (CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1, involved in JA perception) was inhibited by RNA interference. Our results indicate that herbivore exposure or MeJA treatment in rice parent plants enhances anti-herbivore resistance in subsequently generated ratoons through priming of JA-mediated defenses.

Effect of ratooning process on the engineering properties of NERICA rice varieties

Rice ratooning is the practice of harvesting grain from tillers originating from the stubble of previously harvested crop. Comparative assessment of the engineering properties of main and ratooned NERICA rice varieties was investigated in this study. The length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, equivalent diameter and surface area ranged from 8.21 to 10.62 mm, 2.31 to 3.60 mm, 1.67 to 2.28 mm, 13.10 to 22.67 mm, 3.26 to 3.87 mm, 6.35 to 9.98 mm, 23.15 to 42.02%, 34.20 to 51.31 mm and from 0.35 to 0.48 mm2, respectively. Bulk density, true density, porosity, thousand grain weight and volume ranged from 0.63 to 1.14 g/cm3, 0.55 to 0.67 g/cm3, 1.48 to 45.91%, 21.66 to 27.41 g and from 0.023 to 0.031 mm3, respectively. Coefficient of static friction on polished wood, plywood, metal and glass ranged from 0.35 to 0.47, 0.34 to 0.44, 0.26 to 0.34 and 0.14 to 0.21, respectively. Filling and emptying angle of repose ranged from 34.79 to 42.00 and from 46.57° to 67.74°, respectiv...

Effects of Stubble Height, Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Ratooning in Korea

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) ratooning is the production of a second rice crop from the stubble left behind after the main crop harvest. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of main-crop stubble height, irrigation and fertilization on ratoon grain yield. Main crop 'Jinbuol' rice cultivar was harvested to leave with 10, 20, 30, or 40 cm stubble height. When the main crop stubble was harvested with 10 cm height, ratoon rice grain yield was increased by 2,810 kg/ha. Irrigation on stubbles after main crop harvest did not affect the ratoon crop yield and rice quality. The results showed a large variation in the ratoon performance by fertilizer application methods. Top-dressed nitrogen fertilizer on the stubble after harvest caused increase in panicle production and higher maturity rate. However, there was no significant difference in protein content, amylose content of milled rice and cooked rice characters between plots managed with and without nitrogen fertilizer.

The Ratooning Potential of Several Early-Ripening Rice Cultivar in Korea

움벼는 수확된 벼의 그루터기에서 2차 분얼이 발생하여 이로부터 새로운 수확물을 얻어내는 것으로 비교적 평균기온이 높은 대구지역에서의 극 조생종, 조생종 및 중만생종벼의 움벼재배 가능성을 검토하였다. 움벼재배에 적합한 품종은 극조생인 진부올, 조운, 조생종인 주남조생이 가능한 것으로 판단되며, 움벼의 생육기간은 생리적 혹은 환경적인 작기의 종료로 본포의 생육기간보다 짧았다. 초장은 36~70%로 짧고, 이삭수도 줄어들었으며 특히 이삭수는 품종별 차이가 현저하였다. 출수 소요일수는 본포 벼의 수전일수가 3~6일 인데 비해 움벼의 경우 출수시작부터 출수 정지까지 오랜 기간 출수가 진행되었다. 본 시험에서 움벼생산이 가능한 세가지 조생품종에 대하여 본포의 생육기간은 110~112일 정도에 비해 움벼의 생육기간은 60~65일 정도로 최소 1개월 정도 생육기간이 짧았으며 수확량은 본포수량의 25~33%정도로 나타났다. 본포에서 생산된 쌀에 비해 움벼에서 생산된 쌀의 단백질함량과 아밀로스함량이 유의하게 높았다. ToYo 미도메터가 나타내는 간접 식미치인 윤기치가 본포에서 수확한 쌀보다 높게 다소 높게 나타났는데 이는 아밀로스 함량이 본포보다 움벼에서 높게 나타났기 때문인 것으로 판단되며, 밥의 외관, 경도, 점도 및 발란스 수치로 환산하는 취반 식미값의 경우는 본포에서 수확한 쌀로 지은 밥에 비해 움벼는 현저하게 낮았다. 본포 수확벼에 비해 움벼로 지은 밥의 경도와 탄력성은 같거나 높아지고, 점성과 찰성은 떨어지는 경향이었다. 본포와 움벼 종자의 발아력은 조운벼를 제외한 진부올과 주남조생의 경우 통계적 유의성이 없었다. Rice ratooning is the production of a second rice crop from the stubble left behind after the main-crop harvest. The main advantage of rice ratooning is that in areas where rice is the main crop, double crop of rice can be grown for additional returns. Eight cultivars of rice were tested for estimation their ratooning ability. The main crop was harvested at mass maturity, after which the tillers were mowed to stubbles of about 10 cm tall. And then left without any further input, until the ratooned plant were ready for harvest. Highly significant variations were detected in the ratoon performance among cultivars, with ratoon ability ranging from 0% ('Unkwang', 'Jopeyong', 'Odae', 'Nokyang') to 33% ('Jinbuol') in their grain yield. The maximum grain yield from ratoon rice was 202 and 203 kg/10a for 'Jinbuol' and 'Joun' followed by 'Junamjoseng' 174kg/10a. Protein and amylose contents of ratoon rice were more increased than those of main rice. The platability value of cooked rice of ratoon was lower than that of main crop. Germination rate of the previous year's harvest of rice was not significantly different between ratoon and main crop. This rice ratooning system requires short duration, creating possibility for growing another crop in the same cropping year and offers an opportunity to increase cropping intensity per unit of cultivated areas.

Rice Ratoon Crop: A Sustainable Rice Production System for Tropical Hill Agriculture

Increasing and sustainable production of rice in tropical hill area is facing various problems where rice ratooning can overcome the limitations. In this study; 22 rice entries were transplanted into experimental tank placed in the hill slope following Completely Randomized Design with five replications to asses’ agronomic performance of main crop and ratoon crop where Entry 13 demonstrated highest grain yield per plant (42.06 ± 1.2 gm) as main crop, as well as ratoon crop (3.37 ± 0.28 gm); Entry 19 produced lowest grain yield per plant (5.01 ± 0.31 gm) as main crop and Entry 31 as ratoon crop (0.47 ± 0.03 gm). The grain yield per plant of both the main and ratoon crop demonstrated significant (** at 5% level and *** at 1% level) positive correlation with number of tiller per plant (0.64 ** and 0.52); number of fertile tiller per plant (0.66 ** and 0.63 **); grain per panicle (0.72 ** and 0.53); fertile grain per panicle (0.80 *** and 0.63) and thousand-grain weight (0.66 ** and 0.54). The Duncan Multiple Range test and Analysis of Variance also confirmed the different grouping and significant differences of productivity and agronomic performances of the entries. The information of this investigation will helps the rice breeder as well as marginal rice farmers to consider rice ratooning as an important practice for sustainable rice production in tropical agriculture system for maximum gains.

QTL Analysis of Rice Ratooning Ability and Related Agronomic Traits by

QTL Analysis of Rice Ratooning Ability and Related Agronomic Traits by

Impacto socioeconômico e ambiental da soca de arroz produzida na microrregião do Rio Formoso, Estado do Tocantins

The rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants are able to generate fertile tillers after harvest. This sprouting, called ratoons, allows a second harvest, which may become a feasible alternative to increase yields in different ecosystems, mainly in low lands, due to its adaptability. As soil tillage and seeding are not required, the ratoon cultivation demands 60% less water and 50% less labor than the main crop. Additionally, it increases the rice production per cultivation area and time as the season is shorter than of the main crop. The success of the ratoon crop is determined by management practices adopted for the main crop, such as seeding date, height of cutting the plants, fertilizer management, seeding and harvesting procedures as well as practices that promote a fast and uniform sprouting, like nitrogen fertilizers, irrigation water management and crop protection. Ratoons represent an alternative to increase production without additional land area and with lower production costs, reducing seasonality of machinery use, increasing yields of tropical low lands with environmental and product quality, improving farmers livelihoods. The regional impacts of ratooning in the lowlands of Rio Formoso microregion of Tocantins State were evaluated in the economic, social and environmental dimensions, considering a period of five years. The economic assessment was based on the economic surplus method, using official production data from 2003 to 2007 and the production costs for irrigated rice in Tocantins State. Ratooning was estimated to be adopted in 20% of cultivated area, generating an economic surplus varying from 2 million reais in season 2002/2003 to 0.3 million reais in season 2006/2007, representing an additional production of 13 thousand tons of paddy in 2003 and 1.2 thousand tons in 2007. The social and environmental assessments were based on the Ambitec-Social and Ambitec-Agro, developed by Embrapa Environment. Rice ratooning in the study area obtained social impact index of 0.43 and an environmental impact index of 0.03.

Rice Ratooning Management Practices for Higher Yields

Rice is one of the world's most important cereal crops and rice ratooning is one of the potential technologies to increase rice production. Based on land and water management, rice ecosystem is mainly divided into lowland, upland and deep water or floating rice. Rice ratooning is mainly practiced on lowland rice ecosystem. Ratooning provides higher resource use efficiency per unit time and per unit land area. However, better yield of ratoon crop is possible by adopting appropriate management practices for main crop as well as for ratoon crop. These management practices include land preparation, adequate plant density and spacing, use of appropriate cultivars, water management, application of adequate rate of fertilizers, appropriate height of cutting, and control of diseases, insects and weeds.

Rice Ratooning Management

Rice Ratooning Management

Effect of seeding time and fertilizer rate on rice ratooning

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of (1) seeding time of the main crop on the ratoon crop, planted in observation plots, and (2) fertilizer rate on the ratoon crop in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil, in the summer of 1994, 1995, and 1996. The soil at the experimental site was a Cambicsol Gley.

Economic viability of ratooning rice

A study was conducted at TNAU, Coimbatore to assess the effect of ratooning on the yield. yield parameters and income of medium duration rice cultivars viz., IR20, CO43,ADT38 and Ponni under lock -lodge technology and conventional method of ratooning. Although there was not much difference in the regeneration of stubbles between lock-lodging and conventional ratooning, the braiding and lodging technique (lock-lodging) was found to be superior to the conventional method in favourably influencing all yield parameters except productive tiller number per hill. All the four medium duration rice varieties produced significantly higher grain yield (2443 to 3106 kg ha-1) under lock-lodge ratooning as against the yield recorded (1285 to 1704 kg ha-1) in conventional ratooning thus resulting in higher income from the new technology of rice ratooning. Co 43was consistently superior. The lock-lodge ratooning also proved its superiority by registering high C:B ratio (2.39) compared to the conventional ratoon practice (1.40) and the main crop (1.93).

Lock-lodge technology for rice ratooning

Ratooning of rice could be an important crop establishment alternative in many agroecosystems. But low yield potential and asynchronous grain ripening constrain the widescale use of ratooning in the tropics. Braiding and lodging (lock-lodge method) the stubbles after harvest of the main crop can overcome these limitations considerably.

RICE RATOONING AS INFLUENCED BY VARIETIES, NITROGEN AND CUTTING HEIGHT

Field experiments were conducted during Kharif and rabi seasons of 1990-91 at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Killikulam to study the performance of rice ratooning as influenced by varieties, nitrogen and cutting height. Four varieties viz., ADT 36. ASD 16. CO 37 and PMK 1. three nitrogen levels (75.100 and 125 kg/ha) and cutting heights of 20 and 30 cm were tested in a split plot design. In the main crop, ADT 36 recorded maximum grain yield, wherein the ratoon crop. CO 37 registered the highest grain yield (2.56 and 2.61 tha in kharif and rabi respectively) followed by PMK 1. Growth and yield attributes like plant height, productive tillers, grains per panicle, panicle length and days to maturity were influenced by varieties and nitrogen. Per day productivity was the highest (32.5 and 30.0 kg/ha in kharif and rabi respectively) for rice variety CO 37. Nitrogen applied at 125 kg/ha recorded higher yield attributes and grain yield in ratoon rice. Cutting height had no significant influence on ratoon rice. The cost benefit ratio was maximum for variety CO 37.

Rice Ratoon Response to Main Crop Harvest Cutting Height

AbstractAlthough main crop rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultural practices are known to influence the subsequent ratoon crop, little specific information is available on the effect of many main crop management practices on ratoon crop performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of main crop harvest cutting height on ratoon crop agronomic performance, yield, and yield components. The ratoons of both a semidwarf and non‐semidwarf southern U.S. long‐grain rice cultivars were evaluated in the field for two growing seasons for response to main crop harvest cutting height. Main crop plants were harvested at a cutting height of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 m above the soil surface. The semidwarf cultivar had 7 and 40% higher grain yields than the taller cultivar in the main and ratoon crops, respectively. Ratoon plant height and days to 50% heading were numerically different for the two cultivars, but the same in proportion to their main crop traits. Reduced cutting heights delayed ratoon maturity by up to 4 d, but had minimal effects on ratoon plant height. No interactions between cutting height, cultivar, and/or year were found for ratoon yield or yield components. Highest ratoon yields were obtained at cutting heights of 0.2 to 0.3 m. Increasing cutting heights had little effect on ratoon panicle number per meter squared, but significantly decreased filled grain number per panicle, which led to decreased ratoon yields at the highest two cutting heights. The results show that proper main crop harvest cutting height can increase ratoon yields, but selecting a cultivar with inherent ratooning ability is also essential to successful rice ratooning.

Association of Rice Ratooning Ability and Vigor with Grain Yield

Association of Rice Ratooning Ability and Vigor with Grain Yield

Book Reviews: Rice Ratooning.

Book Reviews: Rice Ratooning.