Rice Production Research Articles

Unravelling the effects of straw return on rice production in central China: Evidence for future policy‐making

AbstractThe practice of straw return represents an effective and sustainable approach to recycling and reusing agricultural residues, thereby significantly contributing to the circular economy within the agri‐food sector. Although this practice holds significant promise for enhancing soil quality and mitigating pollution resulting from straw burning, the realization of these substantial benefits depends on the extent to which farmers are willing to embrace this practice, a decision closely tied to the anticipated economic benefits it offers. The present study aimed to explore the effect of straw return on rice production in terms of rice yield and net return using a representative household survey of 1752 rice farmers in central China. The results showed that there exist threshold effects of the years of straw return on both rice yield and net income, which decline as years of straw return increase below the thresholds, and then increase linearly above the thresholds. Overall, after implementing the straw return practice, it took an average of about 3.5 years to observe a positive effect on rice yields and about 7.5 years to see an increase in net income. The estimates were robust to threshold regression, Lasso regression and random forest regression methods. Nonetheless, the provision of essential technical guidance to farmers via agricultural cooperatives could contribute to expediting the realization of the benefits associated with implementing straw return practices. The results imply that the current incentive mechanism aimed at diffusing straw return practice should be fine‐tuned by considering the time required for straw return to generate economic benefits in specific contexts, ensuring better compensation for initial losses. Interventions that shorten the time needed to realize these benefits, such as providing additional technical training for farmers, should be implemented. Furthermore, the uncertainty regarding the time frame for benefit realization should be communicated clearly and effectively to farmers.

Applying Boron Fertilizer at Different Growth Stages Promotes Boron Uptake and Productivity in Rice

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and yield. We investigated the optimal growth stage for B fertilizer application for to improve rice production. The study was conducted using a 2 × 4 factorial design in a randomized complete block during the rainy season of 2022. We utilized two premium Thai rice varieties Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) and Pathum Thani 1 (PTT1), and four soil B fertilizer treatments: a control (no B application), B application at the tillering stage, B application at the flowering stage, and B application at both the tillering and flowering stages. The results showed that the application of B fertilizer at the flowering stage and at both the tillering and flowering stages increased grain yield by 25.0% and 34.0% in KDML105, respectively. In contrast, the grain yield of PTT1 did not show a response to B application. The increased grain yield in KDML105 was attributed to an increased number of panicles per plant and a higher filled grain rate, which was due to the elevated B concentration in all plant parts and the total B uptake, particularly when B was applied at the flowering and tillering stages. Notably, B application increased the fertilized grain rates and reduced the proportion of unfertilized grains, a phenomenon that corrected with the increased B concentration across all plant parts. The total B uptake ranged from 5.11 to 15.85 mg/m2 in KDML105 and from 8.37 to 24.26 mg/m2 in PTT1, with the highest total B uptake observed when B was applied at both the tillering and flowering stages for both rice varieties.

Development of biofortified rice for reduce stunting rates in South Sumatra Province

Lack of the element Zn in the body was one of the serious problems of malnutrition in Indonesia because it reduces endurance, productivity and quality of human life, and was one of the factors causing stunting. Stunting is worrying because it can cause problems with a child's growth and development, which is characterized by the child's height being below standard. One of the factors causing stunting is reduced consumption of zinc (Zn), especially in pregnant women and children. Deficiency of the element Zn in the body can be corrected by consuming foods that contain Fe and Zn. This writing aims to inform and convey the idea that one of the efforts that can be made to reduce stunting rates is through the development of Biofortified rice which will produce nutritious rice. To evaluate the impact of rice development, an evaluation was carried out on rice production and its effect on reducing stunting in several districts in South Sumatra. The method used was interviews, recapitulation of primary and secondary data. Biofortified rice cultivation efforts had been carried out in South Sumatra since 2021 in South OKU (1000 ha), in 2022 in Lahat (1000 ha), and in 2023 in eight districts (8000 ha). In general, Biofortified rice production in South OKU Regency (5.28 tons dry Grain/ha) and Lahat Regency (5.08 tons Harvested Dry Grain/ha). Based on the 2021 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (INSS) saw a decrease in the average prevalence of stunting in South Sumatra in 2022 to 18.6%, which decreased from 24.8% in 2021, including in Biofortified rice development districts. Based on the fact that the development of Biofortified rice can be an effort to reduce stunting, The Regional Government was increasingly expanding rice cultivation in almost all districts/cities.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Endophytic Bacteria in Controlling Rice Sheath Blight: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Rice production is highly susceptible to various pathogens, including Rhizoctonia solani, Curvularia lunata, and Epicoccum rostratum, which are major threats in Asia. Exploring biological control methods using endophytic bacteria offers promising opportunities to enhance rice resilience against these lethal diseases. Using 16S RNA sequencing, we identified four endophytic isolates of Bacillus spp. from rice roots, stems, and leaves. We evaluated the antagonistic activity of these endophytic bacterial isolates against rice pathogens both in vitro and in vivo. These isolates inhibited the growth of C. lunata by 82%, R. solani by 79%, and E. rostratum by 88% in vitro. The detached leaf assay for sheath blight (ShB) disease severity in strains ranged from 10.4% to 73.3%. In vivo results showed that B. amyloliquefaciens (R-19) exhibited the lowest disease intensity at 7.2% and the highest disease suppression at 78.8%. The fungicide propiconazole at 0.1% treatment showed the lowest disease intensity of 7.7% and the highest disease suppression of 73.4%, compared to the infected control. Besides biocontrol efficacy, endophytic isolates enhance plant growth parameters, including shoot height, root length, fresh and dry weights, number of tillers, and grains per tiller. Plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acids (GA3) increased by 35% and 53%, respectively, due to B. subtilis (R-20) and B. amyloliquefaciens (R-19), while flavonoid and indole acetic acid (IAA) concentrations surged by 30%–80%. Similarly, chlorophyll (a, b), carotenoids, antioxidant enzymatic activity, phenolic content, carbohydrates, and proline contents were higher compared to the control. This study provides a foundation for future studies on novel and eco-friendly biocontrol agents. In addition, our study recommends the integration of endophytic bacteria into sustainable agriculture for enhancing rice production and reducing disease impacts.

Potentiality of Formulated Pseudomonas Fluorescens and Bacillus Subtilis for the Management of Sheath Blight Disease of Rice Under Field Condition

Rice production is severely affected by sheath blight disease in Bangladesh which is caused by a fungus Rhizoctonia solani that is still merely managed by synthetic chemical fungicides. In this study, different isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis were evaluated to assess their inhibitory effects against R. solani both in- vitro and field condition following dual culture method in order to formulate technique for the management of sheath blight of rice. Among all the isolates, P. fluorescens (Pf- 7 and Pf- 8) and B. subtilis (Bs-17 and Bs-21) showed the highest in –vitro mycelial growth suppression of the pathogen. Based on the in-vitro mycelial growth suppression performance, fourteen treatments combinations, either single or in consortia of antagonistic bacteria in talc-based formulations were applied by root dipping. All the formulated bacterial isolates showed significant reduction in disease and severity compared to untreated control and chemical fungicide. At 90 DAT, both the disease incidence and severity were found lowest in T11 (31.67 % and 37.33 % respectively) where the seedlings were treated for 24 hours with consortium of Pf-7 + Pf- 8 formulated in talc followed by in T12 (32.00 % and 38.00 %) where the seedlings were treated for 24 hours with consortium of Bs-17 + Bs-21 formulated in talc respectively. Vegetative and yield parameters were also significantly increased in both T11 and T12. The highest yield as well as Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) were found in T11 (2.50 kg/ m2 and 2.20) followed by T12 (2.49 kg/m2 and 2.18). Thus, the consortia of bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis) with seedling dipping time for 24 hour represents a promising alternative to chemical fungicides for the management of sheath blight of rice in field condition. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(3): 342-351, 2024

Increased exposure of rice to compound drought and hot extreme events during its growing seasons in China

Against the backdrop of global warming, compound drought and hot extreme events (CDHEEs) have intensified markedly, attracting attention from both the scientific community and society. However, a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the CDHEEs and their impacts on rice production during growing seasons remains limited. Thus, in this study, we use daily maximum and minimum air temperatures to derive a meteorological drought composite index for CDHEE identification. Additionally, we employ the Crop Calendar and the CROPGRIDS data to define the rice-growing seasons and regions. Detailed analyses reveal that from 1961 to 2023, the CDHEE frequency in both single-cropping rice regions (Rice1) and double-cropping rice regions (Rice2) increased at rates of 0.79 days (decade)−1 and 1.26 days (decade)−1, respectively, with a notable acceleration in the post-1990 s. The duration of the CDHEEs has lengthened, and prolonged events have become more frequent. The intensity of the CDHEEs has also enhanced, primarily driven by hot extreme events in Rice1 and the synergistic effects of droughts and hot extreme events in Rice2. Furthermore, the time span of CDHEE occurrence has expanded, starting earlier (rates of − 3.21 days (decade)−1 in Rice1 and − 4.37 days (decade)−1 in Rice2) and ending later (rates of 4.81 days (decade)−1 in Rice1 and 8.20 days (decade)−1 Rice2) during rice-growing seasons, thereby extending the exposure duration of rice. Since the 1990 s, rice exposure to the CDHEEs has also intensified, especially for the persistent CDHEEs. These findings indicate the upward trends in the frequency, intensity and duration of the CDHEEs, as well as the exposure of rice to the CDHEEs, during the rice-growing seasons in China. This research provides crucial insights into CDHEE impacts and underscores the necessity of implementing targeted adaptation and mitigation strategies to safeguard rice production amidst escalating climate challenges.

Effect Of Animal And Plant Organic Fertilizers On Growth And Yield Of Rice In Tana Delta, Kenya

Rice is the 3rd most consumed cereal in Kenya while production is merely 20% of the demand making the country a net importer of the commodity. With increased global concern on healthy foods, producing more rice to contribute to achieving food secure nation while conforming to environmental sustainability remains a subject of concern in the country. In this case, good agricultural practices are needed to strike the balance. This study was carried out during rice growing season (February – June, 2024) to investigate the effect of basal organic fertilizers; Rich Farm (RF), Han Daebak (BK) and Han Yoobak (MK) on growth and yield of AT054 and Komboka rice varieties in Tana Delta Irrigation Project-Rice (TDIP-R) Scheme during the trial Phase undertaken by Agri All Africa (AAA) in preparation for a Public Private Partnership (PPP) project programme. The study was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Rich Farm (RF) at 200 Kg/Ha, Han Daebak (BK) at 200 Kg/Ha and Han Yoobak (MK) at 200 Kg/Ha were applied as basal fertilizers. Conventional fertilizers (200 Kg/Ha DAP + 120 Kg/Ha MOP) was applied as the positive standard check (CF). Data collected was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The basal application of Rich Farm, Han Daebak and Han Yoobak organic fertilizers had significant positive effects on grain yield. Among the tested basal fertilizers, Rich Farm performed better at 4.9 and 5.3 ton/ha, followed by Han Yoobak at 4.7 and 4.1 ton/ha and Han Daebak at 4.3 and 3.9 ton/ha in AT054 and Komboka variety, respectively. Therefore, Rich Farm and Han Yoobak can be recommended as basal organic fertilizers in both AT054 and Komboka varieties, while Han Daebak can be used in AT054 variety for rice production. Further studies are of need to investigate the effects on these organic fertilizers on the soil properties of the area, as well as evaluating the optimal rates for higher rice production

The role of superior varieties in increasing rice productivity on tidal lands in South Sumatra

The development of tidal land as agricultural land is one opportunity to meet food needs. The study aimed to determine the contribution of superior varieties in increasing tidal rice productivity in South Sumatra. The research was conducted in Banyuasin Regency in 2021 using survey and interview methods. The number of sub-districts where sampling was taken was 9 sub-districts which are representative of low tide land. The data collected in this research were the results of harvested dry grain (tiles), the varieties used, the type and dose of fertilizer used, planting methods and cropping index. Apart from primary, secondary data was also collected as supporting data in the form of land area for each region and climatic conditions. The data taken was tabulated and analyzed descriptively. The research results show that the productivity level of superior rice varieties is higher than the district average productivity. Increasing productivity by applying superior varieties reaches 1.5 t/ha.

Influence of nano fertilizers on productivity and profitability of aerobic rice in Eastern dry zone of Karnataka

Influence of nano fertilizers on productivity and profitability of aerobic rice in Eastern dry zone of Karnataka

Effect of seed treatments and foliar spray on dry matter production and yield of DSR rice

Effect of seed treatments and foliar spray on dry matter production and yield of DSR rice

RANCANG BANGUN TRANSMIS MESIN PERONTOK 3600 RPM BERBASIS MOTOR BENSIN

A rice threshing machine is the process of separating rice from its stems, so that reducing rice agricultural yields is very strategic in supporting rice production. Modification of the tool which previously used a slamming system, resulted in the yield of grain containing quite high levels of grain. The aim of this research is to design the transmission rotation to make the belt pulley and shaft more effective. The rice threshing machine transmission system consists of a pulley and belt with various belt sizes. The appearance of the pulley for calculations is adjusted to a pulley size of 10 inches = 25.4cm. Then the belt that connects the 10 inch/25.4cm pulley and the 9.74cm A58 belt is the belt that connects the pulley and the shaft. Based on the results of transmission performance testing with power and planning moment of 5.8164 kW and pulley planning moment of 1573.65 kg.mm from type A, the calculation of driver pulley rotation = 3 inches (d1) and motor rotation = 3600 rpm (n1) can be used rpm of the drive pulley when it is not loaded and when working, namely the rpm of the drive pulley when it is not loaded is 1080 rpm. Furthermore, the pulley rpm when working is 9.75\ rpm\ and\ The design power of the shaft is 4.92\ for the shear stress that occurs on the shaft of 0.838 kg/mm which is smaller than the allowable shear stress with a value of 5.16 kg/mm. so that the power and moment of planning the shaft with a diameter that can be used safely.

Genome-wide association study reveals the genetic basis of rice resistance to three herbicides.

Crop resistance to herbicides is crucial for agricultural productivity and sustainability amidst escalating challenges of weed resistance. Uncovering herbicide resistant genes is particularly important for rice production. In this study, we tested the resistance to three commonly used herbicides: glufosinate, glyphosate and mesotrione of 421 diverse rice cultivars and employed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to unravel the genetic underpinnings of resistance to these three herbicides in rice. We discovered that cultivated rice exhibited rich variation in resistance to the three herbicides, and the differences among subpopulations were significant. Six identified associations harboring candidate genes for resistance to these herbicides were significant. Among them, RGlu6 and RGly8 were the major QTL for resistance to glufosinate and glyphosate, respectively. The favorable alleles of RGlu6 and RGly8 were primarily present in japonica cultivars that originated from Europe, highlighting the geographic and genetic diversity of herbicide resistance and emphasizing the localized selection pressures in European rice varieties. Moreover, our findings might suggest that traditional target genes may not contain tolerant alleles in nature, and alternative mechanisms with novel loci associated with resistance may work. By mapping the genes for herbicide resistance, our results may help develop new strategies to combat the dual challenges on effective weed management and herbicide sustainability.

Classification and regression tree (CART) for predicting cadmium (Cd) uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its application to derive soil Cd threshold based on field data

The entry of Cd into soil-rice systems is a growing concern as it can pose potential risks to public health. To derive regional soil Cd threshold, a total of 333 paired soil and rice samples was collected in Anhui Province, Eastern China. The results showed that the total soil Cd and soil Zn/Cd were the most significant variables contributing to Cd content in polished rice. The Chinese Soil Quality Standards might overestimate risk posed by Cd-contaminated soil for rice production in the mining area due to high Zn/Cd values of some mining-associated soils. Cd levels in polished rice can be predictable using stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) model. However, the derived soil Cd threshold based on the MLR model would be unrealistically high. The classification and regression tree method (CART) performed well in simulating Cd levels in polished rice and can be used to derive soil Cd threshold instead of MLR to minimize the uncertainty.

Rhodopseudomonas palustris Atp2 Protein Exerts Antifungal Effects by Targeting the Ribosomal Protein MoRpl12 in Magnaporthe oryzae.

Rice blast is one of the most hazardous diseases affecting rice production. Previously, we discovered that the Atp2 protein of Rhodopseudomonas palustris could significantly inhibit the appressorium formation and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. However, the molecular mechanism of this fungus has remained unknown. This study revealed that Atp2 can enter the cell and interact with the ribosomal protein MoRpl12 of M. oryzae, directly affecting the expression of the MoRpl12 protein. Silencing the MoRPL12 gene can affect cell wall integrity, growth, conidiogenesis, and fungal pathogenicity. The quantitative reverse transcription PCR results showed significant changes in the expression of conidiation-related genes in the MoRPL12 gene-silenced mutants or in the Atp2 protein-treated plants. We further found that Atp2 treatment can influence the expression of ribosomal-related genes, such as RPL, in M. oryzae. Our study revealed a novel antifungal mechanism by which the Atp2 protein binds to the ribosomal protein MoRpl12 and inhibits the pathogenicity of rice blast fungus, providing a new potential target for rice blast prevention and control.

Spectral Super-Resolution for High-Accuracy Rice Variety Classification using Hybrid CNN-Transformer Model

Rice variety classification is crucial for ensuring the purity and quality of rice production. In this study, hyperspectral images (HSI) of rice varieties were reconstructed using a spectral super-resolution technique, serving as a basis for an enhanced classification process. RGB images of various rice varieties were utilized to reconstruct the HSI, and a hybrid CNN-Transformer model featuring an efficient feature fusion module aimed at reducing redundancy was developed. Building on the spectral super-resolution model, a Swin-Transformer model was employed for rice variety classification, chosen for its capacity to effectively handle high-dimensional data with fewer parameters and lower FLOPs. The classification accuracy based on actual HSI reached an impressive 99.961%, while the accuracy based on reconstructed HSI was a close 99.413%. These results demonstrate that the spectral super-resolution method not only effectively reconstructs HSI images of rice varieties but also supports highly reliable classification. It is indicated by the study that spectral super-resolution can significantly outperform advanced CNN and Transformer-based methods in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency, offering a promising approach for precise rice variety classification and potentially other agricultural applications.

Unraveling the Dynamics of Rice Yield in the Zio River Valley, Togo: A thorough analysis of influencing factors

Despite Togo's rice production potential, local production only meets 32% of demand, mainly due to relatively low agricultural productivity. With the aim of improving this situation, this study was undertaken to analyze the factors influencing rice production in the Zio River Valley, which is one of Togo's largest rice-growing areas. Data collected from 413 farmers in the region were analyzed using the Cobb-Douglas production function, incorporating variables such as income, farm size, chemical fertilizer use, organic fertilizer use, pesticide use, group membership, experience, education level, gender, access to credit, access to agricultural advice, age, continuous access to water and marital status. The results indicate that only certain factors, such as farm size, income, amount of chemical fertilizer, use of organic fertilizer and experience, have a significant positive impact on paddy rice production, furthermore the No-formal education farmers show a decrease in production. This study will guide decision-makers and farmers in adopting more effective farming practices to significantly improve rice production in Togo. Emphasis should be placed on aspects such as farm size, income, fertilizer use and experience to boost rice productivity.

Antifungal activities of some citrus essential oils against Pyricularia oryzae

Rice is a staple food worldwide because many families depend on it as an everyday source of food. However, there are some agents posing as threat to the availability of rice worldwide thereby threatening food security. Pyricularia oryzae is a fungal agent notable for causing rice blast disease thereby causing shortage in the production of rice. Essential oils (EOs) from peels (fresh and dried) of three species of citrus fruit (lime, grapefruit and tangerine) were investigated for their antifungal activity against P. oryzae. The EOs were extracted and analysed for their composition using standard analytical techniques. Their antifungal activities were also tested on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium using disc diffusion method and the results obtained were compared with standard antifungal agents. Dried tangerine EO had the highest fungal mycelial growth inhibition (90%) which was followed by fresh tangerine EO (76.2%). The compounds detected in the essential oils composed majorly hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons with limonene, beta myrcene and alpha terpineol detected in fairly high amount in all the investigated essential oils. This study, shows that the peels of these citrus fruits could be of great importance in combating the scourge of P. oryzae, reducing the occurrence of rice blast disease, enhancing rice availability as a staple food and by extension, ensuring food security. These attributes highlight the potential benefits of citrus fruit peels instead of regarding them as mere waste materials.

Diversity and abundance of birds devastating rice-growing in the town of Daloa and its outskirts (Centre-West, Cote d'Ivoire)

Rice devastating birds are responsible for many losses in rice fields around the world. In Cote d'Ivoire, data on birds in inland are almost non-existent. A study on these birds was carried out from November to December 2019 in three rice fields (Zepreguhe, Abattoir and Kennedy) in the town of Daloa and its outskirts. The study aimed to know the population of those birds in this area. The main method used was the fixed-point, time-dependent counts or point-in-time abundance index (PIA) method. It was possible to count 2368 individuals of 41 species belonging to 14 families of eight orders. The Shannon-Wiever diversity (H'); equitability (E); dominance (IDO) and IPA indices of rice devastating birds in this zone are 3.03, 0.82, 24.79 and 135 respectively. The best-represented family is the Ploceidae with 12 species and 882 individuals. The Village Weaver Ploceus cucullatus and the Northern Grey-headed Sparrow Passer griseus represent the two most abundant species with numbers of 368 and 219 individuals respectively. Of the three study sites, the Zepreguhe site is the most important in terms of specific richness (38 species), relative abundance (37.54%) and PIA (PIA = 155). Further studies are planned to monitor the diversity and population dynamics of these birds over the long term and to determine the extent of their impact on rice production in this area.

Revealing Food Fulfillment Threads and Innovative Technology for Enhancing Rice Productivity and Ensuring the Food Security in Indonesia

Ensuring food security by Indonesia's Golden Year in 2045 presents a formidable challenge, with advancements in agricultural technology anticipated to play a crucial role in attaining this goal. Rice is the major food crop in Indonesia, and its consumption is still considerably high, indicating that daily nutrient uptake relies on its grain. However, the current population of Indonesia demanding rice is 31.2 million tons and this number of populations will grow at the rate of 0.41 percent. The rice consumption of the Indonesian people is quite high, namely 114.6 kg per person per year. The rice harvest area in 2023 decreased by 2.45%, from 10.45 million hectares to 10.20 million hectares, resulting in rice production which also decreased from 31.54 million tons to 30.90 million tons. The average conversion of paddy fields to non-harvest areas in Indonesia reached 100,000 hectares per year. Meanwhile, the average ability to print rice fields is only 60,000 hectares a year. This means that there is a difference in the conversion of paddy fields of around 40,000 hectares per year. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to elucidate how agricultural technology can enhance rice production across different land types in Indonesia, thus supporting food security efforts. To achieve the objectives of this research, a systematic literature review method was used. The result of this study shows that the amalgamation of diverse technological advancements and innovative practices in rice cultivation holds immense promise in bolstering productivity, bolstering sustainability, and tackling nutritional deficiencies. Prospectively, the use of cutting-edge technology offers some insights that can be input for policy formulation, technological innovation, and community engagement strategies aimed at creating a safer, fairer, and more sustainable food future for Indonesia to achieve food security by 2045.

Sistem Pemasaran Beras Bujang Marantau Di Kecamatan Sungai Tarab, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Provinsi Sumatera Barat

The “Bujang Marantau” rice variety is local rice from Tanah Datar Regency which was registered as a national superior rice variety by BPTP West Sumatra in 2015 and grows well in Tanah Datar Regency. This increase in “Bujang Marantau” rice production must be balanced with a good marketing system so that farmers and institutions marketing can receive more favorable prices. The study is aimed to analyze the channels, functions and operational efficiency of rice marketing (marketing margin, farmer’s share, and profit to cost ratio) in Sungai Tarab District. This research involved 45 farmers as samples obtained through a simple random sampling method. Marketing institution respondents were obtained using the snowball method based on the flow of information from farmers and 15 marketing institution respondents were obtained. Qualitative data is used to analyze marketing channels and institutions. Quantitative data is used to analyze marketing margin, farmer’s share, profit to cost ratio and marketing efficiency index. The results showed that there are 3 marketing channels and 3 types of marketing institutions involved. The results of the marketing operational efficiency analysis show that the relatively efficient marketing channel is channel III because it has the lowest marketing margin value, the highest farmer’s share, and the shortest marketing channel compared to other channels. Marketing institutions should further optimize the marketing functions of each institution, such as the transportation function, so that transportation costs can be lower and minimize marketing costs more efficiently.