Rice Policy Research Articles

How does single- or double-cropped rice policy influence spatially irrigated land value in China?

How does single- or double-cropped rice policy influence spatially irrigated land value in China?

Farmer’s considerations of grain quality based on government policy: Hutabayu Raja District, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatera Province

Based on rice policy, this study shows that grain quality is the most important economically for farmers when selling rice. The study examines factors that influence farmers’ consideration of grain quality when selling GKP. Using a questionnaire, data were collected from 150 randomly selected farmers. Binary logistic regression model and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Binary logit results show that variables such as age, area, and GKP price increase the likelihood that farmers consider grain quality when selling GK. On the other hand, increasing farmers’ education and experience levels has a negative impact on their ability to consider grain quality before selling GKP.

정부 시장격리가 쌀 수급에 미치는 사후영향평가

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the government's implementation of the market isolation system related to the Grain Management Act on rice supply and demand and price and the government's fiscal expenditure. To achieve this purpose it was modeled with a structural equation system that reflects the causal relationship between economic variables that conforms to economic theory. In particular, the rice policy analysis model constructed in this study is a ex-post policy assessment model, and the analysis of the impact of government policy changes on the rices in harvest period and lean season before the next harvest by reflecting the price formation process by period in the model is different from previous studies. As a result of the analysis, the market isolation system was found to be effective in raising the selling price of farm households in line with the government's policy purpose. However, it was found that the government's fiscal expenditure increased due to the increase in rice purchase and management cost because of the increase in inventory. Furthermore it was analyzed that the government’s fiscal expenditure efficiency was reduced as the benefit-cost ratio of market isolation implementation was all less than 1. Since 2005, the government has operated a direct payment system and the target price has existed, so there are many limitations to positively evaluate the additional market isolation system. In the future, if the government’s market isolation policy is needed due to rapid price change, it is considered that in-depth research on inventory management and release plans will be needed to increase government fiscal efficiency.

Sustainable Rice Industry in Nepal: Comparative Analysis with South Asia

Rice, a prime crop in Nepal and other South Asian nations, plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and socio-economic development. In Nepal’s agricultural sector, rice accounts for the largest share of the Agricultural Gross Domestic Product (AGDP), comprising approximately 20%. However, the absence of appropriate policies poses a significant challenge to the sustainable production of rice in Nepal. This study aims to assess the various policy dimensions of the sustainable rice industry in Nepal and compare them with the policy implications in neighboring South Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The study draws on secondary sources of information for its analysis. The findings reveal that Nepal lacks a comprehensive rice policy, while its existing agriculture policy is characterized by confusion and contradictions. To attain self-sufficiency in food production, it is imperative to establish a comprehensive rice policy in Nepal and implement price subsidies on diverse inputs, as observed in neighboring countries which will ultimately contribute to enhancing the sustainability of the rice industry and promote the goal of food self-sufficiency in Nepal.

ANALISIS SISTEM PENAWARAN DAN PERMINTAAN BERAS DI INDONESIA : IMPLEMENTASI FORMULASI MODEL DYNAMIK

This study aims to determine the system of supply and demand for rice and policies that must be implemented in rice in Indonesia. This study uses a dynamic model formulation to understand and know behavior, estimate the effect of short and long term rice policies and price policies on rice supply and demand in Indonesia. The research results show that a 1% increase in supply in the short term will result in a 0.66% decrease in price, or a 10% increase in rice supply (production) will reduce rice prices by 6.7%.. Conversely, a 1% increase in the price of rice will increase the supply by 0.12%, or a 10% increase in the price of rice will increase the supply (paddy/rice production) of rice by 13%. This shows that in the short run rice is a staple commodity that is not elastic to price changes. Meanwhile, the effect of an increase in fertilizer prices by 10% will reduce the supply of rice by 0.3%.

The IMF Rice Liberalization Policy in Indonesia: The Case Study of Elite Behaviors in the Era of Gus Dur, Megawati, and SBY Government

The research aimed to explain elite behaviour in Indonesia's political reform era. This research was based on primary data collected from unstructured interviews with respondents or samples and secondary data collected from library studies. In analyzing the data collected, descriptive and qualitative methods are applied. This research found that adopting the electoral system of the Proportional Multi-Member District and the lack of power and authority distribution from elite to interest groups tended to result in the emergence of small and pragmatic political parties trying to get constituent votes using political mobilization of the constituent voters. The emergence of political parties induces a patron-client relationship between the political candidate and his constituent voters through a broker-generating oligarchy within the party. For that reason, the policy-making process in the rice sector depends on the relative power of ideologist party coalitions and pragmatic party coalitions. The changes in rice policy depended on the political interaction between the old and pragmatic political oligarchy and the new and ideologist political oligarchy. The stronger the political coalition of the new political oligarchy consisting of new ideologists and reformist political parties, the more protective the rice policy will be, and vice versa. That is why we suggested that the election system should be changed into Single-Member District Electoral System to create a smaller number of political parties to avoid the emergence of pragmatic political parties. And interest groups should be strengthened to prevent the dominant power of the oligarchy.

Nitrogen stock and farmer behaviour under rice policy change in Japan

Mitigating the environmental impact of nitrogen (N) derived from agricultural production is a significant issue in our progression towards a sustainable society. This study aims to estimate the N stock (i.e., as the accumulation of N input into farmland that is neither taken up by the crops nor discharged into the environment, but rather remains in the soil) related to rice production in Japan and to identify the relationship between the economic behaviour of rice farmers and N stock. The results indicate a persistent reduction in N stock since the early 1990s, caused mainly by the change in N input by a change in government policy away from production subsidies to more extensive use of market mechanisms. It seems clear that production subsidy policies provide little incentive for farmers to reduce their N input; however, even if the introduction of market mechanisms, farmers may not properly evaluate the contribution of N stock to agricultural production. Consequently, it may be difficult to achieve the optimal level of N stock from an environmental impact perspective. To achieve the optimal N stock, the relationship between farmer behaviour and N stock needs to be better understood.

TINJAUAN KRITIS TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN HARGA GABAH DAN BERAS DI INDONESIA

<p>The government intervened in unhulled rice and rice price policies which require a large budget and is faced with a trade off between protecting producers and consumers. There is also a rice trading system that has an interest in creating profits. This condition creates obstacles in achieving policy objectives. The objectives of this paper are (1) to analyze the effectiveness of unhulled rice and rice price policies and factors that affect policy effectiveness and (2) to formulate policy recommendations in minimizing side effects. Analysis using secondary data and literature review methods. Results showed that with the support of other rice policies, the price policy had achieved its goal of stabilizing prices and supporting economic stability. However, it is not yet effective enough to protect farmers' income and affordability of rice prices and safeguard government rice reserves. Pricing policies need to be carried out selectively with a clear target date and be accompanied by policy instruments for farmer income and food consumption flexibility, as well as encouraging farmer independence. Farmers can be facilitated to choose profitable commodities supported by an information system, market access, credit policies, input subsidies and agricultural infrastructure such as irrigation.</p>

Rice policies for long-tail market-creating innovations: empirical study on consumers’ cognition and behavior in Japan

Rice policies for long-tail market-creating innovations: empirical study on consumers’ cognition and behavior in Japan

COVID-19 and Policy Impacts on the Bangladesh Rice Market and Food Security

This research employs a partial equilibrium model to estimate the short- and long-run effects of COVID-19 and rice policies on Bangladesh’s rice market and food security. We also analyze the impact of relevant policies in terms of their effectiveness in mitigating stresses stemming from a hypothetical pandemic with a COVID-19-like impact. The results indicate that the effect of COVID-19 on Bangladeshi food security during FY 2019/20 was mixed, as the indicators of food availability improved by 5%, and decreased by 17% for food stability, relative to what they would have been otherwise. Policy simulation results indicate that a higher import tariff improves self-sufficiency status, but undermines rice availability and accessibility by bending the market toward a restrictive trade regime. Results also indicate that unlike stock enhancement policy, closing the existing yield gap improves rice availability, accessibility, and moderates the depressing effect of a future event with repercussions similar to COVID-19, although the yield policy appears more speculative and could be too costly. The insights generated contribute to the understanding of policies that aim to achieve sustainable development goals related to aggregate food security, and build resilience against future shocks akin to COVID-19.

Islamic Economic Criticists Toward The Indonesian Government Of Rice Policy

Indonesia is currently faced with a condition of declining rice productivity which causes the Indonesian government to import rice from various countries. Looking at this problem, Islamic economics has its own norms, such as not eating before being hungry and stopping before being full. Moreover, there is no Islamic teaching that requires the consumption of rice as the staple food of the community. Referring to the above concept, Indonesian people can use alternative staple foods such as sweet potatoes, corn, sago and various other foods to replace rice, which is very limited and expensive. Besides that, it also takes advantage of media distribution issues such as zakat, waqf, and inheritance. The discussion this time focuses on waqf in which Indonesia's position as the country with the largest waqf in the world with a potential land use of 268,653.67 hectares spread over 366,595 locations throughout Indonesia. It can be allocated to overcome food shortages in Indonesia at this time.

Transformation of Japan’s rice policy toward innovation creation for a sustainable development

This research clarifies the necessity to transform Japan’s rice policy toward the creation of innovation, particularly to market-creating innovation. We introduced two analytical methods in the research. One is a survey of existing research on Japan’s rice policy and innovation in paddy field management, and the other is the case analysis of innovation by focusing on the spread of rice flour and organic rice cultivation. We obtained the following conclusions from the analysis. Rice policy (pushing institutions) so far is not having the desired effects on creating and sustaining well-functioning system in Japan’s rice sector. Although rice production adjustment was officially abolished, it still exists in the form of game equilibrium and customary institutions. Even if there are structural reform conditions (liquidation measures) in the economic domain, a major innovation has not occur due to Peasantism as the cultural belief system was dominant in the political and social domains for institutions. Therefore, to change such a situation and realize a sustainable development of rice sector, a policy transformation toward innovation creation, particularly to ‘market-creating innovation’ is called for. In addition, it is important to consider innovation as a process of organizational learning that involves the drastic change of collective cognition among producers, consumers and governments. Market-creating innovations can change the culture of the entire society, including the cognition of producers and consumers toward rice, rice products and rice cultivation. Furthermore, policy for promoting environment-friendly rice cultivation should pay attention to the public concern over economic impacts on the quality of the global commons that implies de facto gradual transfer of environment rights from the corporate sector to the community at large.

The Realignment of Subsidized Rice (Rastra) Policy into Non-Cash Food Assistance (BPNT) in Kalisat Sub-District of Jember District

Rastra is one of the social aids organized by Indonesian government to help the poor reduce their burden on the household. However, in 2017 the government amended this polic, called Non-cash food Assistance (BPNT). This new policy was operative based on 5 benchmarks of the alteration in attitudes and the behavior of the public and members of the bureaucracy, the alteration in leadership style, the efficiency of using sources, and the reduction of legalistic approaches. This research was commenced in November 2018 and aimed to analyze the transformation of Rastra Policy into BPNT, especially in Kalisat village, Jember district. The author revealed that this change had aimed to manage the stock of rice and the price because the government shared the aids once a month. The research data was taken from Kalisat village administration office which received the Rastra and each e-Warung organized by BPNT. The present study employed quantitative method. The author argued that, as the endeavour for poverty reduction, this policy needed improvement related to the target, the timing, the quality of the aids, and e-Warung readiness. The author contends that this realignment should be done based on the readiness of each infrastructur.
 Keywords: Realignment, Implementation, Policy, Rastra, BPNT

EFEKTIVITAS KEBIJAKAN HARGA ECERAN TERTINGGI (HET) DAN RANTAI PASOK BERAS MEDIUM DI PROVINSI LAMPUNG

Indonesia is a country that consumes and produces rice, so rice is a primary need in Indonesia. The government stipulates the highest retail price (HET) of rice policy to maintain the stability of rice price. The purposes of this study are to fin out the effectiveness of rice HET policy in Lampung Province, to analyze the impacts of thepolicy stipulation, and to find out the difference between medium rice supply chains before and after the HET Policy. This research uses quantitative and qualitative descriptive method. Data collection techniques used were interviews using questionnaires and also observation. The results of this study were the policy of medium rice HET has not been effectively implemented Lampung Province with price difference of Rp1.663,00. This caused no impact on the farmers, distributors, retail traders, and consumers. In the previous study, the medium rice supply chain flow in Lampung Province was infour marketing channels while in the current study was in six marketing channels.Keywords: effectiviness, HET, rice, supply

Rethinking Rice Policy: Philippine Rice Tariffication as a Win-Win-Win Policy for the Poor, Consumers and Farmers

No other food is more central to Filipinos’ diets than rice, yet no food poses a greater burden on poor and near-poor Filipinos’ budgets. According to the 2015 Family Income and Expenditure Survey, the poorest 20% of households’ rice expenditures alone accounted for more than 19% of their total budgets, whereas it was only 5% of expenditures for the richest 20% of Filipino households. The Duterte administration has a window of opportunity to address this situation by shifting away from a rice importation regime based on quantitative restrictions (i.e. import quotas) to one based on moderate rice tariffs. In this policy brief, we summarize evidence which on balance indicates that approving this rice tariffication reform is likely to be a win-win-win measure for Filipinos and the Philippine economy at large. Specifically, adopting moderate tariffs on rice imports, we find, would benefit poor and near-poor consumers, workers, industry, and even rice farmers themselves, should revenues from the tariffs be earmarked for spending on safety nets and social protection measures, as well as a productivity enhancement fund dedicated to rice farmers, to be managed on a participatory basis.

ANALISIS KEUNGGULAN KOMPARATIF DAN KOMPETITIF BERAS SOLOK (Studi Kasus di Kota Solok )

The research on "Analysis of Comparative and Competitive Advantages of Solok Rice (Case Study in Solok City)" is aimed to analyze the competitiveness of Solok rice based on comparative and competitive advantages and looking at the impact of rice policy in Solok City. The method used in this research is the case study method. The analytical tool used is the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). The results showed that rice farming in Solok City had comparative and competitive advantages, because a private profit of Rp. 6,454,307.44 and social benefits of Rp. 2,698,042,60. The results of the analysis obtained the value of PCR <1 (0.45) and DRCR <1 (0.66), which means that financially Solok rice farming is efficient and has the potential to trade in the free market. Solok rice farming is also effective to carry out even though there are output and input policies, because the EPC value> 1. The implementation of the protection policy applied by the government still provides incentives to farmers producing rice Solok because the value of NT> 0 and PC> 1. Farmer income will increase 31% if there is no market distortion carried out by the government because the SRP value obtained is 0.31.

Relative export competitiveness of the Cambodian rice sector

PurposeIn this paper, the authors derive time-varying relative export competitiveness (REC) of the Cambodian rice sector from 1995 to 2018 and examine the key determinants of the REC.Design/methodology/approachThree different REC indexes are calculated in this paper. The authors also developed the relative symmetric export competitiveness (RSEC) index for calculation of comparative advantage. The short-run regression (SRR) model was applied for capturing the determinants of the REC.FindingsThe study results reveal that Cambodia's rice exports became relatively competitive over time. The key findings suggest the Cambodian REC was strengthened as a result of a successful implementation of rice policy and rectangular strategy. The benefits gained from EBA and BRI were found to be the factors contributed to the REC. The higher per capita income had a positive effect on the REC, while higher domestic prices reduced the REC in some phases of the sectoral development.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is needed in two directions. First, the future studies might focus on other agro-products of Cambodia. Second, the development of the crop-specific factor endowment (CFE) model to consider the effect of endowment factors on the REC could be preferred in light of the data availability.Originality/valueThe research enriches the literature on the agricultural trade and provides a basis for further studies. This work makes a few contributions. First, it is the first study on the REC analysis for the Cambodian rice sector. Second, the latest 24-year data sets were covered. Third, a wide range of comparisons of REC among the world's top rice exporters was provided following implications of the various economic policies and foreign policy strategies, such as RS, EBA and BRI.

Assessing Impact of BRRI Released Modern Rice Varieties Adoption on Farmers’ Welfare in Bangladesh: Application of Panel Treatment Effect Model

This study assesses the impact of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) released modern wet (Aman) season rice variety adoption on farmers‟ well-being in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) data collected by IFPRI were used for this study. The study applied difference-in-difference treatment effect and difference-in-difference quantile treatment effect models using unbalanced panel data to achieve the set objectives. Analysis revealed that BRRI released wet (Aman) season rice technology has a robust and positive effect on small farmers‟ welfare in Bangladesh as indicated by the level of increases in per capita household real income, increases in real aman rice income, and also increases in yield and decreases both in poverty gap and squared poverty gap over time. The marginal and near landless farmers have not gained significantly through adopting BRRI released modern variety over non-adopters in terms of all the indicators except aman rice yield. However, only yield of BRRI released modern wet (Aman) season rice technology has positive and significant impact on the marginal and near landless farmers. As such, BRRI variety adoption seemed to be conducive in increasing the level of yield of marginal and near-landless farms but it hardly helps them to overcome the poverty level, unless other equity-enhancing policy measures are undertaken. Overall, there was large scope for enhancing adoption of BRRI released rice variety in order to reduce the poverty level in rural areas. The current rice policy (rice self-sufficiency) appears to be supportive to help Bangladesh rice sector for achieving food security in the country.
 Bangladesh Rice j. 2019, 23(1): 1-11

Rice policy in a transitional economy: balancing the social and political objectives

Rice is an important component on the global food security agenda. However, prevailing economic analysis suggests that rice policy globally is often damaging and not economically efficient, rendering food security as a goal highly vulnerable to volatility in the world rice market. This paper explores the case of Vietnam’s rice policy as a key rice exporter, a country that has developed highly distinctive policy settings to manage the inherent tensions between ‘socialist’ policy legacies and ‘market-based’ objectives during an economy-wide liberalisation process. In open economy political terms, our case study facilitates the exploration of two key issues. First, how well the OECD-centric concept of agricultural policy exceptionalism works in a developing country context. Second, how the policy may succeed politically even in the face of what appear to be severe political constraints from external economic pressures. The paper develops a narrative of the political economy of rice policy in Vietnam during the Renovation (Doi Moi) Period from 1986 to the present. We find, first, that the policy trajectory in Vietnam’s rice sector runs counter to recent claims about post-exceptionalism in agriculture; that is, rice policy has resisted pressures to comply fully with market rules despite Vietnam’s accession to the World Trade Organization. Second, the interaction of economic liberalisation processes and the ruling Communist Party’s political survival strategy results in policy settings that fail standards of policy coherence and are often economically inefficient, although the survival strategy itself remains stable and reform-resistant over time.

IMPACT OF IMPORT TARIFF POLICIES ON RICE DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN INDONESIA

Indonesia’s economic policies cannot be separated to its rice policies since rice is the staple food for Indonesian people. The paper aims to find out the impact of rice import tariff policies on rice demand and supply in Indonesia. The research uses time series data in 1981-2018. Data obtained are analyzed using econometric model with simultaneous equation system. Estimation results show that rice supply was positively and significantly influenced by grain rice price in farmer level, amount of rice production, and rice supply of the previous year. Meantime, domestic rice demand was negatively and significantly influenced by domestic rice price and positively and significantly influenced by domestic rice demand of the previous year. The result of policy simulation indicates that scenario of policy combination through an increase in rice import tariff and government purchase price brings a sizeable impact on the increase in domestic rice production and rice demand and supply. Therefore, Indonesia needs to conduct protection to farmers in the form of rice import tariff imposition as well as government purchase price.