Rice Nursery Research Articles

Hydropic Rice Nursery for Rice Transplanting Using Rice Transplanters

Rice nursery using dapogs requires a series of media preparation activities involving sieving the soil, mixing with organic fertilizer and rice husk charcoal, which are troublesome for the farmers. Another practical method is to grow the rice seedlings in an hydroponic system. The purpose of this research was to develop a hydroponic system to grow rice seedlings until ready for transplanting with rice tranplanters and then to transplant the seedlings with a transplanter. The seedling nursery were designed having 10 level rack with 12 trays on each level. It is designed DFT, NFT and flooding hydroponic systems. Finally flooding system, nutrient concentration rate of 2.4 mS and seed density 5 seeds/cm2 were used in the research as those treatments gave the best results. Light illumination at rack level 1-6 were significantly different from level 7 (the top layer) and consequently level 1-6 suffered from etiolation problems making the seedlings less vigor. Transplanting results showed a wide range of number of clump/hill both at “lees” and “middle” machine setting. Root zone without any soil media made a high friction force when the seedling mat sliding down to the planting fork. A slight media at the bottom of tray might be required as the slippering media.

Pendampingan Kegiatan Pembibitan Padi Sistem Dapog di Bumdes Sosrohbahu Desa Rejeni Kabupaten Sidoarjo

Rejeni Village has a Village Business Unit (Bumdes) named SOSROBAHU with ten members. The Bumdes runs several business units in various fields. The central business unit of Bumdes Sosrobahu is the agricultural sector, namely a production input shop and rice planting services using a Transplanter. The number of farmers in Rejeni Village is also quite large, around 247 farmers, with the main commodity being rice. In the socialization program activities, the implementing team held discussions to explore the problems, namely: The lack of knowledge of farmers about the tray system of rice nurseries, the seeds produced by farmers' seedlings are often yellow, often experience root breakage when planted, have not used suitable planting media for tray system rice nurseries. This Community Partnership Program offers several approach methods to help solve existing problems. The results of the activities in Rejeni Village can save the cost of producing a seedling container/tray IDR4,500,000.00.Rejeni Village has a Village Business Unit (Bumdes) named SOSROBAHU with ten members. The Bumdes runs several business units in various fields. The central business unit of Bumdes Sosrobahu is the agricultural sector, namely a production input shop and rice planting services using a Transplanter. The number of farmers in Rejeni Village is also quite large, around 247 farmers, with the main commodity being rice. In the socialization program activities, the implementing team held discussions to explore the problems, namely: The lack of knowledge of farmers about the tray system of rice nurseries, the seeds produced by farmers' seedlings are often yellow, often experience root breakage when planted, have not used suitable planting media for tray system rice nurseries. This Community Partnership Program offers several approach methods to help solve existing problems. The results of the activities in Rejeni Village can save the cost of producing a seedling container/tray IDR4,500,000.00.

Hydroponics Rice Nursery: A Novel Approach To Rice Cultivation In India

Hydroponics Rice Nursery: A Novel Approach To Rice Cultivation In India

Effect of fly ash and vermicompost amendment on rhizospheric earthworm and nematode count and change in soil carbon pool of rice nursery.

Fly ash application to the soil at lower doses with organic substrates has been advocated by researchers due to its beneficial soil ameliorative properties. But its xenobiotic effects in presence of vermicompost have not yet been studied fully. The hypothesis of the present study was to ascertain the ameliorative effects of fly ash and vermicompost amendment on the soil nematode and earthworm count and change in the soil carbon pool of the rice nursery. The native soil, fly ash, and vermicompost at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% combinations (by weight) in triplicate were investigated under a factorial complete randomized design. The fly ash affected the earthworm survivability to an extent that the earthworms could not survive in fly ash of concentration greater than 20%. On the contrary, the concentration of vermicompost positively influenced the earthworm and nematode count in the rice rhizosphere. The population of nematodes viz. Rhabditis terricola and Dorylaimids in the rhizosphere of rice nursery was positively linked with the vermicompost concentration, while fly ash had antagonistic effects. The absence of nematodes and earthworms at a higher concentration of fly ash could be linked to the xenobiotic effects of fly ash. However, on mild addition of fly ash and vermicompost (20% each) to the native soil, the carbon stock increased positively to the maximum extent due to the larger surface area of fly ash and its xenobiotic effects limiting respirational carbon loss.

Direct Seeded Rice: Strategies to Improve Crop Resilience and Food Security under Adverse Climatic Conditions

Direct seeded rice (DSR) systems have been considered a sustainable strategy for sustainable rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and resilience under adverse climatic conditions. Providing essential nutrition for more than 50% of the global population, there has been a significant decline in rice productivity due to climate change. The results suggest that an adoption of DSR options, without raising rice nursery, improved rice productivity and time saving. A rice field experiment in the kharif season of 2021 was examined to identify the best crop establishment method. A comparison study of the direct seeded rice crop establishment method and the mechanical transplanting of rice crop establishment method was investigated to improve rice productivity. The results show that significantly higher (+10%) rice productivity was registered in the DSR option compared with mechanically transplanted rice. In this case, growth attributes, effective tillers (+37%), panicle length (+8%), the number of grains per panicle (+21%), and 1000-grain weight (+2%) were significantly higher in the DSR option compared with mechanically transplanted rice. It was observed that, after the third extreme rainfall, 100% of the mechanically transplanted rice crop was lodged, compared with only 25% of the DSR option. Overall, the results suggest that an adoption of DSR options significantly improved rice productivity and rice resilience, while offering the additional benefit of advancing the seeding of succeeding crops by 15 days compared with the mechanically transplanted rice system. Our study suggests that the adoption of the DSR option would sustain food security and crop resilience under adverse climatic conditions.

Effect of soil and crop management practices on sodicity stress alleviation and rice productivity under water scarce condition

The prominent issue faced by the farmers of Cauvery Delta regionin Tamil Nadu particularly Tiruchirapalli District is the lack of timely release of water for rice nursery preparation and transplanting. Hence wet seeding of rice is recommended for timely cultivation. On the other hand, sodic nature of the soil warrants rice cultivation only. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to study the different soil and crop management practices on alleviating sodicity stress and improving rice (variety ADT 3) productivity under water-scarce conditions. The experiment was laid in a split plot design with six mainplots,including rice wet seeding, daincha (Sesbania aculeata) application as green manure, anti-oxidant microbial consortia (AOMC) spray and four sub-plots with graded levels of NPK based on soil test values with three replication. Results showed that the daincha incorporation @ 6.25 t/ha followed by rice wet seeding + AOMC spray @1.5 % with 125 % soil test based NPK had significantly increased thechlorophyll content, SPAD values, proline content and grain and straw yields which remained on par with daincha incorporation @ 6.25 t/ha followed by rice wet seeding + AOMC spray @1.5 % with 100 % soil test based NPK.Significantly lower ESP at 5% level and higher phosphatase activity in soil was also recorded by daincha incorporation @ 6.25 t/ha followed by rice wet seeding + AOMC spray @1.5 % with 125 % and 100 % soil test based NPK. Gross return, net return and B:C ratio were also higher in the plot, which received daincha incorporation @6.25 t/ha followed by rice wet seeding + AOMC spray @1.5 % with 100 % soil test based NPK. The present study reveals that the inclusion of ectophytic microbial population spray in rice plants and the management practices helps the crop to tolerate the sodicity stress under water-scarce condition by maintaining required physiological functions like proline synthesis and enzyme activities etc which need to be further explored at the genotypic level.

The Design of Microcontroller-Based Detection Tools and Rat Pest Repellent on Rice Seeds

The control of rat pest in rice nurseries to obtain increased production continues to be done. In an effort to overcome the problem of rat pest various alternative controls have been carried out, both in technical culture, physical mechanics, and chemically. To reduce the undesirable effects of using chemicals to control rat pets, it is necessary to use other alternative rat pets control. Based on these problems, this study conducted various test to create a design that could be used to repel rat pests. The method used includes electrical and systematic design. The steps taken include the sate of literature study then designing, manufacturing hardware and software integrating the system and testing and analyzing the system. Considering these theories, it can find out the programming of microcontrollers, LDR sensors, Cameras, Internet Networks, NE555, Solar Panels, and Accu.This study uses several tests, including testing the LDR sensor, Camera, Internet Network, NE555, Solar Panel and Accu. LDR sensor is functions to detect rat objects, cameras to take video directly, internet network to send video from the microcontroller to the user, NE555 to emit ultrasonic soungd waves to repel rat pests, solar panels as a source of electrical energy, and accu as electrical energy storage that produced solar panels. From all of test above we get results when the LDR Sensor detects a rat then the NE555 will emit ultrasonic waves, then the camera sends video via iot to usser.

Review of rice transplanter and direct seeder to be applied in Indonesia paddy field

The challenge to plant one seed or plant per hill by rice ordinary rice transplanter (RT) is still difficult to be achieved due to random in sowing seed by on rice nursery tray. But due to the vigority of seed after sowing in the field and also the unfavorable condition, the more number of seed are still needed and the yield lower compare transplanter method. Recently, the use of rice direct seeding has been increasing rapidly owing to rural labor shortages and continuous increases in agricultural production costs. This article reviews the research and application progress of mechanized rice direct seeding including direct seeding technologies, precision rice seeding, precision rice seed-metering devices. The other important component on succession direct seeding method is also discussed i.e. calcium gypsum coating and iron powder coating. Operating direct seeding machine also need consider about land and water management. Paddy field need to be managed since the seed drooped in order give favor condition of seed and facility the seed with optimum growing condition. In this approach, pre-germinated seeds are uniformly hill-dropped in the expected positions in puddled soil. The both technology PNRT and RDS have prospect and great potential for promoting the development of precession on rice cultivation in Asia.

Seedling growth and physicochemical transformations of rice nursery soil under varying levels of coal fly ash and vermicompost amendment.

Fly ash is an inevitable by-product from the coal-fired power plants in many developing countries including India that needs safe, timely and productive disposal. The addition of fly ash alters physicochemical properties of soil and hence could be used as a soil conditioner or modifier along with the appropriate level of vermicompost to support plant growth. Several studies have focalized sole use of fly ash and vermicompost in agricultural production systems lacking information on combined application effects. This work was carried out at Chiplima in the district of Sambalpur, Odisha, India, to ascertain the best suited combination of native soil, fly ash and vermicompost (from farmyard manure) for rice nursery based on the changing physicochemical properties and seedling growth. The experiment consisting of 21 treatment combinations of soil, fly ash and vermicompost at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% by weight was laid out in a factorial complete randomized design with three replications. Fly ash and vermicompost at moderate concentrations significantly ameliorated the physical properties, viz., porosity, bulk and particle densities, water holding capacity, infiltration rate and the capillary rise of water in rice nursery soil that ultimately resulted in vigorous rice seedlings at 40 DAS through beneficial soil biota as well as better root and shoot development. The porosity, water holding capacity and infiltration rate significantly increased with the addition of vermicompost while fly ash addition substantially reduced them. Fly ash and vermicompost in moderate quantities smothered soil chemical properties like electrical conductivity and organic carbon that increased the availability of N, P, K, B, S and Zn. The pH did not differ significantly due to treatment effects owing to a marginal difference in pH of the substrates, whereas electrical conductivity increased significantly with only marginal addition of fly ash to vermicompost. Considering the economic feasibility and environmental impacts, 40% soil + 20% fly ash + 40% vermicompost may be recommend to the farmers for wet rice nursery raising and also for remediating the coal fly ash in agricultural production system.

Local Wisdom of the Wetland Swamps Agricultural System for a Sustainable Environment

This study aims to examine the floating rice nursery techniques as local wisdom of agricultural systems on wetland swamps, and the characteristics of wetland swamps. The research method used is ethnography, which aims to describe in detail the themes or perspectives that originate from the phenomenon and the interaction of individuals or groups in culture. The results showed that the Ogan ethnic in Pemulutan had carried out a wetland swamp farming system for generations. This agricultural technique utilizes wild plants such as swamp grass (berondong) and freshwater algae (reamon) as a medium for floating rice nurseries. The use of natural resources around agricultural land is a form of local wisdom in preserving the environment. Wetland swamp agro-ecosystem with local wisdom of floating rice nurseries can maintain a sustainable ecosystem and environment. The agricultural land of the Ogan community is dominated by swollen or shallow patches of around 6.289 hectares or 59,1 per cent, middle swamps of 3.309 hectares or 31 per cent, the remaining 9,9 per cent or 1.058 hectares are deep swampland. The potential land for farming which shallow land and middle land.

Study on Manufacture of Production Line and Characteristics of Rice Straw Seedling Trays

As the late processing of rice straw may consume the cost and pollute the environment, this paper put forward a method to use the rice straw, namely, the rice straw is used as the raw material for making seedling trays. The process of seedling tray production was designed, and the method of obtaining raw materials and steps of seedling tray production were introduced. In addition, the overall structure, transmission system and the forming mold of the pneumatic molding machine were also designed and produced. Next, the seedling trays were made by using the production line to analyze the characteristics of the rice straw seedling strays. The study was intended to explore the rules about the influence of moisture content on the characteristics of the seedling strays. As the moisture content of the seedling trays increased, the seedling trays expanded, increasing the volume, density and mass. However, the ultimate tension and shear force borne by the seedling stray decreased along with the increase of moisture content. It could be known from the analysis that: rice straw seedling trays could satisfy the needs of rice nursery. Compared with the traditional plastic seedling tray, the rice straw seedling tray can simplify the production process and provide natural nutrients for rice seedlings.

Motivasi Petani dalam Usahatani Pembibitan Padi (Studi Kasus di Desa Ngumpakdalem Kecamatan Dander Kabupaten Bojonegoro)

Rice is the staple food of Indonesian society which cannot be replaced by other staples. The earliner stage in rice cultivation is nursery or seedbed stage. Ngumpakdalem village has a field area of 602,74 hectares, but there are only 30 farmers who work in rice nurseries, because farmers think that rice nursery businesses must be have an expertise, time enough, need a lot of capital, and has some risks. The purpose of this study are to determine the characteristics of farmers who cultivate rice nurseries in Ngumpakdalem village, Dander district, Bojonegoro regency, to find out the level of motivation of farmers in cultivating rice nurseries, to know the factors that motivate farmers in cultivate rice nurseries. Data was collected by census. Data was analyzed with quantitative descriptive use likert scale and multiple linear regression analysis. Farmer’s level motivation in cultivating rice nurseries is high. Farmer’s motivation level in farming rice nurseries is influenced by age, farming experience, number of family dependents, extension intensity, and farmer group activities. Recommendation from the research is that farmers should empower their family members and supporting institutions to be more active in conducting extension activities and farmer group activities in order to increase knowledge and experience to improve rice nursery farming

Rice Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne graminicola (Nematoda: Chromadorea: Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae: Meloidogyne)

The Featured Creatures collection provides in-depth profiles of insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms relevant to Florida. These profiles are intended for the use of interested laypersons with some knowledge of biology as well as academic audiences. Rice root-knot disease is caused by different Meloidogyne species (Meloidogyne graminicola, M. hainanensis, M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, M. oryzae, M. salasi, and M. tryticoryzae). However, Meloidogyne graminicola is considered the most damaging root-knot species to Asian rice cultivation due to its ability to survive under flooded soil conditions. This nematode has been found in rice nurseries, rainfed upland rice and lowland rice but is also widespread in deep-water, irrigated rice production systems. Yield loss due to Meloidogyne graminicola ranges from 28%–87% depending on disease severity and cultivar.

The Insect Pests, the Associated Predatory Insects and Prevailing Spiders in Rice Fields

Rice, Oryza sativa L. is a very important food crop in Egypt as well as allover the world. Rice plants are attacked by several insect pest species. The current study was undertaken at the experimental farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station during 2017 and 2018 rice seasons. Twenty-one insect pest species, belonging to Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera and Thysanoptera were collected from rice nurseries and paddy fields using sweep net and pitfall traps. Orders: Hemiptera, Orthoptera and Diptera represented the majority of species number, with 33.33, 28.57 and 23.81%, respectively. Larvae of Chilo agamemnon Bles. Were rare during July, moderate during August, and high during September. Hydrellia prosternalis Deem. was more dominant just after transplanting, on rice that sown after mid-May. Population density of Chironomus spp. was moderate during May, high in July, greatly declined in September. As for insect predators, 34 species were captured, belonging to eight orders and 16 families. Order Coleoptera was represented by 15 species (44.12% out of total), followed by Hymenoptera (20.59%), and Odonata (14.71%). Sixteen spider species, belonging to nine families, were surveyed. They were f belonging to Lycosidae, Tetragnathidae and Salticidae. All spiders and insect predators appeared during the period from nurseries up to harvest. This way indicates the richness of rice fields, in Egypt, with bio control agents that should be conserved to minimize application of insecticides and regain the natural balance in rice fields.

Genetic diversity of Acidovorax oryzae in a single site in Mazandaran province, Iran.

Brown stripe, incited by Acidovorax oryzae is one of the most important and widespread diseases in rice (Oryza sativa) nurseries in Iran. Rice seedlings showing brown stripes were collected from suburb areas in southern Sari. Bacteria were isolated on plates of sorbitol neutral red agar. Species-specific PCR using trpB1/trpB2 and SEQID1/SEQID2 primer pairs resulted in amplification of the expected 478bp and 514bp longfragments, respectively. The 32 isolates subjected to REP-PCR analysis displayed 15 different banding profiles, with just one being shared by 10 isolates and 10 profiles were solitary and not shared by any isolates. Nonetheless, the isolates could not be different phenotypically. They appeared to be biochemically and nutritionally rather homogeneous while the genetic diversity as depicted in REP-PCR analysis was remarkable among the strains isolated from the closely located and even neighboring rice seedbeds. The implication of the findings in breeding programs is briefly discussed.

Iron Stress in Crop Plants and Ways to Overcome it

Iron (Fe) stress is encountered by many crops in calcareous soils with pH above 8.0, which are abundant in India. Most of the times Fe stress goes unnoticed however anyway it affects yield. Aerobic rice and upland rice nurseries also exhibit Fe stress. In many cases frequent adequate irrigation solves the problem. In Fe deficient areas adequate organic manures must be applied, while preparing the field. Application of elemental S and S-containing fertilizers also helps in overcoming Fe stress in plants. In case of serious Fe-stress, ferrous sulphate or Fe-EDTA solution can be sprayed, which effectively overcome the Fe stress problem.

Differential response of fragrant rice cultivars to salinity and hydrogen rich water in relation to growth and antioxidative defense mechanisms

Salinity negatively effects the growth and productivity of crop plants; however, the effects of hydrogen rich water (HRW) on the early growth of fragrant rice under salinity stress are rarely investigated. In present study, two HRW treatments: foliar application (F-HRW) and irrigation (I-HRW) were applied on the two fragrant rice cultivars, Yuxiangyouzhan and Xiangyaxiangzhan, grown under normal and salt stress conditions, i.e., 0 and 150 mmol NaCl L−1, respectively. Plants without HRW application were grown as control (CK). Results showed that the dry weight per unit plant height (mg cm−1) was increased by 12.6% and 23.0% in F-HRW and I-HRW, respectively under salt stress as compared with CK. Application of HRW, regardless of the application method, modulated the antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) while reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents under salt stress. Moreover, significant and positive relations were observed among total dry weight and shoot dry weight, dry weight per unit plant height, SOD and CAT activity in root. Overall, F-HRW application modulated the early growth and related physiological attributes in fragrant rice under salt stress whereas I-HRW was found to mitigate salt stress. Novelty statement: Involvement of endogenous H2 in plants for regulating various physiological functions is of great importance to stimulate and/or activate the antioxidant defense responses against oxidative stress; however, there is a lack of research in this aspect. The present study investigated the effects of hydrogen rich water (HRW) on the growth and physiological attributes of two fragrant rice cultivars grown under salt-stress. It was noteworthy to find that application of HRW either foliar application or irrigation improved the morphological characters, i.e., dry weight per unit plant height and enhanced the activities of antioxidants, i.e., peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase whilst decreased the malonaldehyde content. Overall, the application of HRW modulates plant growth and physiological attributes in fragrant rice cultivars under salt-stress conditions. This study will be helpful in improving the early growth and/or stand establishment of fragrant rice nursery under saline conditions.

Bio-efficacy of post emergence herbicides in boro rice nursery as well as main field and their residual effects on non-target microorganisms

Field experiments were conducted at research farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India (22°97' N latitude and 88°44' E longitude, 9.75 m above mean sea level) under natural weed infestations in boro season rice (nursery bed as well as main field) during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate the herbicidal effects on weed floras, yield, non-target soil organisms to optimize the herbicide use for sustainable rice-production. Seven weed control treatments including three doses of bispyribac-sodium 10% SC (150,200, and 250 ml ha-1), two doses of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% EC (500 and 625 ml ha-1), one weed free and weedy check were laid out in a randomized complete block design, replicated thrice. Among the tested herbicides, bispyribac-sodium with its highest dose (250 ml ha-1) resulted in maximum weed control efficiency, treatment efficiency index and crop resistance index irrespective of weed species and dates of observation in both nursery as well as main field. Similar treatment also revealed maximum grain yield (5.20 t ha-1), which was 38.38% higher than control, closely followed by Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (625 ml ha-1) had high efficacy against grasses, sedge and broadleaf weed flora. Maximum net return (Rs. 48765 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.72) were obtained from the treatment which received bispyribac-sodium @ 250 ml ha-1. Based on overall performance, the bispyribac-sodium (250 ml ha-1) may be considered as the best herbicide treatment for weed management in transplanted rice as well as nursery bed.

Scale and Drivers of Female Agricultural Labor: Evidence from Pakistan

Agricultural labor is largely informal, particularly for female agricultural labor in developing countries. Despite significant participation in the agricultural labor force in Pakistan, women’s contribution is not properly acknowledged and rewarded. The issue is further aggravated by the dearth of literature on gender–labor relations in cropping and livestock activities. Considering this gap in the literature, the current study was conducted with the specific objective of exploring the labor composition of different agricultural activities in different farm size categories in general and, particularly, female agricultural labor (family and hired labor) participation and its determinants in the rice–wheat cropping system of the Punjab province, Pakistan. The data were collected from 300 households across four districts of the province. Labor participation was calculated on an official farm size classification basis, i.e., small (<12.5 acres), medium (12.6–25 acres) and large (>25 acres) farms. The findings show that female labor is predominantly demanded in the manual harvesting of wheat, rice nursery transplantation and harvesting, and the majority of the livestock-related activities. The regression model results showed that family female labor and hired female labor participation significantly depend on the landholding status of farmers, household size, family type and level of education. The interviews also illustrated that labor relations are rapidly changing—ongoing mechanization threatens conventional female labor activities due to the lack of machinery operation skills among females, caused by informal state policies and cultural barriers. The findings of the study have important policy implications for mainstreaming gender status in agricultural policy and rural development and contribute directly to the Sustainable Development Goals on Gender Equality (SDG#5) and Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG#8), and indirectly to No Poverty (SDG#1), Zero Hunger (SDG#2), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG#12) and Climate Action (SDG#13).

Insect pests of black gram in rice based farming

This study was conducted during August to November in 2016 and 2017 to record the insect pests that attack black gram grown in a sequential farming at rice nursery located in the village Dehar Kuriha under Hajo revenue circle of Assam. Thirteen insect species under Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Hemiptera were identified, with more than 50% belonging to the Hemiptera. Incidence and damage of Omiodes indicata, Maruca testulalis and Apion clavipes were found high. The highest mean density (227.2/plot and 231.11/plot) and relative density (21.8% and 22.2%) was found in Apion clavipes. Most of the insect pests made their appearance in the 39th standard week of the crop growth.