Indonesian Rice Research Articles

Optimizing extraction of functional compounds from Indonesian black rice using response surface methodology

This study aimed to determine the optimum extraction condition of anthocyanin, flavonoid, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of Jeliteng varieties black rice using the heat-assisted maceration method. Variations in ethanol (50-60%), citric acid (3- 5%), and temperature (45-55°C) were studied using a Box–Behnken design. The regression models were statistically significant (P < 0.001) with determination coefficients at ≥0.900. Extraction with ethanol 56.11% and citric acid 4.42% at 49.29°C rendered an extract with 109.64 mg/100 g of anthocyanins, 25.35 mg QE/100 g of flavonoids, 295.56 mg GAE/100 g total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity reached 61.69% of inhibition. Predicted values at the optimized conditions can be confirmed with experimental values.

Effect of germination period on the antioxidant activities and angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory of Indonesian black rice

Indonesian black rice (Oryza sativa L., Ketan Hitam-2) is pigmented rice with high potency as a nutraceutical compound, especially with its high protein content. The effect of the germination period on antioxidant activities and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitory of Indonesian black rice seed protein was studied to determine its potential use as a nutraceutical ingredient. In this study, the bioactive peptide was produced by protein modification through the germination process for 0, 2, 4, and 6 days. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and amino acid composition were conducted to determine the changes in protein during the germination period. Two antioxidant methods (ABTS•+ and OH• ) were performed to determine the antioxidant activity and the defence against radical-mediated DNA damage by hydroxyl. Meanwhile, the antihypertensive potency was analysed by ACE-I inhibitor activity. The results showed that the antioxidant-protected hydroxyl radical-induced oxidative DNA damage and ACE-I inhibitor activities were increased during the germination period. The IC50 value of ABTS•+ and hydroxyl radical scavenging on the sixth-day germination were 28.18 μg/mL, and 24.84 μg/mL, respectively, lower than the control (before germinated). Moreover, the IC50 value of ACE-I Inhibitory activities during the six-day germination was (9.07 μg/mL). The above results indicated that the germination period could increase the activity of bioactive peptides in Indonesian black rice. It might be used in future nutraceuticals and human health applications.

Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Petani Padi dalam Mengikuti Kemitraan di Indonesia

Indonesia's rice crop production growth will possibly always increase every year. However, the direction of growth in production and the area of harvest which increases is inversely proportional to the condition of decreasing productivity growth, which is known as productivity inequality. Efforts to solve these problems are through partnerships with the government and the private sector. The purpose of this study is (1) to analyze the characteristics of Indonesian farmers following the partnership, (2) to analyze the factors that influenced Indonesian rice farmers to join contract farming, and (3) to measure the impact of the participation of Indonesian rice farmers in contract farming on farmer household income. This study used secondary data from the Rice Plant Business Household Survey 2014 (SPD 2014) conducted by the Central Statistics Agency with a total sample of 87,330 samples. Data were analyzed using logistic regression and propensity score matching, which resulted in (1) There are differences in characteristics of partner farmers in Indonesia including age, education, gender, participation in SLPTT, income, and a land area used; (2) There are four variables that significantly influence farmers in participating are age, education level, production costs, and the participation of institutional farmers; (3) The participation of farmers in partnerships has a positive impact on the income of rice farmers in Indonesia.

Morphology, Extraction Yield, and Properties of Biogenic Silica Nanoparticles from Indonesian Rice Husk as Influenced by Solvent Type and Aging Time

Rice husk is a rich source of biogenic silica nanoparticles (SNPs) having excellent physico-chemical properties and numerous potential applications. Extraction yield of the biogenic SNPs may be influenced by many factors. In this study, morphology and the influence of solvent type (sodium hydroxide/NaOH, potassium hydroxide/KOH) and aging time (0, 6, 12, 18, 24h) on extraction yield and properties of selected biogenic SNPs from Indonesian rice husk were investigated. The biogenic SNPs were produced by a simple sol-gel method. The presence of biogenic SNP aggregates in the rice husk tissues was successfully identified by SEM-EDX micrographs. NaOH produced better SNPs extraction results than KOH. Aging time for 6h was the optimum condition for production of SNPs. The TEM image showed that SNPs from the best treatment were approximately spheroidal with particle sizes in the range of 20–50nm. The XRD patterns revealed the amorphous nature of the SNPs. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis showed that the SNPs had BET surface area of 235,78m2/g, total pore volume of 0.58cc/g, and average pore radius of 4.91nm. The SNPs exhibited a type IV isotherm and H1 hysteresis loop indicating a characteristic of mesoporous materials. The results suggest that the sol-gel method developed could provide a simple and relatively fast extraction technique producing biogenic amorphous mesoporous SNPs that could extend their potential applications and increase the economic benefits of utilizing rice husk.

Farmers’ perception, awareness, and constraints of organic rice farming in Indonesia

AbstractThe green revolution and climate change have become a promising Indonesian rice production strategy to reach self-sufficiency through the application of improved agricultural technology such as organic rice farming (ORF). ORF is an eco-friendly agricultural practice that increases production, income, and sustainable agriculture. This study assessed farmers’ perception, motivation, constraints, awareness, and belief in adopting ORF. The study used a multi-stage sampling procedure. The primary data were collected from 203 households in West Java Province using a structured questionnaire. Weighted average index (WAI) was used to assess the farmers’ perception, motivation, awareness, and belief regarding the adoption of ORF. The results reveal a significantly different perception between ORF and conventional rice farming (CRF) farmers on production, quality, health and safety, market price, environmental concern, and certification aspects. ORF farmers had a more positive perception than conventional farmers. The results of the WAI reveal that CRF had a lower yield (0.63), risk-averse (0.70), and no cash compensation (0.62), whereas ORF had a higher price (0.82) and organic farming lifestyle (0.83). The ORF farmers also still have a strong positive belief in organic farming for the future, even though they lack organic fertilizer resources and certification. The strategies for adopting ORF are infrastructure improvement and community empowerment, compensation and incentive strategy, more intensive socialization, provision of assistance and training related to ORF, marketing facilitation, and subsidies on the prices and certification of organic rice.

IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM DIVERSIFIKASI PRODUK PANGAN LOKAL DI DINAS KETAHANAN PANGAN PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH

In Indonesia, rice is a staple food that has high carbohydrates and is consumed by all Indonesian people. The high consumption of rice in Indonesia causes a decrease in the level of consumption of non-rice food and the low consumption of animal protein, vegetables, and fruits. Until the government made the slogan "full doesn't have to be rice" and held a program to change people's mindsets, namely with a diversification program for local food products. The purpose of this analysis is to find out the results of the implementation of the Local Food Product Diversification Program in the Women Farmers Group (KWT)/ Micro Small Medium Enterprises (UMKM) and the community at the Food Security Office of Central Java Province. The analytical methods used in the Local Food Product Diversification Program through interviews and literature studies are descriptive analysis, fishbone diagrams, and Strength Weakness Opportunity Threats (SWOT) analysis. The results of the implementation of the Local Food Diversification Program for KWT/UMKM and the community are that it can increase the income/turnover of the KWT/UMKM and direct the community to consume local food to achieve the ideal Food Hope Pattern (PPH) score so as to reduce excessive rice consumption.

The Effect of Price Policy on Price Dynamics: Empirical Evidence in Indonesian Rice Market at Wholesale Level

As a major share expenditure for the poor, rice is attributed as a strategic food commodity in the Indonesian economy. For many decades, the Indonesian rice market has been intervened by the price regulation. The Indonesian government had set two types of rice price policies of 2016 and 2017 with the argument of price stabilization during the last five years. This study aimed to investigate the effect of price policies of 2016 and 2017 on the domestic price dynamics in the Indonesian rice market. This study used daily price series taken from the Cipinang Wholesale Rice Market in Jakarta within the period of October 1st, 2014, until February 12th, 2018 covering 10 rice varieties. The role of price policy on the price dynamics was evaluated by using a multivariate error correction model (MVECM). The empirical findings confirmed that generally, these price policies had different effects on the price dynamics which proposed different reactions from the different rice varieties both in magnitude and signs. The variations were also found regarding the short-run and long-run behavior. Generally, the findings suggested a relatively small elasticity of the policy on the prices.

Perceived attributes driving the adoption of system of rice intensification: The Indonesian farmers’ view

Abstract This article argues that the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) future promotion should be based on the potential users’ good understanding of sustainable agriculture. A qualitative approach was used to examine the perceptions of SRI attributes among Indonesian rice farmers, which is built upon the developing theory of diffusion of innovation. Through focus group discussions in three Indonesian provinces, compatibility, complexity, and relative advantage were identified as essential factors for SRI adoption. SRI was seen as incompatible with current farming practices, labour capacity, budget, and time available for additional labour inputs. SRI was seen as relatively complicated in terms of compost processing and application as well as mechanised agricultural technologies. As a result of the economic surplus provided by SRI rice, organised farmers may be able to obtain a higher price for SRI rice than non-organised farmers. Environmental and agronomic benefits were thought to have a long-term payoff. Such results demonstrate the subjective evaluation of SRI by farmers, which is important to its implementation.

Factors Affecting Delivery Performance of Pamarican District Farmers' Unhulled Rice Grain Supply Chain System of Ciamis Regency with PT Mitra Desa Pamarican

One of the problems in fulfilling the staple food consumption of rice in Indonesia is the rice distribution system. Delivery performance is one of the important measurements in the supply chain system since it is an indicator of the accuracy of the quantity and time of grain delivery from rice farmers involved in partnership with PT MDP. Respondents used in this study consisted of 30 rice farmers chosen through purposive sampling technique in Pamarican District, Ciamis Regency, West Java. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression or multiple linear regression model with Ordinary Least Square to analyze the influence of the distance of the farmer to the grain collection point, the length of time the farmer makes inventory, the experience of farming, the farmer's storage capacity, and the method of payment for grain or the transaction system on the delivery performance. The results of the analysis show the variables of distance, inventory, and transaction systems. The distance variable has a significant positive effect, the inventory variable has a significant negative effect, and the cash transaction system will improve the delivery performance of farmers to PT MDP. Farmers make cost efficiency for grain delivery by collecting grain first. A decrease in delivery performance occurs when farmers store the grain longer

Effect of fertilizer management on potassium dynamics and yield of rainfed lowland rice in Indonesia

Effect of fertilizer management on potassium dynamics and yield of rainfed lowland rice in Indonesia

The Underlying Causes of Poverty Among Rice Farmers in Indonesia

Despite huge amount of support in the form of subsidy, infrastructure development such as irrigation system, and agricultural advisor, Indonesian rice farmers are still in general not doing so well. This raises the question of why could that be. Conservative views put education to the blame without further explanations. However, we argue that the problem is not just as simple as that. This paper therefore explores the underlying causes of rice farmers’ poverty in Indonesia with case studies from North Sumatera. Applying qualitative research using in-depth interview as the data collection tool, we seek to interview officials from the agricultural office as well as rice farmers and the head of farmer union in the case study areas. Results show that rice farmers, as of generally all farmers in Indonesia, do not possess adequate facility to process their commodity and to add value to it. They also do not have access to market with no control over the price. Thus they are merely rice growers, similar to labors in industry.

Initial Trial Test of Potential Yield on 22 New Lines of Maize (Zea mays. L)

Corn (Zea mays L.) is an important food ingredient as one of the second carbohydrate producers after rice in Indonesia. The use of the corn plant is not only limited to the seeds, but other parts of the corn plant can also be used. To increase national maize production, intensification methods can be applied. One of the intensification activities can be realized by selecting planting materials obtained from crossing. The superior hybrid seeds can be obtained from intensive plant development and breeding activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the yield potential and characteristics of the new hybrid lines on the maize plant being tested. The research was conducted from January 2019 to May 2019 on an experimental plot owned by PT. BISI International Tbk. in Sambirejo Village, Bendo District, Kediri Regency. The design used in this experiment was a randomized block design with 2 replications. The number of treatments used consisted of 25 treatments with 22 new lines collected by PT. BISI International Tbk. and 3 comparison varieties such as BISI 18, NK6172 and P35. Observational variables observed included plant height (cm), plant vigor, flowering age of male plants (DAS), flowering age of female plants (DAS), harvest age (DAS), ear length (cm), moisture content (%), potential yield (tonnes / ha), seed yield (%), number of rows per ear, number of seeds per row, ear diameter (cm), percentage of seed filling (%), weight of 1000 seeds (g) and density (g / ml). The prospective hybrid candidates that have higher yield components than other hybrid lines are H6 and H11. The hopeful hybrid candidate excels in the potential outcome observation variables from the observed data.

The Relationship between Pollen Viability and Filled Grains in Native Indonesian Rice Cultivars under High Temperature at Flowering Stage

Background: The research was conducted to screen rice cultivars with resistance ability to high-temperature conditions and analyze the relationship between pollen viability and filled grain of native Indonesia rice cultivars. Methods: The rice seeds were germinated, sown into a tray and then transplanted into pots filled with sandy loam and compost 3:1. After 20% of flowering, four pots of each cultivar were kept under ambient temperature (28-32°C) and the other four pots were transferred to high-temperature (33-38°C) conditions. Pollen stainability and pollen germination were conducted using IKI solution and by germinating them under in vitro conditions respectively before being viewed under the light microscope. Yield characters were analyzed to obtain a relationship with pollen viability. Result: Percentage of pollen germination, filled and empty grains of rice cultivars significantly differed between the two conditions by t-test. Ciherang and Sigeudop were two resistant cultivars for high-temperature treatment, with filled grain percentage more than 85%. There was a strong relationship between pollen germination and filled grains at ambient temperature (r=0.95; p less than 0.01) and high temperature (r=0.94; p less than 0.01). Rice cultivars that show high pollen germination under high-temperature conditions would produce a high percentage of filled grains.

Dynamic Work Analysis of Manual Material Handling With Digital Human Modeling

The activity of loading and unloading rice in Indonesia is still carried out using human power. Porters transport rice manually from truck to warehouse or the otherwise. Manual material handling work (MMH) will pose a risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The application of the work analysis method generates an analysis per one body position only. There is a need for a model that can perform a work analysis quickly for any change in body movement if it is carried out in dynamic work, for instances on rice porters. In this research, Digital Human Modeling Tecnomatix Jack is used in the Task Simulation Builder menu to simulate dynamic work and generate analysis. The dynamic work carried out is to compare the risk of transporting rice weighing 10 kg and 25 kg. The results obtained are Ergonomic Report, Static Strength Prediction (SSP), Low Back Compression Analysis (LBA), Fatigue, Cumulative Loading and Metabolic Energy Expenditure (MEE). The simulator also provides the SSV file extension as in SSP. If needed, this result can be entered in a formula according to work analysis method such as RULA or REBA so that every change in movement obtained results related to the risk that may occur.

Determinant factors of online purchase decision process via social commerce: An empirical study of organic black rice in Indonesia

Organic black rice (OBR) is a healthy food that is environmentally friendly which is better than organic white rice and organic brown rice. However, the demand for OBR in Indonesia is still low. In addition, some people consider OBR as black sticky rice. Meanwhile, black rice has great potential to be developed in Indonesia because it has local varieties that are still rare, have a high selling value, and are suitable for cultivation based on the analysis of their farming. The rapid development of social media users in Indonesia causes organic black rice to be traded online via social commerce (s-commerce). There has been a lot of research on social commerce, but there is still very few social commerce research offering framework design. The purpose of this research is to develop a conceptual model (framework) of the online OBR purchasing decision process via s-commerce, and to identify the factors underlying consumer assessment of the process. As a result, the conceptual model shows consumers recognize the need for OBR through free platforms, namely Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Instagram, blogs, article sites, through friends and through family. The factors underlying consumers' assessment of the online OBR purchasing decision process were security in purchasing decisions, Internet, friends, satisfaction with the results, Instagram and other social media, and family factor. These factors can be used as important considerations in online OBR marketing via s-commerce.

Competitiveness of Indonesian Rice Prices in The International Market

More than 40 countries produce world rice, only six major exporting countries, namely India, Vietnam, Thailand, Pakistan, Myanmar, and the United States. The availability of rice on the world market annually ranges from 39-42 million tons that 40% of it imported by Asian countries, and China imports 6 million tons per year. Retail rice prices in Japan are USD 5.20/kg, Saudi Arabia USD 2.30/kg, and in Africa around USD 1.0 / kg, higher than Indonesia. The price of medium rice offered in the world market ranges from USD 0.34 - USD 0.4 per kg, while the price of special rice is USD 1,000/ton or more. Indonesia has the opportunity to export Basmati and aromatic rice to Japan and Saudi Arabia, which purchased at high prices. This export opportunities driven by reciprocal bilateral trade. Rice export to African countries needs to be explore under bilateral trade agreements. Indonesia has chance to export rice if it is able to consistently achieve a production surplus of at least 2 million tons per year. At the stage of exports, the role of the government needed in the form of tax breaks, quality assurance certification and subsidies for the rice production process.

Strategi Penanganan Risiko Operasional Pemasaran Beras Pada Umkm Selaras Makmur Trijaya

Rice in Indonesia is positioned as a strategic commodity, both from an economic and socio-political perspective, because rice is a staple food for 95% of Indonesia's population, providing employment opportunities and a source of income for around 21 million farm households, and around 30% of the total expenditure of poor households. allocated for rice. Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are businesses that play an important role in the national economy. At this time, MSMEs are intensively run in various regions in Indonesia. One of the regions that run the business is Karawang, one of which is in the rice marketing business. Marketing strategy is a form of plan to determine the success of a company in marketing its products. UMKM Selaras Makmur Trijaya is one of the rice mills. These businesses want to expand their market share. Therefore, the right marketing strategy is needed from the results of understanding the strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities and threats to expand the distribution area beyond its territory. risk identification is the first step to identify operational marketing problems in the downstream tea industry of PTPN VIII. By using the Z-Score and Value at Risk (VAR) Method, it will show the results of the probability and impact of operational risk marketing. Preventive and mitigation strategies can handle this company for the expected sales growth up.

Strategy of Rice Variety Technology Transfer for Supporting the Agricultural Inventions Commercialization

Innovation is an important aspect in the nation's competitiveness. Technology transfer is required to bring invention into innovation. However, the implementation technology transfer, especially commercialization technology is still considerably low. This challenge is faced by Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) to commercialize Indonesian rice varieties. Adoption and interest of Industry in the commercialization of varieties invented by IAARD in 2019 was only 11%. This study aims to build roadmap business strategy for commercialization rice varieties invented by IAARD. The method used in this research was a business model canvas approach, SWOT analysis, and a strategic roadmap. The results showed that there were 11 strategies that can be applied in four approaches , namely a) intensive strategy: expanding and mapping new customer segmentation, optimizing promotion mechanisms and attracting new partners, and strengthening the organizational structure of implementing technology transfer, b) turn-around strategy: adding and increasing HR competence, planning R&D activities by measuring Technology Readiness Level (TRL or TKT), and increasing the capacity of facilities and infrastructure, c) diversification strategy: improving the quality of rice varieties and commercial technology transfer services, pre-licensing, and d) consolidation strategy: building information systems, collaborative alliances with stakeholders, and valuation of intangible assets. The strategies were described in 19 programs mapped on a strategy roadmap of transfer of technology on commercialization rice variety invented by IAARD.

Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Volume Ekspor Dan Impor Beras Di Indonesia

This research aims to see the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on the volume of exports and imports of Indonesian rice commodities compared to the period before the Covid-19 pandemic using data for three years before the Covid-19 pandemic was officially announced in Indonesia. This research uses a library study method by using data collected and then studying and reading several library sources via electronic media. The library sources used in this paper are scientific journals and secondary sources in the form of data that has been processed by government agencies. The results of this research show that there was a decrease in the average volume of exports and imports of Indonesian rice commodities during the Covid-19 pandemic which was caused by restrictions on the mobility of goods and services entering from abroad as part of the implementation of health protocols. Keywords : Covid-19, Ekspor, Impor

Farmers’ Subsistence in Indonesian Rice Farming

Along with the importance of the rice industry in the agricultural sector and rural development in Indonesia, it arguably requires the understanding of whether rice farmers have been experiencing changes in their agricultural practices. Within the existing literature, it is commonly found that most farmers in developing countries are characterized as subsistence farmers. This paper aims to explore what factors affecting the degree of farmers’ subsistence in the Indonesian rice industry. To this end, this study employed regression analysis using data from the national agricultural survey in 2014. The empirical results find that both the characteristics of farm households and rice on-farm characteristics have statistically significant effects on the farmers’ decision whether to commercialize or become subsistence. In addition, the farm gate price is also found to have a statistically significant effect, but the effect is found to be relatively small. In general, this study suggests that subsistence farming in the Indonesian rice industry is still significant though many literatures have emphasized the existence of structural change in the agricultural system in Indonesia.