Rice Husk Powder Research Articles

Study on selective laser sintering process and investment casting of rice husk/ Co-Polyamide (Co-PA hotmelt adhesive) composite

The current available wood-plastic materials used for selective laser sintering (SLS) investment casting are often poor in fluidity in molten state, which is not easy to flow out the shell mold. This led to a large amount of residual ash in mold after heating and lowered the quality of the sintered parts. In this article, the Co-Polyamide (Co-PA Hotmelt adhesive) and rice husk powders (RH) were proposed as the feedstock of the rice husk (RH)/CO-PA composite (RHPA) for SLS. CO-PA with good fluidity was used as the matrix and RH powder as the additive materials. This paper aims to optimize the SLS processing parameters and determine the optimal ratio of RHPA parts manufactured by SLS. Through this work, an orthogonal experimental method of five factors and four levels was used to determine the optimum SLS parameters for the RHPA SLS test. The scan spacing, scan speed, laser power, layer thickness, and preheating temperature are chosen as main SLS affecting factors of this study. The synthesis weighted scoring methods were used to conclude the optimal combination of SLS parameters of RHPA i.e., scan spacing = 0.15mm, scan speed = 2m/s, laser power =16W, layer thickness = 0.25 mm and the preheating temperature = 74°C. Moreover, the influence of RH content on the mechanical properties, dimensional accuracy, and the residual ash content of RHPA parts was determined. When the ratio of RH powder on RHPA is 10 wt %, the bending strength of the sintered parts will reach 2 MPa. Besides, the residual ash content of RHPA parts after heating step was lower (1.1881%) and the tolerance level is CT5. Thus, the dimensional accuracy in X, Y, and Z directions of 10 wt % RHPA SLS parts is 99.79%, 98.71%, and 97.9%, respectively; and the surface of casting was smooth and clear details.

Improvement of the Hygrothermal Performance of Mud-coated Material Used in Traditional Bamboo-woven Mud Walls

ABSTRACT As one type of ancient architectural walls, the bamboo-woven mud wall, with its use of regional materials and its simple structure, reflects the harmony of nature and the harmony between humans and nature. In this study, to enhance the comprehensive performance of bamboo-woven mud walls, four additives (i.e., white cement, medium gravel, diatomite and rice husk powder) were used to prepare mud-coated composite wall materials based on an orthogonal test. Using multiple nonlinear regression and the Gauss-Newton algorithm, the influence of the additive ratio was analysed, and the best ratio was determined. Then, an optimized mud-coated composite material was acquired. The results show that the additive ratio had a significant effect on the comprehensive hygrothermal performance of the mud-coated composite material. The additives showed the following descending order based on the sensitivities: diatomite, rice husk powder, white cement, and medium gravel. Additionally, the optimal ratio of white cement, medium gravel, diatomite, and rice husk powder, yielding better comprehensive hygrothermal performance compared to the traditional material. The optimized compressive property and the anti-erosion coefficient of the material increased by and , respectively, compared with those of the original material, and the results met the corresponding requirements. With the optimized composition and microscopic morphology, the rice husk powder and diatomite chemically reacted with the cement in an alkaline environment, increasing the density of the interior structure.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyester and Rice Husk Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites for Structural Applications

Abstract: In current years composites have concerned considerable importance as a potential operational material. The composite materials are replacing the traditional materials, because of its superior properties such as low thermal expansion, high tensile strength, high strength to weight ratio ,Low cost, light weights, high specific modulus, renewability, and biodegradability are the most basic & common attractive features of composites that make them useful for industrial applications. The composite have generally minimal effort of creation, simple to create and better-quality contrast than perfect polymer tars. The developments of new materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. In this study, Woven roving mats (E-glass fiber orientation (-45/45, 0/90, 45/45),UD450GSM) were cut in measured dimensions and a mixture of Polyester Resin, Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKP), Cobalt and rice husk powder is used to manufacture the glass fiber reinforced composite by hand lay-up method. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact are evaluated Keywords: Epoxy Resin, e-glass fibre, fly ash, Biodegradability, Mechanical Properties

Adsorption of dyes methyl violet and malachite green from aqueous solution on multi-step modified rice husk powder in single and binary systems: Characterization, adsorption behavior and physical interpretations

A novel modified rice husk (MRH) has been prepared for removing cationic dyes in both single system and binary system. SEM-EDS, FT-IR, XRD and XPS were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of MRH. It showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of MRH for methyl violet (MV) and malachite green (MG) in single system was 154.49 and 996.97 mg g−1, while in binary system was 530.94 and 408.58 mg g−1, respectively. The experimental results showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was better to describe the kinetic behavior of MV and MG adsorption. By using double layer adsorption model, we found that the nD for MV adsorption were 2.52, 2.65 and 3.34 at 298, 308 and 318 K, respectively, and the nD for MG adsorption were 4.59, 4.85 and 4.30, respectively. These results illustrated that multiple dye molecules were adsorbed on one adsorption site in non-parallel direction, indicating that the adsorption of dyes is multi-molecular mechanism. Furthermore, synergistic and antagonistic adsorption might be existed simultaneously in binary system. In summary, MRH has been shown well adsorption properties and reusability and our finding might provide a new idea for developing low-cost, efficient and reusable adsorbent to remove dyes from wastewater.

Effect of Various Proportions of Rice Husk Powder on Swelling Soil from New Cairo City, Egypt

Swelling soil leads to many types of constructional damages, deformations, and failures in the constructions’ roads, shoulders, and foundations. Depending on the amount of swell, they can be insignificant, moderate, or massive. This paper presents a method for swelling soil stabilization by adding rice husk powder (RHP) in variable percentages of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 by weight of dry soil. The properties of swelling soil stabilization were investigated by various lab tests such as consistency limits (plastic limit, liquid limit, and plasticity index), swelling potential, swelling pressure, free swelling, and free swell index. The swelling soil was also mineralogically examined using X-ray diffraction of clay mineralogy. This stabilization reduced the plasticity from 56% (extremely high plasticity) to 4.5% (low plasticity). Swelling potential (S) and swelling pressure (SP) decreased by 48% to 45.5, 44.7, and 34.6%, from 1003 kN/m2 to 800, 653, and 489 kN/m2 for the partial replacement of the soil by 5%, 10%, and 15% RHP, respectively. The results show that the present approach is very efficient for improving the swelling soil properties and that the optimal amount of added RHP of the swelling soil is 15%. It will also be a database aimed at reducing construction risks in the future.

Investigation on Efficient Removal of Fluoride from Ground Water Using Activated Carbon Adsorbents

Groundwater seems to be the most significant natural source of potable water for millions of individuals. Fluoride pollution in groundwater is a big problem in Tamil Nadu’s Dharmapuri area. According to a survey done in a school in the Dharmapuri area, dental and skeletal fluoroses afflict almost 75% of school kids. There is no proven or recommended cost-effective strategy for lowering fluoride levels in the home. This study proposes cost-effective and efficient natural treatment approaches for lowering fluoride levels. In this experiment, fluorides in groundwater are eliminated to a suitable extent utilizing natural adsorbents. Neem stem charcoal (activated carbon), neem leaves powder, dry coconut husk, coconut shell charcoal (activated carbon), and rice husk powder are natural adsorbents. The adsorbents were utilized at different concentrations until the best concentration was found. The ideal concentration removes the bulk of fluoride from groundwater and delivers adequate treatment. People could adopt this cost-effective procedure because just a few components are enough. As per the Bureau of Indian Standards, the concentration should not exceed 1.5 ppm, and it should not be lesser than 1 ppm; keeping this in mind, the neem stem charcoal which has higher efficiency in removing fluoride can be used in extensive environments, but in this selected place, it reduces the concentration even below 1 ppm, which relays below the standard level. As a result, adopting these procedures helps prevent dental and skeletal fluoroses, which is common among young people.

Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using a mixture of dried rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran powder as a low-cost biosorbent

Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using a mixture of dried rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran powder as a low-cost biosorbent

A sustainable approach for processing organic waste in India

There are about 3430 million poultry populations in India, with a waste generation of 3.30 million tons per year. India is the world's third-largest egg producer and the fourth-largest broiler chicken producer, and Tamil Nadu plays a significant role in poultry egg and meat production. As the poultry hub of Tamil Nadu, Namakkal has been struggling to manage these wastes dumped in open areas by the poultry farms and small industrial units in recent years. The dumping of Bio-organic waste like chicken feathers and chicken intestines in the municipal solid waste landfill creates an unpleasant odor, environmental contamination, and various health issues. These organic wastes can be recycled through composting as a sustainable approach to waste management. In this study, discarded chicken waste from the poultry units and slaughterhouses in and around the Namakkal was collected and mixed with other organic manure like cow dung, rice husk, and tea powder in various proportions to generate organic compost. The composting process has been carried out in-vessel composters for 40 days by both aerobic and anaerobic methods at the lab scale. The parameters such as C: N ratio, pH, Organic matter, Dry matter, Moisture content, and NPKvalues are analyzed for aerobic and anaerobic processes. It is found that the C: N ratio is optimum in aerobic compost compared to anaerobic compost. Also, it is observed that the aerobic compost had a positive influence on the plant growth, i.e., okra (ladies finger) seedlings, then the anaerobic compost. The study indicates that the addition of external agents is required for the complete and rapid degradation of chicken feathers due to fiber-rich keratin. Thus, the present study will effectively reduce the potential hazards of chicken waste disposal through the proposed sustainable approach.

Water absorption studies of pineapple leaf fiber/nano rice husk powder reinforced epoxy matrix hybrid composites

In recent years, various experimental work on reinforced composites natural resources has been successfully carried out. This research focused on water absorption and bio composites from the treatment and untreated Pineapple Leaf Fiber in an epoxy resin matrix that will strengthen nano-rice husk particles. The reinforcement and filler material had different weight percentages for the production of hybrid composite specimens, while the epoxy resin matrix was constant. We employed traditional handmade techniques and effectively produced the same process for hybrid composite boards. For water absorption testing hybrid biocomposite specimens were prepared for experimental results in conformity to the ASTM standards. Epoxy resin matrix hybrid composite specimens, incorporated reinforced nano-rice husk particles, have been absorbed and are comparable to the water absorption of pineapple fibre. Experimental evidence suggests that pineapple leaf fibre samples treated chemically have a higher water absorption performance than untreated pineapple (24 Wt. per cent), which has high levels of composite husk nano-rice (6 Wt. per cent).

Copyrolysis of rice husk and plastic bags waste from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) for improving pyrolysis liquid product

Rice husk is an agricultural waste from the rice milling process that results in environmental problems during its handling. Biomass (such as rice husk) can be transformed into biofuel via pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition of organic compounds in biomass at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. The main difference of pyrolysis liquid compared to fossil fuel is the significant amount of oxygen (O) content instead of its carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Thus, making pyrolysis liquid has a lower heating value and inferior properties limiting its direct fuel application. On the other hand, plastic bag waste from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) contains a high C and H with almost no O content. This study conducted co-pyrolysis of rice husk and LDPE at a different percentage (%weight) of LDPE (0, 5, 15, 25, 50, and 75). The pyrolysis temperature was measured using a comparison of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves of rice husk powder and LDPE. The pyrolysis liquid resulted was collected and analyzed. The results show that the increase of LDPE content caused the yield of the organic phase (desired as fuel) of pyrolysis liquid to increase. The properties in the term of heating value also increased while the viscosity and density of pyrolysis liquid decreased. These properties were almost similar to diesel fuel with a slightly lower heating value. However, at 50 % LDPE composition, the wax was formed. Therefore, the optimum composition was 25% of LDPE, resulting in 41.69 MJ/kg of heating value.

Effect of Height-to-Diameter Ratio on the Compression Behavior of Rice Husk Powder Under Gas Pressurization

Effect of Height-to-Diameter Ratio on the Compression Behavior of Rice Husk Powder Under Gas Pressurization

SIMULASI PEMBAKARAN SERBUK BIOMASSA SEKAM PADI PADA PROSES GASIFIKASI BERBASIS SOLAR CELL DENGAN VARIASI JUMLAH GLOWPLUG PADA PIPA

Gasification is the process of converting solid biomass into a combustible gas. The process is carried out in a reactor known as a gasifier. The gasification process which is modeled in the simulation in this soliworks flow simulation software includes combustion pipes, reactors, and syn-gas pipes. The fuel used is rice husk powder with a capacity of 10.15 kg with top 57 cm bottom 54 cm with a height of 60 cm. This study uses several variations of glowplug in the combustion pipe with an average glowplug unit temperature of 797.80 °C. The air will be exhaled by a blower with a speed of 2924 rpm. Until the incoming air rate passes through the gasification reactor and the gas shape is displayed in a contour simulation which has a length of 102.98 mm. Inside the gasifier reactor, the upper reactor temperature is 474.25 °C, the middle reactor is 330.55 °C, and the bottom reactor is 394.40 °C. While the pipe that has a glowplug gets an air speed of 5.54 m/s and a temperature of 67.74 °C.
 Keywords: Gasification, Gasifier Reactor, Solidwork, Simulation, Flow Simulation, and Glowplug

Effectiveness of Indigenous Rhizobacteria Formulations in Increasing the Growth and Yield of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.)

The use of beneficial microbes in increasing plant growth and yield is a very appropriate choice to reduce synthetic chemicals that can cause negative impacts on the environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of post-save formulations of Wakatobi indigenous rhizobacteria in increasing the growth and yield of shallots. The study was conducted in Jati Bali Village, Konawe Selatan District, using a Randomized Block Design, consisting of 10 rhizobacterial formulation treatments, a combination of three types of biological agents, namely Pseudomonas sp. LP03, Pseudomonas sp. TWB02 and Pseudomonas sp. TWB11, and three types of formulation materials: ground brick powder, ground burned rice husk powder, and bentonite; one control using NaCl 0.85%. The experiment was repeated three times so that there were 360 treatment units. The results showed that of the three types of rhizobacteria tested, only Pseudomonas sp. TWB02 and Pseudomonas sp. LP03 can display better performance in increasing the growth and yield of shallots. These rhizobacteria are more compatible using the ground burned rice-husk powder formulation. Increased shallot yield (tuber fresh weight) in seed treatment using Pseudomonas sp. TWB02 and Pseudomonas sp. LP03 in the formulation of ground burned rice-husk powder reached 121% and 117% compared to controls. Further research needs to be done on a broader scale and different environmental conditions to see the stability of these biological agents' effects on the growth and yield of shallots.

Preparation of Melamine/Rice Husk Powder Coated Shellac Microcapsules and Effect of Different Rice Husk Powder Content in Wall Material on Properties of Wood Waterborne Primer.

The melamine/rice husk powder-coated shellac microcapsules were prepared by in-situ polymerization with melamine resin mixed with rice husk powder as microcapsule wall material and shellac as microcapsule core material. The effect of the addition amount of microcapsules with different wall material ratios on the performance of wood waterborne primer coating was investigated. The results show that the most important factor affecting the performance of microcapsules is the content of rice husk powder. Through the preparation and analysis of shellac microcapsule primer coating coated with melamine/rice husk powder, when the content of microcapsule powder is 0–6%, it has little effect on the optical properties of wood waterborne primer coating, and the microcapsule with 5.5% rice husk powder has little effect on the color difference of primer coating. The coating hardness increases with the increase of rice husk powder content in wall material. When the rice husk powder content in wall material is more than 5.5%, the coating hardness reaches the best. When the content of microcapsule powder is 3.0–9.0%, the adhesion of the coating is better, and the coating with rice husk powder content of 5.5% in microcapsule wall material has better impact resistance. When the content of rice husk powder was 5.5% and the content of microcapsule powder was 6%, the elongation at break of the primer coating was the highest and the tensile resistance was the best. The composition of wood waterborne primer did not change after adding microcapsule. The water-based primer with microcapsule has better aging resistance. The water-based primer coating with rice husk powder content of 5.5% and the addition amount of 6% had the best comprehensive performance, which lays the technical reference for the toughness and self-repairing of the waterborne wood coatings.

Rheological analysis of rice husk-starch suspended in water for sustainable agriculture application

Agriculture usage is one of the major consumers of freshwater resources, however the increasing over dependency on water resources needs effective water management techniques. Water scarcity is one of the main problems in agriculture sector of India where farmers need solution for effective water management with minimum initial cost and which can be implemented with traditional methods. In this study, rheological analysis of rice husk and starch suspended in water are experimentally evaluated. Rice husk was powdered for maximum particle size of 180 µm. Study has measured the viscosity for different shear rate in the range of 0.09–1500 s−1. To understand the effect of temperature study was conducted at 30 °C and 80 °C. The study is performed using the rheometer (RheolabQC), which gives the relationship between the different fluid properties at different temperatures and shear rate. Experimental study was conducted on samples containing various proportions of rice husk and corn starch in water. All the samples at 30 °C shows shear thinning behavior except starch sample, whereas at 80 °C starch also shown shear thinning behavior. Viscosity of some samples increases with increase in temperature. At 30 °C sample containing 7gm rice husk powder and 3 gm starch, shows reduction in viscosity with increase in shear rate. The results are useful to control flow rate of water along with nutrition enrichment of the soil.

Effectiveness of fly ash, zeolite, and unburnt rice husk as a substitute of cement in concrete

This experimental study analyzed the impacts of unburnt rice husk, fly ash, and zeolite on the strength of glass powder added concrete. At the first stage of the study up to 30% mass of fine aggregates was replaced by glass powder to understand the impact of the glass powder on the strength of concrete. Study results show that increasing the concentration of glass powder tends to decrease the compressive strength of the concrete. The relative decrease in compressive strength with 10% and 30% content of glass powder was measured at 9.5% and 13.3%, respectively. Furthermore, at a 10% constant concentration of glass powder several concrete specimens were prepared using unburnt rice husk, fly ash, and zeolite powder as replacement of cement (up to 15%). Study results indicate that the use of unburnt rice husk, fly ash, and zeolite with the combination of glass powder decreases the compressive strength of concrete. The lowest reduction rate was observed for fly ash added concrete, while the addition of unburnt rice husk shows the highest reduction in compressive strength.

Comparing the Coagulation Performance of Rice Husk, Cypress Leaves, and Eucalyptus Leaves Powders with That of Alum in Improving the Turbidity and pH of Some Local Water Sources in Bamenda, Cameroon

In this study, the efficiencies of the use of rice husk, cypress, and Eucalyptus leaves biocoagulants as alternative to alum as chemical coagulant in reducing turbidity and stabilizing the pH of slaughterhouse wastewater and three other local drinking water sources were investigated. Two systems were used: one involving individual coagulants and the second involving mix alum and biocoagulant with fixed alum dose of 0.05 g and varying amounts of each biocoagulant type (0.05 to 5 g). Turbidity reduction, coagulation activity, and pH variation were used to characterize each system. Results show reduction in turbidity is higher in mixed coagulants than with individual coagulants. At 5 g each of alum, rice husk, cypress, and Eucalyptus leaves, the corresponding turbidity values, 8.3, 13.6, 14.5, and 20.3 NTU, were obtained compared to 7.3 with 0.05 alum and 5 g rice husk mixture, 8.7 NTU with 0.05 g alum and 5 g cypress leaves mixture, and 16.1 NTU with 0.05 g alum and 5 g Eucalyptus leaves mixture, for 37.3 NTU initial turbidity. The used biocoagulants individually show insignificant effect on the pH of coagulation-treated water. Alum has an insignificant effect up to 2 g. 0.05 g of each biocoagulant stabilizes the pH between 6.57 and 7.34 against 4.14 for alum. 0.05 g alum/0.05 g biocoagulant stabilized the pH of water between 6.32 and 7.41. The coagulation activities for individual systems follow the order alum > rice husk > cypress > Eucalyptus, and for mixed systems, alum/rice husk > alum/cypress > alum/Eucalyptus. Water with turbidity and pH values within the World Health Organization’s guideline value of < 5 NTU and 6.5–8.5, respectively, were obtained using studied low cost and locally available biocoagulants.

EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT ON THE FILLER PROPERTIES OF RICE HUSK

The research is on the effects of chemical treatment on the filler properties of rice husk powder. Rice husks were obtained from the mill and shared into four parts. One part is untreated and the remaining parts were treated in 10% sodium hydroxide, 10% benzoyl chloride and 10% hydrogen peroxide. The four different samples were ground and filtered and then characterized in terms of moisture absorption, lignin content, hemicellulose content and cellulose content. The FTIR and SEM analysis were carried out to know the functional group and the structure of the samples. The results showed that the moisture absorption decreased for the treated samples while the cellulose content increased. The SEM micrograph showed a finer structure for the treated samples. This may suggest stronger reinforcement for the treated samples.

Investigation of mechanism of heavy metals (Cr6+, Pb2+& Zn2+) adsorption from aqueous medium using rice husk ash: Kinetic and thermodynamic approach

In this work, we examined the possibility on the application of rice husk as biosorbent for the elimination of heavy metal ions (chromium, lead, and zinc) existing in the aqueous solutions. The biosorbent was prepared from rice husk powder and modified with 0.1 N of HCl for creating the functional groups and increase specific surface area. The FT-IR spectra, SEM& EDX studies of rice hulls powder were examined for the pristine adsorbent and after the adsorption of heavy metal ions. The batch adsorption technique was adopted for this work and adsorption parameters were optimized. The maximum efficiency of adsorption is obtained at 6.0 pH, 1 h of contact duration, the rice husk dosage is 2.5 g/L, and temperature of 30°C for 25 mg/L of Cr, Pb & Zn metal ion solutions. The Cr, Pb & Zn metal ions are removed up to 87.12 %, 88.63 % & 99.28 %, respectively, using the rice husk powder. The adsorption process follows the Temkin & D-R isotherm model. Elovich model was fitted against the kinetic data of metal ion adsorption. Based on the experimental observations, the rice husk powder can be considered as a low cost adsorbent for heavy metal ion removal from the industrial effluent.

Comparative analysis on the bleaching of crude palm oil using activated groundnut hull, snail shell and rice husk

Researchers have found out several ways by which environmental pollution can be of positive relevance by recycling the waste to ensure a cleaner and healthier environment. The bleaching process is a crucial process in palm oil refining in which an adsorbent is majorly used to adsorb the unwanted colour pigments and a wide range of other impurities. This study aims to modify three different adsorbents; Groundnut hull, Snail shell, and rice husk and processed them into powder form as Groundnut hull powder [GHP], Snail shell powder [SSP] and Rice husk powder [RHP] respectively. The effects of three factors: temperature, mass and time were investigated on the response. MINITAB 19 software was employed which resulted in 20 runs. The optimization of the bleaching effects imposed by the adsorbents on palm oil using Central Composite Design (CCD) was evaluated. The free fatty acid and peroxide value decrease with bleaching while the saponification value increased with bleaching. The analysis conducted shows that groundnut hull was able to adsorb the most significant value of FFA and peroxide value in the palm oil. The lowest value of FFA obtained indicates that bleaching increases the shelf life of the oil and makes it more suitable for soap making.