Rice Food Research Articles

Development of a new particulate 4-μm adsorbent layer for ultrathin-layer chromatography (miniaturized chromatogram)

The performance of particulate layers of a smaller particle size than given HPTLC plates was investigated. However, reducing the particle size and thus interporous space, the capillary flow is substantially reduced. For the first time, optimizations led to the successful use of a layer made of mainly 4-μm irregular silica gel particles as stationary phase in planar chromatography. Layer thicknesses of 50 and 70 μm were studied to suit especially for ultrathin-layer chromatography (UTLC). Along with it, the chromatographic fingerprint was miniaturized by 75%. The required development time and developing distance were reduced up to 50%. A typical 35-mm separation took less than 10 min. The limit of detection was improved by a factor of up to 3. Further chromatographic performance data, such as separation number (peak capacity), resolution and analytical response proved the suitability of the particulate UTLC layer. A direct transferability and miniaturization of established HPTLC methods to the UTLC dimension was aimed at. This was successfully demonstrated for eight quite different separations, i.e. food dyes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steviol glycosides in cough drops and sweetener tablets, preservatives in shrimp-surimi salad, gingerol in ginger-containing products, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in honey, tanshinones in Salvia miltiorriza extracts and monacolin K in fermented red rice food supplements. The direct method transfer, mainstream usability and fast analyses at low running costs are crucial features of the developed UTLC plate. Profiting from such advantages, the miniaturized fingerprint shows potential to shift the field of HPTLC towards UTLC. Nevertheless, the full separation potential will first be exploited with tailored, miniaturized instrumentation capable to operate with the reduced layer thickness and UTLC format.

Improving Head Rice Yield and Milling Quality: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects.

Increasing paddy yield in rice does not directly translate to enhancing food security because significant decrease in grain yield can happen during postharvest processing of the rice paddy. In parallel with enhancing paddy yield, improving the milling quality of rice is essential in ensuring food security by mitigating the impact of significant losses during the postharvest processing of rice grains. From an industrial standpoint, maximizing the milling recovery of whole grain polished rice is crucial in fetching higher revenues to rice farmers. Significant advances in rice postharvest processing technology have been achieved which are geared toward reducing the incidence of fissures and chalkiness to increase head rice yield (HRY) in rice. The genetic bases of kernel development and grain dimension are also characterized. In addition to these advancements, an integrated phenotyping suite to simultaneously characterize phenotypes related to milling quality will help in screening for breeding lines with high HRY. Toward this goal, modern imaging tools and computer algorithms are currently being developed for high-throughput characterization of rice milling quality. With the availability of more sophisticated, affordable, automated, and nondestructive phenotyping methods of milling quality, it is envisioned that significant improvement in HRY will be made possible to ensure rice food security in the future.

Investigating the Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Cadmium in a Cooked Rice Food Matrix by Using an 11-Day Rapid Caco-2/HT-29 Co-culture Cell Model Combined with an In Vitro Digestion Model.

Investigating the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd based on real contaminated cooked rice matrixes helps establish an accurate risk assessment method and effectively reduce the digestion and absorption of Cd. An 11-day in vitro rapid Caco-2/HT-29 co-culture cell model was used to establish and evaluate the simulation of the absorption and transport of Cd in the small intestine with a 70:30 Caco-2/HT-29 co-culture ratio and 1.0mmolL-1 butyric acid as a differentiation inducer. The bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd in cooked rice were studied using the cell model combined with an in vitro digestion model. The bioaccessibility of Cd of each of the three cooked rice samples was significantly higher in the gastric phase (59.04-80.23%) than in the gastrointestinal phase (37.14-52.93%). Despite the extension of the digestion time of the gastrointestinal phase, no significant difference was found among the time points. Results demonstrated that the amount of undigested residue, not the level of Cd contamination, significantly contributed to the bioaccessibility of Cd, which was affected by pH or ion. The absorption rate of Cd (25.08% ± 3.05%) was greater than the values obtained using the pure Caco-2 cell models. The bioavailability of Cd (8.29% ± 1.95%) was almost similar to that of Zn2+ (6.66% ± 1.41%) in the cooked rice matrix, indicating that the intestinal epithelium expressed a strong absorptive capacity of Cd during the absorption of essential metallic elements. The 11-day rapid Caco-2/HT-29 co-culture cell model combined with the in vitro digestion model was an efficient tool for studying the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd or other substances in a food matrix to further investigate mechanistic steps and screen a broad set of food matrix factors.

Dissipation kinetics and risk assessments of tricyclazole during Oryza sativa L. growing, processing and storage.

Because of the increase of people's attention to food safety, monitoring the residue of pesticide in rice is becoming more and more important. Commercial and home processing techniques have been used to transform paddy rice into rice products for human or animal consumption, which may reduce the pesticide content in rice. The degradation of tricyclazole during different stages of commercial and home processing and storage was assessed in this paper. Many researches studying the occurrence and distribution of pesticide residues during rice cropping and processing have been reported. Rice samples were extracted with acetonitrile, the extracts were enriched, and then residues were analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. The dissipation dynamics of tricyclazole in rice plant, soil, and paddy water fitted the first-order kinetic equations. The dissipation half-lives of tricyclazole in the rice plant, water, and soil at dosage of 300~450g a.i. hm -2 were 4.84~5.16, 4.64~4.85, and 3.57~3.82days, respectively. The residue levels of tricyclazole gradually reduced with different processing procedures. What is more, decladding process could effectively remove the residues of tricyclazole in raw rice, and washing process could further remove the residues of tricyclazole in polished rice. Degradation dynamic equations of tricyclazole in the raw rice and polished rice were based on the first-order reaction dynamic equations, and the half-lives of the degradation of tricyclazole was 43.32~58.24days and 46.83~56.35days in raw rice and polished rice. These results provide information regarding the fate of tricyclazole in the rice food chain, while it provides a theoretical basis for systematic evaluation of the potential residual risk of tricyclazole.

Effect of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in processed rice foods on detection of genetically modified rice-derived DNA

Effect of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in processed rice foods on detection of genetically modified rice-derived DNA

Effectiveness of Strategic Plan Development of Local Resources Based on Local Resources in Lampung Province

Lampung province is being prepared by the government to become a food industry development center with superior products of Beras Siger made from raw cassava which is a food crop commodity. In order to improve the quality and quantity of Rice Siger, the Provincial Government of Lampung delivers through the Local Food Development Program (MP3L) program and increased production of sustainable Beras Siger. This research program was conducted to find out the problems related to, including the ways of cassava during harvest, the type of cassava that can be processed into Siger Rice, the quality of Siger Rice food products, production process procedures, human resources education workers support, available production house sufficient, capable resources, regulation, distribution, distribution of P-IRT permits, and program implementation have been well targeted. The desired results can be used as a consideration, input and information in determining the strategy model and success of the food diversification program of the basics of local resources, alignment of measures to address problems related to various production, demand for input output, agroindustry , government laws and policies to be used that can strengthen the revitalization of food crops for commodities.

Pengaruh Produksi Dan Konsumsi Terhadap Impor Komoditi Beras Di Provinsi Jambi

Rice is a strategic commodity as food for the people of Indonesia, so that the production, supply, procurement and distribution of rice becomes very important in the framework of food security, increasing income and welfare of farmers, in order to stabilize the interest of public consumption in general, import of rice is not always indicated because the inability of the region to produce rice but it is necessary to maintain the availability of rice in order to avoid a deficit that will affect the price increase, given the function of rice as staple food, rice sales will be continuous, meaning that sales will continue throughout the year so that the business prospect is considered sufficient promising for years to come. In farm processing, farmers seek to obtain economically profitable, where the cost incurred can produce maximum production. To support the availability of rice food, the procurement of rice’s, especially from regional sources. The procurement of rice in Jambi province, in addition to the procurement of rice in the region, also comes from the national move and rice stock from the previous year. Keyword’s : primer sectors, rice commodity

Rice with pulses or cooking oils can be used to elicit lower glycemic response

Rice is generally considered a high glycemic index (GI) food. With diabetes rates increasing alarmingly in Asia, there is an urgent need to find methods of reducing the glycemic impact of rice. Rice genotypes varied widely with respect to GI (57.9 for PB177 to 75.9for O. ridleyi), resistant starch (RS) (0.4% for O. ridleyi to 2.7% for SS7) and amylose content (AC) (4% for black rice to 26.5% for SS7). A significant negative correlation (r = −0.778) was observed between GI and RS. Addition of pigeon pea to rice lowered its GI and increased RS compared to other pulses, while ghee (clarified butter) showed more GI lowering and RS increasing effect compared with vegetable oils, when added during cooking. These findings emphasize the need to identify and develop rice with high RS and low GI. The GI of rice food can be further reduced by combining with suitable pulses and oil/fat.

Tingkat Keamanan Nasi Campur Yang Dijual Di Lingkungan Pasar Badung Ditinjau Dari Aspek Mikrobiologi

Food is one of the main elements of man. Quality of food should always be guaranteed to the public avoid the disease or health problems caused by bacterial contamination. One indicator of food contamination is the bacteria Escherichia coli. This study aims to analyze the contaminants of Escherichia coli bacteria and the total amount of microbes found in mixed rice foods sold in the Badung Market Traditional. This research uses descriptive analysis method. Samples tested were mixed rice taken from six mixed rice vendors in Badung Market environment, and testing of bacterial contaminants was tested at Veterinary Balai Besar Laboratory in Denpasar. The study was conducted on April 7, 2016, until May 4, 2016. The study included E.coli MPN testing, prediction test, confirmatory test, biochemical test using IMViC, and total microbial analysis using Total Plate Count (TPC) testing. The results of this study showed that all samples of mixed rice food (100%) were not contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria. The total microbial yields showed 91.7% of mixed rice samples did not meet the standards and only 8.3% of the samples met the standards determined by Dirjen POM Number: 03726 B/ SK /VII /89.

Development of a monoclonal antibody with equal reactivity to ustiloxins A and B for quantification of main cyclopeptide mycotoxins in rice samples

Rice false smut (RFS) is one of the most destructive diseases in majority of rice growing areas around the world. Ustiloxins A (UA) and B (UB) are the main cyclopeptide mycotoxins (>90%) among all characterized ustiloxins which are produced by the RFS pathogen Villosiclava virens. Rapid diagnosis of ustiloxins is essential to assess the safety of rice food and feed contaminated with the pathogen. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) with equal reactivity to UA and UB, which was named as mAb 4C4F11, was successfully screened. After optimization, the sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy of the direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-ELISA) for simultaneous detection of the total content of UA and UB in rice samples was explicated. The concentration causing 50% of inhibition (IC50) was 13.0 ng/mL for UA or UB, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.7 ng/mL, and the calibration range was from 2 to 76 ng/mL. The LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) of UA plus UB in rice were 35 and 100 ng/g, respectively. Average recoveries of UA or UB from the spiked RFS balls and grains were between 84.1% and 102.5% with coefficient of variation less than 15%. The developed immunoassay can be employed as a rapid, effective and accurate method for detection of main ustiloxins in RFS balls as well as rice food and feed samples.

The diversity of local sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in Nusa Tenggara Timur province

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is an important food crop in the dry land including Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) Province. This plant has a high adaptability to drought, can produce on marginal land, and is relatively resistant to pests and diseases. The study aims to collect and identify the species of local sorghum being cultivated by farmers, and the purposes of cultivation. In addition, this study will preserve germ plasm of local sorghum by providing bank seeds for the next growing season. A collection of local sorghum samples was conducted in 7 districts using survey and observation method. A total of 53 species of sorghum were collected, with various characteristics and different local names. Based on the skin color of the seeds, the accessions were grouped into white groups (26.42%), light yellow (15.09%), black (20.75%), brown (24.52%), and red (13.20 %). Sorghum is used for complementary food for rice, consumption in times of food insecurity, fodder, and as a fence for corn and rice. It is necessary to characterize the type of local sorghum that has the potential to be developed for food, industrial raw materials, and for functional food.

Diversity and evolution of rice progenitors in Australia.

In the thousands of years of rice domestication in Asia, many useful genes have been lost from the gene pool. Wild rice is a key source of diversity for domesticated rice. Genome sequencing has suggested that the wild rice populations in northern Australia may include novel taxa, within the AA genome group of close (interfertile) wild relatives of domesticated rice that have evolved independently due to geographic separation and been isolated from the loss of diversity associated with gene flow from the large populations of domesticated rice in Asia. Australian wild rice was collected from 27 sites from Townsville to the northern tip of Cape York. Whole chloroplast genome sequences and 4,555 nuclear gene sequences (more than 8 Mbp) were used to explore genetic relationships between these populations and other wild and domesticated rices. Analysis of the chloroplast and nuclear data showed very clear evidence of distinctness from other AA genome Oryza species with significant divergence between Australian populations. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the Australian populations represent the earliest‐branching AA genome lineages and may be critical resources for global rice food security. Nuclear genome analysis demonstrated that the diverse O. meridionalis populations were sister to all other AA genome taxa while the Australian O. rufipogon‐like populations were associated with the clade that included domesticated rice. Populations of apparent hybrids between the taxa were also identified suggesting ongoing dynamic evolution of wild rice in Australia. These introgressions model events similar to those likely to have been involved in the domestication of rice.

MAKANAN ETNIK MELAYU: TEMPOYAK

Traditional food is considered as one of the identities that makes a nation, and it is caused by the varieties of cultures. Tempoyak (asam durian) is one of the examples of traditional foods, specifically for the Malayan ethnic, and it is widely known in Palembang. The majority of Palembang citizens are known to be nomads, and since durians are abundant in Sumatra, food processing is done to increase shelf life. Tempoyak is the result of fermenting durian for 3-7 days by adding salt into the fruit. Fermentation is one of the many ways of food processing. The fermentation of durian gives tempoyak a unique flavour that combines sourness from the fermentation process and sweetness from the fruit itself. Fermentation is one of the most well-known food processing in Indonesia, and has been known for years. To the Malayan ethnics, tempoyak has a unique taste that can increase ones appetite, and it is usually used as a complementary food for rice, and also spices. One of the foods that use a tempoyak spices is brengkes.

Sucrose capped gold nanoparticles as a plasmonic chemical sensor based on non-covalent interactions: Application for selective detection of vitamins B1 and B6 in brown and white rice food samples

We report simple and selective method for detection of vitamins B1 and B6 in brown and white rice samples using localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of sucrose capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a chemical sensor colorimetrically. Here, detection is based on the color change of AuNPs from pink to blue followed by a red shift of LSPR absorption band in UV–vis region with the addition of vitamins B1 and B6 into the NPs solution. A good linear range was observed in the range of 25–1000 ngmL−1 with detection limit of 8 ngmL−1 for B1 and 50–1000 ngmL−1 with detection limit of 15 ngmL−1 for vitamins B6. The employment of AuNPs for detection of B1 and B6 vitamins in rice food samples showed remarkable abilities in terms of the simplicity, low cost, stability, reproducibility and sensitivity.

Arsenic Speciation in Fish and Rice by HPLC-ICP-MS Using Salt Gradient Elution

This paper presents arsenic speciation studies by high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (HPLC-ICP-MS) using a chromatography column containing a strong anion exchange stationary phase (Agilent Bio SAX G3154A/101) for determination of arsenobetaine (AsB), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), AsIII, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and AsV. The best separation was achieved in 15 min, using a 4 min isocratic step with 1 mM (NH4)2HPO4 pH 10.2, followed by a 2 min salt gradient from 1 to 10 mM, which was kept for 4 min. Compared to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method for rice using the PRP-X-100 column, the Bio SAX method was quicker, provided at least equal separation of AsB from the next peak, and led to more symmetrical peaks. The linearity between 0.5 and 60 µg L-1 was shown. The method was tested with 10 µg L-1 fortified rice and fish samples extracted in ultrasound using methanol/water 1:1, and recoveries between 40 and 90% were obtained.

Food crops production efficiency analysis in Indonesia in 1971-2008

Food crops market in Indonesia is very large. But its slow growth and contribution to economy indicate a negative trend of this subsector efficiency. This study aims to determine, explain and predict the tendency of the efficiency of food crops subsector efficiencies in Indonesia, specifically rice and other food crops. The method used is based time series Leontief input-output table in technology coefficient changes, as approach of cost efficiency in production. The results showed that the efficiency of rice subsector production during 1971-2008 decreased very sharp. The efficiency of other food crops subsector production (beans, corn, vegetables and fruits and other food crops that are not mentioned previously) show an increase in efficiency. It is indicate that other food crops subsector in Indonesia is more attractive than the rice subsector. Both subsectors tend to be more inefficient in the future if no fundamental government policy to support.

Arsenic concentrations and speciation in Australian and imported rice and commercial rice products

Environmental contextIn countries where inhabitants are not exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, food is the major source of potentially toxic inorganic arsenic. To complement the existing worldwide dataset on arsenic in rice, data are presented on Australian- and overseas-grown rice, and assessed in terms of possible risk. Only a diet comprising multiple serves of some rice products per day poses a potential risk to young children. AbstractArsenic concentrations and speciation measurements were determined for six varieties of Australian-grown rice (n = 130), imported rice (n = 53) and rice products (n = 56) from supermarkets. Total As, inorganic As and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) concentrations in Australian rice ranged from 16 to 630 µg As kg−1 (mean ± s.d.: 220 ± 122 µg kg−1), 16 to 250 µg As kg−1 (92 ± 52 µg As kg−1) and <5 to 432 µg As kg−1 (125 ± 109 µg As kg−1), respectively. Total As, inorganic As and DMA concentrations in imported rice ranged between 31 and 376 µg As kg−1 (130 ± 98 µg kg−1), 17 and 198 µg As kg−1 (73 ± 40 µg As kg−1) and <5 and 327 µg As kg−1 (84 ± 92 µg As kg−1) respectively. Few samples exceeded the guidelines for inorganic As in polished rice. In rice products, total As, inorganic As and DMA concentrations ranged between 21 and 480 µg As kg−1 (160 ± 110 µg As kg−1), 20 and 255 µg As kg−1 (92 ± 78 µg As kg−1) and <5 and 340 µg As kg−1 (65 ± 69 µg As kg−1) respectively. Sixteen samples exceeded the 100 µg kg−1 maximum for inorganic As concentration in rice foods for infants and young children. Ingestion of multiple serves of some rice products poses a potential risk. Environmental chemistry gaps, on processes influencing As occurrence in rice, are discussed.

Phosphate levels influence the utilisation of rice rhizodeposition carbon and the phosphate-solubilising microbial community in a paddy soil

To fulfil the demand of a growing population for rice food, a better understanding of soil biological systems is urgently required to improve the efficient use of chemical fertilisers, especially phosphate (P)-based fertilisers. Microorganisms play an important role in the decomposition of organic compounds and solubilisation of inorganic P. Presently, whether P availability affects the incorporation of rice root-derived carbon and the activity of P-solubilising bacteria remains uncertain. Herein, stable isotope probing of phospholipid fatty acids and DNA and high-throughput sequencing methods were used to investigate active P-solubilising bacteria and the microbial community in a paddy soil treated at 0 (controls), 50, and 200 mg P2O5 kg−1. Compared with controls (23.4–62.2%), the δ13C values of 16:1ω7c, 18:1ω7c, and 18:1ω9c (Gram-negative bacteria) increased to 69.2–167.4% with low P input, but decreased to 6.6–58.6% under high P input. Similarly, higher 13C enrichment (1.04–1.47 ng g−1 dry weight soil) was observed in phospholipid fatty acids (16:1ω7c, 18:1ω7c and 18:1ω9c) with low P input. High-throughput sequencing indicated that low rather than high P input promoted the growth of P-solubilising Bacillus, Alicyclobacillus, and Clostridium. The relative abundance of these organisms increased significantly in light DNA fractions following both 12C and 13C treatments, suggesting they seldom use rice root-derived carbon as carbon sources. By contrast, P-solubilising Rhizobiales, Rhodospirillales, and Myxococcales preferred root-derived carbon under P input conditions. Community and phylogenetic analysis of genes related to P solubilisation (alkaline phosphatase phoD and pyrroloquinoline quinone pqqC) indicated a dominant role for Rhizobiales and Actinomycetales in paddy soil P solubilisation.

ACTUALIZATION OF MUPUK KEMBANG RITUAL IN CONSERVATION OF LOCAL RICE VARIETIES AND FOOD SOVEREIGNTY IN AREA OF WORLD CULTURAL LANDSCAPE CATUR ANGGA PURA BATUKARU, BALI

Since the emergence of the green revolution in Bali around the 1970s to the present day, in a gradation way emerged a variety of environmental changes and subak culture which is quite apprehensive. Among other things, the destruction of genetic resources, especially local rice varieties, and the emergence of concerns about the possible extinction of local rice varieties. This article aims to explore the meaning of wisdom of mupuk kembang ritual in World Cultural Landscape Catur Angga Batukaru, in the context of conservation of local rice varieties and food sovereignty in Tabanan-Bali. The research was conducted through data collection with observation, in-depth interview, focus group discussion, and literature study. The collected data were analyzed in a descriptive-qualitative manner.
 The result of the study showed that mupuk kembang ritual usually is held towards the end of the pujawali ceremony on the cultural heritage of Catur Angga Pura Batukaru (Pura Muncaksari, Tambawaras, Besikalung, Pucak Petali, and Pura Batukaru) in Penebel District of Tabanan Regency. The mupuk kembang ritual is performed in the early morning (dawn), at around 04.00 - 06.00, where the holy man (pemangku) in trans condition (kerawuhan) put rice (Sri-Sedhana) rice (manik galih) to his people (bhakta) present in the pujawali ritual. Implicitly the ritual hinted rice (Oryza sativa) as a sacred plant or tree of life (kalpataru) and so that villagers, especially farmers (subak), conserve it, especially local rice varieties to be developed as the main source of life. The mupuk kembang ritual also supports government’s development programs in the context of maintaining food sovereignty in Bali.

Climate Change: A Review of Its Nexus with Rice Sector and Food Security in Malaysia

Climate change is a global problem wherein not a single country can escape from its externalities. Malaysia has been no exception to these externalities as future climate scenario indicates a worrying trend. Thus, future development of Malaysian rice sector would expect to encounter multiple challenges ahead, which includes the diverse alterations of the earth as the climate is warming, limited arable land as well as social and economic transition. This study is therefore aimed to unravel the nexus between rice sector, food security and climate change. In order to review the nexus, this study relied on literature research. This study is of the opinion that even though the agricultural sector is no longer a major contributor to the national economy, but in the context of paddy or rice, the concern on the impacts of climate change should be acknowledged beyond the economic perspectives and point of views. In fact, future consideration and direction of this sector should take into account the importance of paddy crop to rural small-scale farmers’ livelihoods and the role of rice in ensuring the stability and continuance of staple food supply for the country. If climate change dampens the government’s initiatives to increase rice selfsufficiency level (SSL) in the future, the national food security will certainly be at risk. In addition, the livelihood of farmers will be affected, especially the small scaled as paddy cultivation is their only source of income. Hence, the intervention policy by the government in the future should give due emphasize to strategies that are focused on enhancing the adaptation capacity of paddy farmers to alleviate their vulnerabilities to climate change.