Rice Field Land Research Articles

The Implementation of a Sustainable Food and Agricultural Land Protection Policy in Pringsewu District

The development in Pringsewu District is currently being monitored at a rapid pace, with the function of rice field land being reactivated as a growing land. The increasing population and growing needs of the community present a significant threat to the continued existence of productive rice fields. Pringsewu District is an urban area where the majority of existing land has the potential to be transformed into agricultural land. This phenomenon presents an intriguing case study for examining the implementation of regional regulations in Pringsewu Regency, specifically Regulation Number 6 of 2015 regarding the sustainable protection of food farming land. The research method employs a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing data collection techniques such as interviews, observations, and documentation. The implementation of Regional Regulation No. 6 of 2015 regarding the protection of sustainable food farming land has not been effectively carried out. This is due to a lack of public awareness concerning the significance of sustainable food agricultural land. Despite the challenges inherent in implementing Local Regulation No. 6 of 2015 on sustainable food farm protection, the Pringsewu district government has consistently endeavored to ensure that the development of Pringsewu regency is guided by Local Regulation No. 6 of 2015 on sustainable food agricultural land protection. This approach is designed to facilitate a harmonious relationship between development and the environment. Keywords: food farming, implementation, regulation, sustainable.

GIS-Based flood susceptibility mapping in Wawar Watershed, Purworejo Regency

Purworejo is one of the regency in Central Java which vulnerable to being affected by flood in rainy season. Wawar watershed is one of the watersheds in Purworejo Regency, the land use in Wawar watershed is dominated by agricultural land so the potential for flooding is quite high in the downstream area. This study aims to determine the distribution of flood-prone locations and classify the level of flood susceptibility that occurs in Wawar Watershed. The method used in this study is data processing on GIS (Geographic Information Systems) using scoring method and weighting of each parameter. These parameters include land use, altitude, rainfall, slope, soil type, and river flow buffers. The resulting hazard map has 3 categories, low, moderate, and high vulnerable level. The results also show that highly vulnerable areas in the southern part of Wawar Watershed that dominated by lowlands area, flat slope, settlement and ricefield land use.

Reduce the conversion of paddy fields to strengthen food security in Dabun Gelang sub-district

This study aimed to determine how much rice field land is converted and how much rice is needed in Dabun Gelang Sub-District, Gayo Lues Regency, Aceh Province. Use ArcGIS apps and 2011 and 2019 Land Use Maps. To see the change in the conversion of rice fields to non-rice fields using the overlay technique between the two maps to obtain a map of changes in rice fields and the extent of changes. Furthermore, the rice demand in Dabun Gelang District was produced by comparing the projected number of residents in 2023, 2025, 2030, and 2033. The results showed that during the period between 2011 and 2019, there was a conversion of rice fields to settlements covering an area of 41.80 Ha (5.06%), rice fields to thickets covering an area of 0.0003 Ha (0.00%), rice fields to plantation forests covering an area of 32.25 Ha (3.91%) and rice fields to dryland agriculture covering an area of 0.001 Ha (0.00%). The projected rice demand in Dabun Gelang District in 2023 is 2,256,320 kg/person/year. In 2025, it is 2,326,400 kg/person/year. In 2030, it will be 2,501,120 kg/person/year; in 2033, it will be 2,606,080 kg/person/year.

Analysis of Regional Spatial Regulation Policies Pesawaran District

Objective: Formulate philosophical, sociological, juridical considerations or foundations for the formation of draft laws or draft regional regulations related to regional spatial planning. Methodology: Formulate the objectives to be realized, the scope of regulation, the reach, and direction of regulation in the draft Regional Regulation researchers use a type of descriptive – qualitative research. Results: The 2031 land change prediction shows that the largest projected land use change is dryland agriculture at 21830 ha (17.2%). This prediction is made following historical patterns that have occurred between 2016, 2019 and 2022. The prediction of land use change in 2022-2031 in Pesawaran District shows that wetland agriculture will decrease by 17.91%. This is due to improved infrastructure in rice field land use areas, this reduction is also caused by an increase in population growth that occurs in Pesawaran Regency. Conclusion: Strategic policies that can be carried out are increasing the fulfillment of green open space (RTH), developing habitable residential areas; preserving production forest areas to maintain ecosystem balance; developing community plantation areas to improve community welfare; optimization of space utilization in accordance with its designation.

Machine Learning-Based Rice Field Mapping in Kulon Progo using a Fusion of Multispectral and SAR Imageries

The land-conversion of rice fields can reduce rice production and negatively impact food security. Consequently, monitoring is essential to prevent the loss of productive agricultural land. This study uses a combination of Sentinel-2 MSI, Sentinel-1 SAR, along with SRTM (elevation and slope data) to monitor rice fields land-conversion. NDVI, NDBI and NDWI indices are transformed from the annual median composite Sentinel-2 MSI images used to identify different rice fields with another object. A monthly median composite of SAR images from Sentinel-1 data are used to identify cropping patterns of rice fields in the inundation phase. The classification is performed by using the Random Forest machine learning algorithm in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Random Forest classification is run using 1000 trees, with a 70:30 ratio of training and testing data from sample features extracted by visual interpretation of high resolution Google Earth imagery. In this study, Random Forest classification is effective in computing a high amount of multi-temporal and multi-sensory data to map rice-field land conversion with an accuracy rate of 96.16% (2021) and 95.95% (2017) for mapping paddy fields. From the multitemporal rice field maps in 2017—2021, a conversion of 826.66 hectares of rice-fields to non-rice fields was identified. Based on the spatial distribution, the conversion from rice-field to non-rice field is higher at the area near the roads, built area and Yogyakarta International Airport. Therefore, it is important to assess and ensure that National Strategic Projects are managed with due regard to environmental impacts and food security.

Settlement of Disputes over Rice Field Land Ownership Rights Due to Unauthorized buying and selling

Rice field land is a general term such as forest land, plantation land and so on. All kinds of soil can be cultivated as long as it has sufficient water availability. Problems with land are quite serious. So that handling must also be done seriously. Both through prefective means, namely by providing understanding by related devices or institutions and by repressive means or resolution due to disputes. In this way, it is hoped that the community can understand the validity of buying and selling land and its settlement. So that rice field land disputes due to buying and selling do not have an impact on agricultural activities. This study uses a type of normative juridical legal research, namely legal research conducted by examining primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations and secondary legal materials or legal materials in the form of supporting library materials for primary legal materials. The buying and selling process is legally valid if material conditions are met. In relation to the rules governing the authority and competence of the parties, as well as the fulfillment of conditions by the buyer to become the holder of the right to the purchased land. The validity of buying and selling paddy fields is the same as buying and selling land in general. The sale and purchase of paddy fields is canceled if it can cause a reduction in the minimum limit of agricultural land ownership. Dispute resolution can be done through litigation and non-litigation resolution. The advantage obtained when using litigation settlement is that it has definite legal force and is final.

Development of Microbial Inoculants for Green House Gases Mitigation under Irrigated Rice Ecosystem

Our earth releases several types of green house gases into the atmosphere viz., carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbon etc. Rice is a prime food crop in the Asian countries which fulfil the food security. Methane is one among the greenhouse gases which usually emitted from low land rice field. Methanogen survive in the absence of oxygen and usually releases methane from irrigated rice ecosystem. Methanotroph are aerobic group of organism that require minor amount of oxygen to survive. Rice ecosystem is the ideal ecosystem for the survival of methanogens and methanotrophs. With this background methanotrophs were isolated from four different location of cauvery delta zone. Cultures were confirmed through methane monooxidase activity. Methanotroph isolates were mass multiplied and bioinoculants were developed.

Spatial Regulation of Protected Rice Fields through A Notary Law Approach on Freehold Title Splitzing

Protected Rice Field is a legal norm regulated in the Decree of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency Number: 1589/SK-HK.02.01/XII/2021 concerning Stipulation of Protected Rice Fields Map in Regencies/Cities in West Sumatra Province, Banten Province, West Java Province, Central Java Province, Yogyakarta Special Region Province, East Java Province, Bali Province, and West Nusa Tenggara Province. The purpose of the establishment of the regulation is to control the conversion of rice fields into other functions such as housing, shops, offices and other investment functions. A Notary as an official authorized to make an authentic deed, based on the duties and authorities of a Notary regulated in the Notary Position Act, can also execute the process of splitzing a land certificate by first obtaining a position as a Land Deed Official (referred to as PPAT). Problems regarding protected rice fields in relation to the authority of the Notary in executing the splitzing of the certificates of rice fields are there are obstacles that may emerge in the implementation process due to the issuance of regulations regarding the protected rice fields. This study aims to analyse the public’s perception towards the designation of protected rice fields with the provisions of the freehold titles splitzing. The research method used in thi research is normative juridical research. Based on the analysis, the results of this study indicated that in the case splitzing the deeds of rice field land, the notary is still guided by the terms and conditions stipulated by the National Land Agency.

Penyerahan Tanah Yang Terikat Dalam Perjanjian Dondon Di Desa Aeklung Kecamatan Doloksanggul Kabupaten Humbang Hasundutan

ABSTRACT
 The Dondon Agreement is to pawn a plot of rice field land to another party with an agreement that one day the land will be redeemed by the owner and when the land is pawned the land owner will receive the amount of money that the land owner needs from the dondon recipient. Dondon agreements according to customary law have a minimum time limit of 2 years, but in reality what happened in Aeklung village, Doloksanggul district, Humbang Hasundutan district, especially in hamlet I, the people still use the dondon agreement not using the time limit as it should be. The formulation of the problem from this research is how is the mechanism for transferring the dondon agreement in Aeklung village, Doloksanggul district, Humbang Hasundutan district, what are the rights and obligations of the parties who make the dondon agreement, how are the legal protections for the parties who make the dondon agreement. This study uses empirical legal research that is descriptive analytical. The mechanism for the transfer of the dondon agreement in Aeklung village, Doloksanggul sub-district, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, namely party I (dondon giver) and party II (dondon recipient) meet together to make a dondon agreement under sufficient stamp duty witnessed by each party. Based on the agreement, the rights and obligations of the parties arise.

Spatial prediction of soil aggregate stability and soil organic carbon in aggregate fractions using machine learning algorithms and environmental variables

Knowledge about the spatial variability of soil aggregate stability indices, soil organic carbon (SOC) in various aggregate sizes, and aggregation across the landscape is crucial for sustainable land use planning and management practices. Direct traditional measurements for the target variables, as mentioned above, are time-consuming and expensive. Thus, this study attempts to spatially predict the soil aggregate stability indices, including mean weight diameter-MWD, geometric mean diameter-GMD, water-stable aggregates-WSA, and SOC in various aggregate fractions using digital soil mapping and machine learning models using the environmental covariates as the time and cost-effective approaches. Thus, a total of 100 soil surface samples (0–10 cm depth) were collected from the natural forest, tea plantation, and paddy rice field land uses, and soil aggregate stability indices were determined following laboratory analyses. The machine learning models, including random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbors (kNN), support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), and the ensemble of four single models, were trained using the repeated 10-fold cross-validation method. The models were evaluated by the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R2), and normalized RMSE (nRMSE). The modeling results demonstrated that the RF model outperformed for MWD (R2 = 0.74, nRMSE = 24.28), GMD (R2 = 0.75, nRMSE = 12.72), and WSA (R2 = 0.58, nRMSE = 10.40), while kNN and SVM models resulted in the best prediction of SOC in (meso and micro-aggregates (RMSE = 1.03 and 0.88)) and macroaggregates (RMSE = 1.49), respectively. However, the ensemble model increased the prediction accuracies for all soil targets (RI ≥ 15.78%). Moreover, the variable importance analysis showed that soil properties such as soil organic matter (SOM) and remote sense-data mainly explained the variation of soil aggregate stability indices and SOC in various aggregate fractions. Overall, the results revealed that the machine learning-based models could accurately predict the soil aggregate stability and associated SOC, and the produced maps can be a baseline map for land use planning and decision making.

Kairomone gel formulations enhance biocontrol efficacy of Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead on rice yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker

The egg parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) is a documented successful biocontrol agent to reduce rice yellow stem borer (YSB), Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). In the present study, three kairomone gel formulations: T1: n-hexadecanoic acid (200 ppm); T2: n-octadecanoic acid (500 ppm) and; T3: octadecane (500 ppm); were applied 24 h after each release of adult T. japonicum in low land rice field plots during the rainy season (2018) and summer season (2019). The study evaluated whether the combination of the kairomone gel treatments with parasitoid could improve suppression of YSB. The best results were from T3: application of octadecane gel, 24 h after each T. japonicum release (@ 50,000 wasps/ha × 4 releases) on the 32nd, 39th, 46th, 53rd days after transplanting (DAT) at weekly intervals during the rainy season (2018). This regime reduced incidence of YSB induced damage called: ‘dead heart’ and ‘white ear’ by 30.01%–37.06% compared to T5: control. During the summer season (2019) again the best results were observed in T3: octadecane augmented wasps releases, the reduction in damages by YSB ranged from 17.86% to 24.47% below control. The grain yields in T3, increased from 14.61% to 15.73% across both seasons measured. These results support augmenting T. japonicum releases with the kairomone gel containing octadecane provide an affordable treatment to increase parasitic activity and to reduce damage in rice crops caused by YSB.

Difference in planting time lag after rice harvesting on growth and yield of no tillage soybean (Glycine max L.)

Increasing soybean yields needs to be done with innovation in cultivation techniques, one of which is by applying the right planting time. This study aims to obtain planting time that can increase the growth and yield of soybeans in a system without tillage. The study was conducted from June to September 2019 on the former rice field land. This research was conducted using a Randomized Completed Block Design 1 factor with 5 treatments (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days after rice harvest) and repeated 5 times. Data from observations were analyzed using analysis of variance based on the 5% F test followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test of 5% and a correlation test was performed to determine the relationship between soybean planting time difference and the yield. The results showed that the difference 2 days after harvest was able to increase the growth variables, namely plant height, leaf area, number of branches and increase the yield variable, namely the number of pods, seed weight per plant, seed weight per plot. Besides increasing soybean yield to 1.41 tons / ha compared to a longer gap.

Effects of Different Rotation Patterns of Oil-Rice on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Fields

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different rice-rape rotation systems on methane and nitrous oxide emissions, which were measured using the static chamber/gas chromatography method, prediction of their global warming potentials (GWP), and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in paddy fields. The results showed that the average cumulative emissions of CH4from a double cropping paddy field, single season rice field (including middle or late), rape field, and leisure land were 135.25, 55.64, 5.05, and 1.89 kg ·hm-2, respectively. The CH4 emission during the rice season accounted for 91.8%-98.5% of the annual CH4 emission in different rotation years, and the contents of dissolved organic carbon in paddy soil exhibited a significantly positive correlation with CH4 emission. The CH4 emission in conventional late rice paddy was 18.7% higher than that of hybrid late rice paddy (P<0.05). The average cumulative emissions of N2O from double cropping paddy field, single season rice field (including middle or late), rape field, and leisure land were 0.94, 0.64, 1.38, and 0.24 kg ·hm-2, respectively. Out of the total annual N2O emission, 57.2% to 70.2% was from the rape field; 17.8% and 30.6% was due to the winter fallow treatments with previous crop type of double corpping rice and single season rice, respectively. There was no significant difference in N2O emission between hybrid rice and conventional rice paddy fields. The GWP of double cropping rice-winter fallow and double cropping rice-rape was higher than that of rice-rape and rice-winter fallow, and the GWP of CH4 in rice season accounted for 71.2% to 90.9% of the annual GWP of rotation. The highest treatment of GHGI was rice-rice-rape, and the treatment of rice-oil and rice-winter slack was lower. According to the comprehensive environmental and economic benefits, the late hybrid rice-rape patterns should be selected to reduce greenhouse gases in multiple cropping rice fields of South China.

EROSION PREDICTION AND CONSERVATION PLANNING IN THE BUBUH SUB-WATERSHED, BANGLI REGENCY

Erosion is a natural process that is difficult to remove or zero erosion rates. The purpose research was analysing erosion hazard and conservation planning. The method used is a survey and take soil samples for analysis in the laboratory. Parameters analysed: texture, volume weight, permeability and organic matter. Soil erosion rate is calculated with USLE. The calculation results show that erosion is very light (land units 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12) and light (land units 5). The highest value is in moor land use (29.83 tons/ha /year) and the lowest is rice field land use (0.003 tons/ha/year). The level of erosion hazard is classified as very mild and mild, but the actual erosion that occurs exceeds tolerable erosion. Conservation actions is by increasing plant density, planting soil cover crops, adding organic matter, mulching, repair existing terraces.

BANGKITAN PERJALANAN BERDASARKAN STRUKTUR DAN PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA DI KECAMATAN MUTIARA KABUPATEN PIDIE

Mutiara Sub-district to this day continues to develop. The land that was once a rice field and vacant land have now been converted to become a store building. The increasing population in the area resulted in an increase in the number of transport movements, which will affect road capacity. This study aims to determine the pattern of the rise of movements based on structure and household income reviewed in mandatory and non-mandatory activities in Kecamatan Mutiara. The population in Mutiara sub-district is 20,810 people, through the Slovin formula, the sample is 393 people. The sampling technique used is proportionate stratified random sampling. Calibration of regression parameters used Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method with Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 22 software. The result showed that mandatory activity of movement of household structure 2 children influenced by gender factor, age and ownership of the driving license, the rise of household income movements 3 million is influenced by age factor, number of family members already employed, number of motorcycles in the family, number of cars in the family, and ownership of the driving license. In non-mandatory activities, the rise of household income movements of 3 million is influenced by sex factors, and education level, the rise of household income movements 3 million is influenced by occupational factors, number of family members employed, number of family members in school, the number of motorcycles in the family, the number of cars in the family, and the ownership of the driver's license.

EROSION PREDICTION AND CONSERVATION PLANNING IN THE BUBUH SUB-WATERSHED, BANGLI REGENCY

Erosion is a natural process that is difficult to remove or zero erosion rates. The purpose research was analysing erosion hazard and conservation planning. The method used is a survey and take soil samples for analysis in the laboratory. Parameters analysed: texture, volume weight, permeability and organic matter. Soil erosion rate is calculated with USLE. The calculation results show that erosion is very light (land units 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12) and light (land units 5). The highest value is in moor land use (29.83 tons/ha /year) and the lowest is rice field land use (0.003 tons/ha/year). The level of erosion hazard is classified as very mild and mild, but the actual erosion that occurs exceeds tolerable erosion. Conservation actions is by increasing plant density, planting soil cover crops, adding organic matter, mulching, repair existing terraces.

Mapping rice crop using sentinels (1 SAR and 2 MSI) images in tropical area: A case study in Fogera wereda, Ethiopia

Though optical remote sensing has various importance for land-cover mapping and monitoring, it is very difficult to assess and monitor rice agriculture over large areas due to its cloud cover and the nature of rice agriculture. Therefore, we integrate Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) with Sentinel-2 multispectral sensor (MSI) images to map rice field extent in a tropical area between 1774 and 2494 m above sea level (Fogera wereda, Ethiopia). First, we extract the temporal backscatter (TB) value of rice fields and background land-cover types at the Vertical transmitted and Vertically received (VV) and Vertically transmitted and Horizontal received (VH) polarizations. Second, Classification And Regression Trees (CART) model was applied to identify the optimal node and map the rice field and other Land Use Land Covers. Third, the map from Sentinel-1A image was integrated with Sentinel-2A image products (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI)) to improve the classification accuracy. The result shows that the TB value of rice increased sharply at the early planting stage and decreased during the high flooding stages. The increase in rice backscatter is more sustained at the Sentinel-1A VH polarization, and two-class separability measure further shows that VH is better than VV in discriminating rice fields. The CART model result shows August 01, 2017 is the best imaging date to map rice fields that account 19,892.5 ha of the study area with F1-macro accuracy 0.71. The integration of NDVI and MNDWI from Sentinel-2A image with TB increased the accuracy by 0.08. The refined land use land-cover map shows 19,157.8 ha of rice field.

Identification and conversion rate of rice field in Semarang year 2000-2019

The development of population will be followed by efforts to fulfill facilities and infrastructure also development efforts and the impact is land conversion. Land which often get conversion is rice field, so it causes shrinkage of rice field land. This study aims to determine the extent and shrinkage rate of rice field in Semarang. The method used in this study was imagery satellitein 2000-2019 and calculated with ArcGIS 10.6.1. The results showed that in Semarang there are rice fields shrinkageabout 2,368 hectares (Ha)from 2000 to 2019 or 50,81% of shrinkage rate.

KAPABILITAS ORGANISASI DINAS PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN BAGI PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI KOMODITAS PADI DI KABUPATEN SUBANG TAHUN 2016-2018

The organizational capability of the Local Office of Agriculture and Food Plantation for improving the rice commodity production in Subang Regency year 2016-2018 had not been suitable yet with the plan of the Local Government of Subang Regency as regulated in the Local Regulation No. 14/2014 concerning the Local Middle Term Development Plan of Subang Regency Year 2014-2018 in order to increase the rice commodity production from 1.1 million ton to 1.6 million ton. The aim of this research is to describe the organizational capability of the Local Office of Agriculture and Food Plantation for improving the rice commodity production. The method of this research is descriptive. This research uses the primary and secondary data. The data of this research is qualitatively analyzed. The results of this research indicate that the organizational capability for improving the rice commodity production could not develop the new irrigation and optimize the rice field land yet. Moreover, the rice plantation time planned three times a year was not achieved because of the lack of water supply. Consequently, the achievement of rice commodity production in last 2018 was only 1.3 million ton. The knowledge and skills of the civil servants at field could not be practiced yet. The organizational capability had not been suitable yet with the program of irrigation reconstruction and the supporting infrastructures. Therefore, the Local Office of Agriculture and Food Plantation and other local organizations related to the agricultural sector had not optimally co-operated yet.Keywords: Organizational Capability, Rice Commodity, Agriculture and Food Plantation.

Diversity and abundance of insect pest of low land rice field in Lamahi, Dang district of Nepal

A study on diversity and abundance of insects in rice field was conducted at farmer field of Lamahi, Dang during July to October in 2019. Insects were collected using sweep net and light trap. Overall, 414 insect specimen representing 11 families and 8 orders were collected during the period. Grasshopper (23.98%) with including all species was the most abundance insect found in rice field as it followed by brown plant hopper (16.62%). Among the eight insect orders captured Orthoptera (29.16%) was the most abundance insect order followed by Homoptera (16.62%). As the diversity of insect pest in this area may responsible economic losses was found which will be useful to adapt appropriate management practices to keep them at normal area. The presence of natural enemies should conserve to enhance the natural biological control of insect pests.