Rice Exports Research Articles

What explains rice exports? An analysis of major rice‐exporting countries

AbstractThis study examines the drivers of rice trade. The analysis uses the standard comparative advantage model, the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek (HOV) framework, supplemented with a gravity‐type equation. Using the Poisson pseudo‐maximum likelihood (PPML) estimation for data from 2002 to 2020, the analysis broadly confirms HOV model predictions. Results indicate that arable land, along with GDP, distance, precipitation and crop season temperature, significantly influences rice trade dynamics. The results showed that the precipitation play a key role in influencing the rice trade rather than the blue water availability. However, agricultural water stress discouraged exports and encouraged imports.

Targeted opportunities to mitigate water scarcity, inequality, and inequity embedded in international food trade for vulnerable countries

International food trade reshapes regional water scarcity through virtual water transfers (VWT), influencing water use equality and equity. This study examines eight populous yet impoverished countries in Africa and Asia, representing 30 % of the global poor population and contributing 20 % to agricultural VWT. Despite their significant role, these countries have been understudied due to a lack of data or attention. By integrating multiple datasets and models, we assess how international food trade impacts water scarcity, inequality, and inequity within these countries and identify the driving factors. Our findings reveal varied outcomes: Uganda and Ethiopia benefit from reduced water scarcity (∼40 % and ∼7 %) and improved equality and equity (∼90 % and ∼68 %), while India and Pakistan face exacerbated scarcity (∼4 % and ∼2 %) and widening inequality and inequity (∼4 % and ∼7 %). The effects are largely driven by critical trade flows of staple and cash crops like rice, sugar cane, and cotton among developing countries, propelled by comparative advantages in agricultural production, econo-geography, food demand, and water endowment between importers and exporters. Addressing these water challenges involves diversifying import channels to reduce reliance on detrimental trade flows, such as India's rice exports to Iran, while promoting beneficial flows, like Bangladesh's cotton imports from India, through trade agreements. Additionally, implementing pro-poor water policies (e.g., providing water subsidies) and water-saving techniques (e.g., adopting drip irrigation) is crucial, though caution is needed to avoid unintendedly marginalizing vulnerable groups through large-scale water projects.

Effect of temperature on moisture sorption isotherm characteristics of Thai jasmine paddy (Khao Dawk Mali 105)

Mathematical models of moisture sorption isotherms were evaluated to assess their suitability for long grain paddy (Khao Dawk Mali 105) across various temperature ranges. Paddy samples were placed in sealed containers with relative humidity controlled, ranging from 5.32% to 84.34%, and temperatures maintained from 25 to 70 °C, until equilibrium between the samples and the container's atmosphere was reached. Results showed that for both desorption and adsorption isotherms, equilibrium moisture content (EMC) decreases with an increase in temperature at constant water activity. However, at constant temperature, when water activity increases, EMC also increases. Additionally, the sorption isotherms exhibit a hysteresis effect. At 25 °C, the Henderson model proved to be the most suitable. At 40 °C, the Chung and Pfost model was best suited for adsorption, while the Henderson model was optimal for desorption. At 60 °C, the Peleg model was the most appropriate for adsorption, and the Henderson model remained the most suitable for desorption. At 70 °C, the Peleg model was the most suitable for both adsorption and desorption. The application of mathematical modeling to predict the EMC of jasmine rice at various temperature and relative humidity levels is crucial for efficient storage and processing planning within the rice export industry.

Trends and performances of non-basmati rice export from Tamil Nadu

Trends and performances of non-basmati rice export from Tamil Nadu

Bilateral Trade Welfare Impacts of India’s Export Ban of Non-Basmati Rice Using the Global Partial Equilibrium Simulation Model (GSIM)

India, the world’s leading rice exporter, banned the export of non-Basmati white rice, accounting for 25% of its total exports (or 10% of the global rice trade). The ban aims to ensure availability to domestic Indian consumers and reduce domestic market prices, impacting global rice market accessibility, consumers, and producers across twelve regions. The study utilized the global simulation model (GSIM) to analyze the effects of trade restrictions on industries. The model uses national product differentiation to assess trade policy changes at global, regional, or national scales. It examined importer and exporter effects on trade values, tariff revenues, exporter surplus, and importer surplus. It found that India’s Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) ban on non-Basmati rice resulted in a higher local price and a negative global net welfare impact of USD 1.7 billion. The losses decreased to USD 1.4 billion when importing countries responded by reducing rice import tariffs by 25% and USD 1.1 billion when importing countries reduced tariffs by 75%. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Gulf Cooperation Council regions were most affected. The study also found minimal impact on consumer surplus in India due to inelastic rice demand.

Impact of heavy metal hazard perceptions on pollution control intentions: Empirical evidence from rice farmers in China

Heavy metal pollution presents significant challenges to global sustainable development. The treatment of such pollution predominantly relies on government policies, often neglecting farmers' crucial role in the remediation process. Therefore, this study investigates the driving mechanisms behind farmers' willingness to control heavy metal pollution in farmland. By analyzing survey data from 718 rice farmers in China, this study employs the Probit model to quantitatively assess the impact of farmers' perceptions of heavy metal hazards on their inclination to control pollution in farmland. Additionally, it examines the heterogeneity of these impacts between cultivated rice for domestic consumption and rice for export. The findings reveal the following: (1) Approximately 70% of farmers recognize the harmful effects of heavy metals, but only 66.2% of them express willingness to engage in pollution control measures. (2) More awareness regarding heavy metal hazards corresponds to a stronger intention to control pollution. (3) In addition to hazard perception, households with village cadres demonstrate a significantly positive influence on pollution control intention. (4) There are notable disparities in farmers' attitudes towards retained rice (for domestic consumption) and exported rice, with a greater willingness to implement pollution control measures for retained rice. As such, this study provides valuable insights for informing policy development to address the challenges associated with heavy metal pollution control's complex and limited effects. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the Chinese context as a typical developing country, offering analytical cases that promote global sustainable development while leveraging Chinese wisdom.

Response of the Northeast China grain market to climate change based on the gravity model approach

Scientific evidence has revealed that climate change negatively affects agricultural crop production both regionally and globally. Previous studies have indicated that the role of climate change is significant in some parts of China. Thus, assessing the impact of the future climate on the grain market is vital for ensuring regional and national food security. In this study, regional climate model (RCM 4.5 and 8.5) simulations were employed to investigate the role of future climate change on a major grain-producing market in China (Northeast China). For this purpose, historical (2004–2017) and future (2020–2076) data were applied in the gravity model to examine the effects of climate change on the Northeast China grain market. The results revealed that the maximum temperature is a crucial climate factor that significantly affects the grain market. The analysis revealed that precipitation was positively related and that the temperature was significantly negatively related to domestic consumption and exports of rice, maize, and soybean. Moreover, the analysis of the RCM (4.5 and 8.5) simulations revealed a negative contribution of the maximum temperature to domestic consumption and export levels. Overall, the analysis enhances our understanding of the impacts of climate change on the Northeast China grain market.

Analysis of Rice Trade and Food Security in Southeast Asian Countries

The rice trade serves to maintain sufficient rice stocks to meet domestic country demands. The world’s main rice exporters and importers are located in the Southeast Asia region, so the volume change of traded rice can affect the flow of trade. Given the strategic importance of rice, numerous nations have stepped in to control the domestic rice market, to ensure political stability as well as food security. This article aims to examine how the rice trade has evolved in Southeast Asia with respect to food security. The study aims are addressed by the application of the descriptive analysis method. The findings indicate that from 110.5 million tones in 2010–2011 to 128.3 million tones in 2021–2022, Southeast Asian countries accounted for 1.22% of global rice imports, >22% of the world’s total rice consumption. In the meantime, the annual growth rate of rice exports was 3.3%. Over the past 10 years, ASEAN’s net rice exports have made up 53.3% of the world’s total and are expected to reach about 54.8%. Southeast Asian countries intervene in the rice market through international trade policies, both in the form of export bans and domestic rice price stabilization policies, to maintain rice stocks to strengthen the level of food security. Southeast Asia’s economic integration through the ASEAN Economy Community is an important moment to become the basis for achieving food security at the regional levels while at the same time making the rice market more open among Southeast Asian countries. Keywords: rice, trade, policy, Southeast Asia

How far India has succeeded in harnessing its export potential in rice? Evidence Using Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model

This study employs the stochastic frontier gravity model (SFGM) to objectively assess the determinants of India’s rice exports from 2001 to 2019 across 22 major export destinations, highlighting untapped export potential and providing actionable policy recommendations for enhancing competitiveness in global rice markets. Results show that India's economic growth (GDP) and the GDP of importing nations positively impact rice exports. Conversely, geographical distances (representing transportation costs) and higher import tariffs act as deterrents. The devaluation of the Indian rupee positively influences export revenues. Common language benefits exports, while regional trade agreements show minimal impact. The study estimates significant untapped export potential between India and its partners, emphasizing the need for improved trade facilitation, logistics, and agreements. To maximize India's rice export potential, policymakers should prioritize quality compliance, streamline regulations, and invest in infrastructure and R&D for rice cultivars. Negotiating favorable trade agreements and implementing existing export policies like the New Agricultural Export Policy will aid market access and competitiveness.

Analisis Peluang dan Ancaman Perdagangan Bahan Pangan serta Kebijakan untuk Mengatasinya: Studi Kasus Indonesia dan Thailand

This research examines the potential for Indonesian agricultural exports to Thailand in the context of ASEAN trade. The analysis focuses on the comparative advantages of the two countries in key agricultural commodities such as rice, corn, sugar, palm oil and coffee. Production and export data for 2022 shows that Indonesia is ahead in palm oil and coffee production, while Thailand is dominant in rice and sugar exports. The 2021-2023 trade balance of both countries shows a deficit, with Thailand experiencing a much larger deficit. Despite facing challenges such as price fluctuations, climate and trade regulations, Indonesia has the opportunity to increase its agricultural exports to Thailand by improving production efficiency and product quality.

SONA SUPER BASMATI: A NEW EXTRA-LONG GRAIN HIGH YIELDING RICE VARIETY WITH EXCELLENT COOKING QUALITY

Abstract Rice crop feeds about half of the world’s population which is getting larger and hungrier with every tick of the clock. Basmati rice being a geographical speciality of Pakistan is widely proclaimed as one of the finest rice available throughout the world due to its unique aroma, taste, and texture. Changing consumer behavior and preferences for basmati rice i.e., extra-long grain length along with excellent cooking quality, reiterates the revitalization of rice breeding objectives to develop suitable basmati rice varieties. In this context, plant breeders at Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku identified a suitable transgressive segregant from F2 segregating population of a cross (PK 10436) between the famous basmati rice variety “Basmati 515” (female parent) and 99417 (male parent). The initial cross of PK 10436-4-2 was accomplished during Kharif, 2010 followed by its rigorous selection and purification in succeeding generations through the pedigree method till F4 generation in Kharif, 2014. After its development, PK 10436-4-2 was evaluated in Station Yield Trials (Kharif, 2016 - 2019) for various yields and its attributing traits in which it gave a cumulative 31.37 % yield advantage over the check variety (Super Basmati). Meanwhile, multi-locational yield evaluation was accomplished in Micro-plot Yield Trials and National Uniform Yield Trials for two consecutive years (Kharif, 2020 - 2021) at various locations across Pakistan; in which, PK 10436-4-2 out-yielded the check variety by 17.50 % and 19.75 % respectively. In addition to superior yield indices, PK 10436-4-2 showed excellent cooking quality i.e., extra-long grain length (AGL = 9.5 mm; CGL = 17.5 mm), with strong aroma. The aforementioned superior credentials of this candidate line led to its approval for general cultivation as “Sona Super Basmati” in the 56th meeting of the Punjab Seed Council, Punjab, Pakistan. In the future, prospects of cultivating Sona Super Basmati could create new vistas not only in local rice consumption but also in the basmati rice export of Pakistan.

Assessing the Implications of the Red Sea Conflict on the Indian Supply Chain: A Comprehensive Analysis

The Red Sea, a vital trading route for India, is disrupted by the ongoing conflict between the Houthi rebels and Israel. This study aims to investigate how the dispute affects India’s supply chain in several different industries. The possible repercussions include restricted access to raw materials, delays and higher prices in maritime transportation, and concerns of energy scrutiny from disruptions in gas and oil. To lessen the impact on the economy we examine alternate trade routes and assess the potential effects on investors’ confidence. This study aims to examine and assess the diverse repercussions of the Red Sea War on the Indian supply chain offering insights on strategic planning, policy decisions and risk mitigation measures for the Indian government, businesses and stakeholders. The Red Sea crisis has had a multifaceted impact on different sectors of the Indian economy. In the healthcare sector, a huge number of medical supplies and prescription drugs which are transported via sea have seen a spike in the shipping cost due to rerouting which has disrupted the medical supply chain. On the other hand, there is no direct impact on the consumer sector; however, the increased freight prices and geopolitical concerns impact the wholesale price index which is expected to hike and influence the food grain prices and exports of basmati rice in particular owing to the well-established domestic supply chain. The FMCG industry is comparatively protected from the adverse effects of the crisis in contrast to industries such as agricultural and maritime foods. This crucial route, particularly affecting goods moving between Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, historically used for nearly half of India's exports and a third of imports, is now deemed unsafe. Ships are being rerouted around Africa's Cape of Good Hope, leading to a 30% increase in transit times and a surge in shipping costs. Indian companies are feeling the heat – Arvind Ltd. faces lost revenue due to order backlogs, while exporters like Euro Fruits grapple with quadrupled freight costs and declining grape quality. The auto industry is also impacted, with companies like MG Motor India experiencing delays and rising logistics expenses. India’s energy, resources and industrial sectors have all been severely disrupted by the Red Sea crisis with critical exports including chemicals and petroleum products being heavily impacted. Since the Suez Canal handles a significant amount of India’s import of crude oil, rerouting owing to continual conflicts presents logistical difficulties and possible inflationary pressures. The government is actively engaging in efforts to mitigate these impacts by looking into alternative shipping lanes and providing assistance to affected exports. The possibility of delays and financial costs is still a major issue for businesses navigating obstacles relating to insurance premiums and logistical difficulties. To navigate these challenges, the Indian government is exploring a multi-pronged approach. Financial support in the form of direct subsidies, soft loans, and government-backed cargo insurance could help businesses offset increased costs and mitigate risks associated with delays and rerouting. Additionally, India is looking to diversify its trade routes by exploring alternative sources for crude oil and LNG imports, along with utilizing ports outside the conflict zone. Long-term solutions are also being considered, such as investing in the Northern Sea Route and expanding land transport infrastructure. Renewed focus on the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) project could offer a comprehensive network connecting India, the Middle East, and Europe. By implementing these strategies, India can build a more resilient supply chain and minimize the long-term impact of the Red Sea conflict on its trade.

Investigating the long-term dynamics of basmati rice and agricultural exports in India: A var approach

Investigating the long-term dynamics of basmati rice and agricultural exports in India: A var approach

The Impact of Multinational Grain Export Restrictions on China

India is an important exporter of rice in the world. In 2022, India's total rice exports accounted for over 40% of the world's rice exports. With India's announcement of restrictions on rice exports, the import price of rice has also increased. As a populous country, although China has high grain production, due to factors such as food security and balancing international trade, China also imports a large amount of grain from other countries every year. Since 2022, many countries, including Russia, Brazil, and others, have also chosen to restrict grain exports due to certain factors. Although China's rice production can make it self-sufficient, the situation for other agricultural products is not the same. If the largest exporting country of some crops with low yields China restricts their export, it will undoubtedly have an impact on China's imports and market, as the difficulty of importing these crops has increased. This article aims to analyze the impact of grain export constraints on China through literature review to demonstrate the impact of grain export restrictions from other countries on China in order to draw attention to the impact of grain export restrictions on China.

Environmental Efficiency of Monsoon Rice (Oryza sativa) Production between Transplanting and Broadcasting Sowing Methods in Myanmar

Introduction Myanmar relies on rice for its food security and economic significance, ranking seventh in the world for rice exports as of 2021. The most significant concern in rice production is exceeding the recommended nitrogen (N) fertilizer usage rate. Nitrogen is a crucial fertilizer for rice production, but it poses negative environmental consequences, such as nitrous oxide emissions. Therefore, this study intended to assess the technical (TE) and environmental efficiency (EE) of monsoon rice production in Myanmar and compare the efficiencies of broadcasting (BC) and transplanting (TP) sowing methods. Methods A translog stochastic frontier production function approach estimated the output-oriented technical efficiency and environmental efficiency of monsoon rice production. The study conducted face-to-face interviews with 317 farmers in Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, Myanmar. Results The overall mean TE and EE were 81% and 23%, respectively. The average TE and EE for N fertilizer were 84% and 35% using the TP method and 80% and 20% using the BC method, respectively. Conclusion Our findings confirmed that the TP method was technically and environmentally superior to the BC method. The adoption of the TP method should be promoted by highlighting its positive impacts on achieving sustainable monsoon rice production in Myanmar.

Domestic and international impacts of rice export restrictions: The recent case of indian non-basmati rice

This study examines the impact of India's export restrictions on domestic retail rice prices using a dynamic panel GARCH model. The findings suggest that export restrictions are not a sufficient condition to lower domestic prices. Export restrictions are associated with lower retail price volatility in the East Zone. Moreover, the international price transmission to a sample of Asian and African economies shows that all countries are vulnerable, but the degree and kinds of vulnerability differ. Rice exporters appear to be the most susceptible as domestic prices increase in these countries. Rice importers are also vulnerable because of price increases, but the increases are less than in countries where the private sector decides on import quantities.

Application and Management of Nitrogenous Fertilizer in Rice Field: A Review

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most significant cereal in the world. Globally, the top rice producing country is China, while India is the world’s second largest producer and the largest exporter of rice in the world. It covers one-third of the total cultivated area in India as it is one of the major staple food crops. The application of nitrogenous fertilizer in crop production system is an important aspect of modern crop management practices and one of the determining factors to increase crop yield and thereby keeping pace with the expanding human population. Rice production can be increased by the application of nitrogenous fertilizer whether organic or inorganic at an appropriate time and place. The fertilizer should be applied in multiple split doses depending on the soil’s nutritional status, crop demand and the sources of nutrients. However, most of the nitrogenous fertilizer applied to rice fields is not taken up by rice plants but instead lost to the environment as ammonia, nitrate and nitrous oxide. The ‘reactive N’ also known as fixed N has a negative impact on human health as well as causes serious environmental problems. Surface runoff, denitrification, ammonium volatilization and leaching should all be managed in order to reduce the nitrogen loss from rice fields. Sustainable and environmentally friendly fertilizer management techniques raise the crop yields and enhance the sustainable soil fertility status. So it is necessary to implement management practices in order to reduce nitrogen losses and increase the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in rice production.

The Plantation Carbon Complex: Slavery and the Origins of Climate Change in the Early Modern British Atlantic

Abstract: In recent years, scholars working across the humanities and social sciences have suggested that agricultural land use emissions from early modern enslaved labor plantations may have played an important role in the origins of anthropogenic, or human-induced, climate change. Yet historians of slavery and the early modern Atlantic world have been slow to engage with this argument. Focusing on the major enslaved-grown export commodities of the colonial British Atlantic world, this paper employs a carbon accounting method to test whether enslaved labor plantations and enslaved-grown exports substantially increased agricultural land use emissions in the early modern British Atlantic and how they compared to British fossil fuel emissions—namely, coal burning—in the colonial period. For each of the major types of plantations modeled—tobacco, rice, and sugar—enslaved labor, regardless of crop, decisively increased the amount of carbon any single household could emit. But the wide divergence in emissions between different plantation types and export crops suggests that enslaved labor was only one essential, though not singular, factor shaping the carbon footprint of enslaved-based plantations and enslaved-grown commodities. It was instead the interaction of the multiple factors comprising what we call the plantation carbon complex —racial and gender ideologies, crop ecologies, capital requirements, African agricultural knowledge, and enslaved resistance, among other factors—that determined an individual plantation or commodity's emissions. Nonetheless, the results reveal that the combined emissions of enslaved-grown tobacco, rice, and sugar exports far surpassed not only the emissions of the major non-enslaved-grown agricultural exports of the British Atlantic colonies but also British coal emissions throughout the eighteenth century. The form of enslaved-based racial capitalism represented by colonial British plantations thus marked an important transition in the shift toward a more carbon-intensive global economy.

Interrelationships Among the Rice Export Prices of Major Exporting Countries: In Search of the Leader and Followers

AbstractBy examining the econometric interrelationships of rice export prices of India, Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, the U.S., Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay, this study examines the most influential rice-exporting countries in the international rice export market. The sampled countries are the source of more than 80% of the global rice exports. In the process, this study relies on online data portals of the United Nations and country-level sources for aromatic and non-aromatic rice export price information from India, Pakistan, and Thailand. This study employed the Prais-Winsten and Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) estimation processes with the error correction procedure. Combining the findings from both models, this study concludes that in terms of interactions, the non-aromatic long-grain rice price of the U.S., and the aromatic rice price of Pakistan are the most correlated prices in the international rice market. Considering the number of countries influenced by the price of a given country, our results indicate that Vietnam is the price leader in the non-aromatic long-grain market, followed by Argentina, Brazil, and India. India, the largest exporter, is the fourth top price leader. In the case of aromatic rice, Thailand is the absolute leader. Many countries in Asia and Africa rely on rice imports to meet domestic demand, where the food security situation is already precarious. Based on the findings, this study suggests closely monitoring rice production and export trends of Vietnam, Argentina, Brazil, India and Thailand to provide early warning when necessary to better manage supply shocks in the international rice market.

Trade Pattern of Indian Basmati Rice: A Markov Chain Approach

The present study was undertaken to study the trade dynamics of basmati rice using the Markov-Chain approach. The findings indicated that the most unstable market during the first period was Iraq and the USA, and in the second period, was the USA, respectively, with zero probability retention. The projected export share of major importing countries indicated that the UAE, the Yemen Republic, and Saudi Arabia were likely to increase their export share. At the same time, Iran is expected to lose its share in Indian Basmati rice exports in the coming years. However, India has retained its original import markets and explored new markets as a comparative advantage. In order to sustain itself in the global market, the Government should focus on improving export infrastructure facilities.