Extraction Of Rice Bran Oil Research Articles

Valorization of Residual Fractions from Defatted Rice Bran Protein Extraction: A Carbohydrate-Rich Source for Bioprocess Applications

Defatted rice bran (DRB) is the by-product of rice bran oil extraction and presents approximately 66% carbohydrates and 15% proteins, a composition with the potential to integrate biorefinery systems. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of residual fractions from ultrasound-assisted protein extraction from DRB as sources of carbohydrates in bioprocesses. First, DRB was exposed to protein extraction in an alkaline medium assisted by ultrasound. The residual fractions, including the precipitate from the extraction process (P1) and the supernatant from protein precipitation (S2), were combined and autoclaved to gelatinize the starch. Enzyme activity tests showed that a temperature of 70 °C was optimal for the simultaneous application of α-amylase and amyloglucosidase (AMG). To study enzymatic hydrolysis, a Full Factorial Design (FFD) 22 was employed, with α-amylase and AMG concentrations ranging from 0.12 to 0.18 mL∙L−1 and a substrate concentration (P1/S2 ratio) between 30 and 70 g∙L−1, resulting in a maximum of 18 g∙L−1 of reducing sugars (RS). Fermentation assays with Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated that the hydrolysate of the residual fractions was effective for ethanol production (8.84 g∙L−1 of ethanol; YP/S: 0.614 gethanol∙gRS−1; η: 120.24%), achieving results comparable to control media (with sucrose as the substrate), indicating its potential for application in bioprocesses. These outcomes highlight a promising technological approach for utilizing DRB in integrated biorefineries.

Methyl Ester Production from Rice Bran Oil and Methanol with Calcium Carbonate Catalysts Using Esterification Method

Rice bran oil is a type of oil with high nutritional value from rice bran. However, the free fatty acid content in it can increase by more than 60% with sufficient storage time. Free fatty acids contained in rice bran have the potential to be produced into biodiesel (methyl ester). This research aimed to determine the effect of methanol volume and esterification process time on biodiesel yield and to compare methyl ester yield to standard biodiesel. This research was conducted in two stages, namely rice bran oil extraction and esterification. In the extraction stage, rice bran was extracted with n-hexane for 3 hours at an operating temperature of 65oC. The esterification process was carried out by mixing rice bran oil, methanol with a certain volume (100, 125, 150, 175, 200 mL), and calcium carbonate catalyst as much as 1% of the amount of methanol. Esterification was carried out with time variations of 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 and 3 hours. The results in the form of rice bran oil were analyzed for the value of the biodiesel yield. The result of rice bran oil was analyzed for initial free fatty acid value. Pure biodiesel product in the form of methyl ester was obtained through separation with glycerol as a by-product. The optimum methyl ester yield was 81.70% at 175 ml methanol volume for 3 hours. The methyl ester results are in accordance with SNI biodiesel for density and kinematic viscosity values.

Pressurized liquid extraction with ethanol in an intermittent process for rice bran oil: Evaluation of process variables on the content of β-sitosterol and phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, and oil quality

Rice bran is rich in lipids and normally contains the enzyme lipase, which degrades these lipids, making the oil unsuitable for consumption. This study analyzed a sustainable technique for extracting rice bran oil using ethanol as a solvent and compared this with traditional methods that use petroleum-derived solvents that are considered unsustainable and harmful to health. The pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of this oil in an intermittent process showed yields between 24.83% and 27.22%, which is higher than those reported in the literature due to polar compounds in the extracted oils. The oil's acidity ranged from 2.79% to 3.22%, and the oxidative stability ranged from 0.04 h to 0.16 h. The levels of β-Sitosterol, phenolic compounds, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, and antioxidant capacity were also evaluated. The results suggest that the PLE in an intermittent process can be a sustainable and effective alternative for the extraction of rice bran oil using ethanol as a solvent, providing satisfactory yields and preserving the quality of the oil.

Kinetic parameter for scale-up and γ-oryzanol content of rice bran oil as antioxidant: Comparison of maceration, ultrasonication, pneumatic press extraction

Rice bran oil is one of oryzanol source oils. Oryzanol is an antioxidant compound that is related to the absorption of cholesterol, and is used in hyperlipidemia treatment and menopause problems. RBO extraction, purification and its γ-oryzanol content have been carefully reviewed. The quality and concentration of γ-oryzanol depend on the extraction process and purification. In selecting the extraction method to obtain the highest oryzanol content, in addition to comparing the concentration of oryzanol obtained and it can also be done by comparing the extraction kinetics parameters. Modeling according to physical or empirical kinetics can contribute in increasing the result of extraction. This study aims to determine the highest oryzanol content in rice bran oil, comparing several extraction methods and studies of rice bran oil extraction kinetic is necessary for scale up purposes. In this study is conducted Rice Bran Oil Extraction with n-Hexane solvent using several different methods, such as maceration, ultrasonication, and pneumatic press extractions. Independent variable that is used is the extraction time and yield as dependent variable. The study shows that the best extraction method to get the highest yield is 10.34 % by ultrasonicator and oryzanol content is 5.09 mg/g by a pneumatic press machine. According to kinetic parameter k2 is 0.001546, Cs is 0.0589, and h is 0.4707, R2 = 0.9715 obtained from extraction using ultrasonicator.

Contemporary Views of the Extraction, Health Benefits, and Industrial Integration of Rice Bran Oil: A Prominent Ingredient for Holistic Human Health.

Globally, 50% of people consume rice (Oryza sativa), which is among the most abundant and extensively ingested cereal grains. Rice bran is a by-product of the cereal industry and is also considered a beneficial waste product of the rice processing industry. Rice bran oil (RBO) is created from rice bran (20-25 wt% in rice bran), which is the outermost layer of the rice kernel; has a lipid content of up to 25%; and is a considerable source of a plethora of bioactive components. The main components of RBO include high levels of fiber and phytochemicals, including vitamins, oryzanols, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, which are beneficial to human health and well-being. This article summarizes the stabilization and extraction processes of rice bran oil from rice bran using different techniques (including solvent extraction, microwaving, ohmic heating, supercritical fluid extraction, and ultrasonication). Some studies have elaborated the various biological activities linked with RBO, such as antioxidant, anti-platelet, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-mutagenic, aphrodisiac, anti-depressant, anti-emetic, fibrinolytic, and cytotoxic activities. Due to the broad spectrum of biological activities and economic benefits of RBO, the current review article focuses on the extraction process of RBO, its bioactive components, and the potential health benefits of RBO. Furthermore, the limitations of existing studies are highlighted, and suggestions are provided for future applications of RBO as a functional food ingredient.

Unleashing the power of hydrous 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran for enhanced oil extraction from rice bran and soybean flakes

Promoting renewable solvents can play a ubiquitous role in sustainable development goals. The investigation delved into the influence of temperature, solvent-to-solid mass ratio, and solvent water content on the yield of rice bran and soybean oil extraction using 2-MeTHF. The JCOSMO software delineated the charge density of solvent and solute molecules. The rice bran oil extracted exhibited a higher free fatty acid content at 26.54 wt%, contrasting with 0.93 wt% for soybean oil. FT-IR analysis was conducted to identify the main functional groups present in the biomasses and oils. The broad and asymmetric XRD peak at 20° decreased in intensity for soybean and remained unchanged for rice bran. Response surface methodology underscored temperature as the most critical variable in oil extraction from both materials, with the solvent-to-solid mass ratio showing no significant impact. Enhanced water content in the solvent proved beneficial for oil extraction from both biomasses. Notably, 2-MeTHF demonstrated higher yields than n-hexane, reaching maximum yields of 20.24 ± 0.64 g/100 g for rice bran and 22.66 ± 0.34 g/100 g for soybean flakes. This study emphasizes critical parameters for achieving higher oil extraction efficiency, highlighting the superior performance of 2-MeTHF over n-hexane. The findings can potentially optimize the extraction process for rice bran and soybean flakes, providing significant benefits for industries reliant on oil. The kinetic investigations substantiated enhanced extraction yields when employing the hydrated solvent; nonetheless, these studies also revealed heightened challenges in attaining equilibrium.

Comparative analysis of solvent extraction of rice bran oil from various sources

This study investigated oil extraction from rice bran a by-product of rice gotten from different sources (Afikpo, Abakaliki, and Emene). The oil was extracted from different particle sizes (150 µm, 300 µm, and 420 µm) of the rice bran using three different solvents namely chloroform, petroleum ether, and n-hexane at constant time of 120 minutes via soxhlet extractor. The physiochemical properties of the extracted oil were boiling point, the saponification values and refractive index were 77 <sup>o</sup>C, 185.130, and 1.334, respectively. Also the acid value, surface tension, iodine value, and relative density were found to 15.040 g, 6.966×10<sup>2 </sup>N/M, 99.480, and 0.779, respectively. The obtained result based on source revealed that the maximum oil yield of 35.05 g was achieved from Abakaliki rice bran using chloroform solvent and particle size of 420 mm, whereas Emene and Afikpo gave 32.62 g and 14.18 g of oil, respectively from same solvent and particle size. Again, the highest volume of oil obtained in terms of solvent used were chloroform, petroleum ether, and n-hexane, in descending order. The physicochemical properties investigated, showed that the extracted rice bran oil (RBO) from the above three sources in Nigeria confirms RBO to be of good quality and can be utilized in many food industries after refining in form of additives/or industrial purposes as well as in generation of energy.

Extraction of Heat-Stabilised Defatted Rice Bran Protein by Solid-State Fermentation Using Heterofermentative Microbes from Traditional Asian Starters.

Heat-stabilised defatted rice bran (HSDRB) is a primary by-product of rice bran oil extraction industry and a nutritious source of protein. However, despite the unique nutritional profile of rice bran protein, the protein-rich by-product, HSDRB is underutilised as a low-value animal feed. Research on protein extraction from HSDRB by enzymatic hydrolysis has attracted the attention of numerous scientists. However, a cost-effective extraction method is required to mitigate the high costs associated with the use of enzymes. Therefore, we have presented an alternative economical and natural approach for protein extraction from HSDRB by solid-state fermentation (SSF) with heterofermentative microbes. SSF of HSDRB with two types of traditional Asian fermentation starters, namely loog-pang and koji, were evaluated for enzyme production and their efficacy in extracting proteins from HSDRB. For this purpose, HSDRB fermentation was carried out for 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h followed by 24-hour hydrolysis to evaluate the extracted rice bran protein. In addition, microbiome diversity in the fermentation starters was also determined by metagenomic sequencing of 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer to identify bacteria and fungi, respectively. The microbial community in the fermentation starters showed the dominance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as Bacillus subtilis in loog-pang and Streptococcus lutetiensis, Bacillus pumilus, Lactococcus cremoris, Lactococcus garvieae and Pediococcus pentosaceus in koji, while yeast species Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Saccharomyces cerevisiae dominated the fungal diversity in loog-pang and koji starters, respectively. The results suggest that loog-pang and koji can produce cellulase, neutral and acid proteases during fermentation. Despite the discrepancy in their microbial diversity and the enzyme activity during SSF, both starters could effectively increase protein extraction from HSDRB. A positive relationship between the SSF duration and extracted protein was observed. During SSF with loog-pang and koji after 72 h followed by 24-hour hydrolysis, 65.66 and 66.67 % protein was extracted from HSDRB, respectively. The amino acid analysis of the protein hydrolysate produced by the non-fermented and fermented methods showed no difference and had an abundance of glutamic and aspartic acids, leucine, arginine, alanine and glycine amino acids, which accounted for approx. 58 % of the total amino acids. Loog-pang and koji (traditional Thai and Japanese fermentation starters, respectively) were found to be effective in extracting proteins from HSDRB by SSF although they are inexpensive microbial enzyme sources. Future research aimed at scaling up HSDRB protein extraction for usage in industrial applications can draw on our results.

Rice bran stabilization using autoclave and optimization of crude rice bran oil recovery using ultrasound-assisted extraction

This research aimed to stabilize rice bran to reduce enzymatic reactions and optimize rice bran oil extraction using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The optimization was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that rice bran oil has three primary fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, palmitic). Stabilization of rice bran using an autoclave (121 °C) for 10 min was recommended, with oil yield (14.2%), free fatty acid/FFA (0.41%), and gamma oryzanol (16.1 ppm). The storage significantly affected oil yield and gamma oryzanol but not FFA (p>0.05). The untreated and stabilized rice bran FFA during 18-day storage ranged from 1.33 to 5.73% and 0.41 to 1.12%. This confirmed that stabilization could inactivate lipase enzymes by reducing FFA. The optimization showed that the linear model best explained oil yield, total phenol content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (IC50), while the 2FI model was best fitted for gamma oryzanol. The optimal condition was found for UAE extraction at an amplitude of 90% and a time of 30 min. Verifying optimal conditions resulted in oil yield (13.6%), TPC (44.8 mg GAE/g), IC50 (207.2 ppm), and gamma oryzanol (15.8 ppm). Further in-depth studies are required to investigate using green solvents in the UAE and gamma oryzanol purification.

Extraction of high-quality rice bran oil with CO2-expanded acetone for biofuel production

The high costs incurred in crude bio-oil refineries and environmental pollution during solvent oil extraction need to be addressed. Herein, a green technology for rice bran oil extraction using CO2-expanded acetone was investigated. The extraction conditions were optimized using the response surface method with a central composite rotatable design at a temperature range of 20–30 ℃, pressure range of 4.0–6.0 MPa, and a mole fraction of 0.70–0.82 CO2. In addition, the oil extraction and quality profiles at the optimum conditions were compared with the conditions offering the highest rice bran oil quality. The extracted rice bran oil had a phosphorus concentration of <18 ppm and the extraction yield increased upon a decrease in the CO2 mole fraction. The optimum conditions of 25 ℃, 5.0 MPa, and 0.76 CO2 mole fraction yielded a 4.2 ppm phosphorus concentration, 0.237 g-oil/g-sample oil yield, and a 9.60 wt% free fatty acid (FFA) concentration. Further, the separation of oil portions extracted at optimum conditions beyond 10th min of 120 min of extraction time, resulted in >52% rice bran oil with <5 ppm phosphorus concentration and <5 wt% FFA. CO2-expanded acetone was proven an efficient solvent for rice bran oil extraction, offering a wide range of extraction conditions and affording high-quality oil without requiring a refinery process.

Sustainable extraction of rice bran Oil: Assessing renewable solvents, kinetics, and thermodynamics

Rice bran (RB) oil extraction was performed by applying renewable solvents like ethanol and ethyl acetate. To assess the interaction of these solvents with the oil, the UNIFAC model was chosen to determine the infinite dilution activity coefficient. Soxhlet extraction was utilized to determine the maximum possible yield. The adequacy of the experimental data to mass transfer kinetic and thermodynamic models was investigated with response surface methodology. By the theoretical adjustment, statistical parameters (R²adj of 0.9398 for ethanol and 0.8525 for ethyl acetate) showed that the temperature and solvent/RB ratio have a notable influence on oil extraction. The experimental data agreed with the kinetic model based on solid-liquid mass transfer. The thermodynamic study showed that both solvents have endothermic, spontaneous, and irreversible processes. Interestingly, ethyl acetate had higher extraction yields at the beginning and reached its highest yield in a shorter time interval due to better compatibility with oily compounds present in rice bran and its lower viscosity.

Optimization of The Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction (AEE) of Rice Bran Oil With Cellulase Using Response Surface Methodology

Rice Bran Oil (RBO) is an oil extracted from rice bran with unsaturated fat content according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The enzymatic extraction process of rice bran for oil extraction using cellulase enzymes is considered effective because it is capable of producing oil. Parameters of temperature and incubation time have an influence on the yield of oil produced. So that research is needed regarding the optimum conditions of the enzymatic extraction process including temperature and incubation time on the yield and levels of FFA RBO.Software Design Expert was used in this study to optimize RBO extraction with cellulase using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method in the Central Composite Design (CCD) factorial experimental design. The selected independent variables consisted of incubation temperatures, namely 35, 50, and 65 0C and incubation time for 2, 3, and 4 hours. The results show that the RBO yield is 1.7% and the minimum target for FFA levels is 8.4% at a temperature of 51.5 0C with an incubation time of 4 hours. Processing data with Design expert software produces an analysis of ANOVA experimental data. Incubation time has a significant level (p0.05) on RBO yield and incubation temperature has a significant level (p0.05) on RBO FFA.

Rice Bran: From Waste to Nutritious Food Ingredients.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a principal food for more than half of the world's people. Rice is predominantly consumed as white rice, a refined grain that is produced during the rice milling process which removes the bran and germ and leaves the starchy endosperm. Rice bran is a by-product produced from the rice milling process, which contains many bioactive compounds, for instance, phenolic compounds, tocotrienols, tocopherols, and γ-oryzanol. These bioactive compounds are thought to protect against cancer, vascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Extraction of rice bran oil also generates various by-products including rice bran wax, defatted rice bran, filtered cake, and rice acid oil, and some of them exert bioactive substances that could be utilized as functional food ingredients. However, rice bran is often utilized as animal feed or discarded as waste. Therefore, this review aimed to discuss the role of rice bran in metabolic ailments. The bioactive constituents and food product application of rice bran were also highlighted in this study. Collectively, a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism and the role of these bioactive compounds exerted in the rice bran would provide a useful approach for the food industry and prevent metabolic ailments.

Rice bran oil extraction by ethanol: optimization of γ-oryzanol and polyphenol

Rice bran oil (RBO) contains γ-oryzanol and polyphenols which are very beneficial for health. The work investigated the effect of temperature (oC) (X1), time (hr) (X2), and volume of ethanol (mL) (X3) as a solvent on the oil yield (%) (Y1), γ-oryzanol (Y2), and total polyphenol content (TPC) of RBO (Y3) with apply reflux extraction method. The study was conducted using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Central Composite Design (CCD) model with three levels and six centre points. The data were analyzed using Design-Expert 10 software to create and evaluate models and to plot the response curves of three-dimensional surfaces. The maximum of Y1 = 16.4%, Y2 = 195.49 mg.L-1 , and Y3 = 1.02 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE).g-1 were achieved under the optimum conditions process of X1, X2, and X3 were 78.7oC, 1.6 hrs, and 496.5 mL ethanol/100 g rice bran, respectively. The average of Y1, Y2, and Y3 on verified models were 16.1±0.66%, 189.12±1.18 mg.L-1 , and 0.91±0.54 mg GAE.g-1 , respectively. These indicated that this method is very promising to be applied in industry and as an effort to apply the concept of "green" solvents that is safe for humans and the environment.

Optimization of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Rice Bran Oil and γ-Oryzanol Using Multi-Factorial Design of Experiment

After rice harvesting, the milling processes generate many by-products including husk, bran, germs, and broken rice representing around 40% of the total grain. Bran, one of the external cereal layers, contains proteins, dietary fibers, minerals, and lipids. One of the most common rice bran utilization is the extraction of rice bran oil (RBO). Among all vegetable oils, RBO presents a unique chemical composition rich in antioxidant compounds such as γ-oryzanol that provide several beneficial properties. RBO is generally extracted by exploiting hexane, a solvent toxic to the environment and human health. The growing demand for this oil has led researchers to look for more sustainable extraction techniques. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) has been successfully applied to extract oil and functional compounds from several matrices. In this work, the SC-CO2 extraction of RBO was optimized using a Design of Experiment (DoE) on a pilot scale. "The DoE approach involving multilinear regression allowed modelling the yield in RBO and gamma oryzanol as a function of temperature and pressure, keeping the extraction time constant, as decided by the company. This approach made it possible to optimize the extraction yield and to identify the best temperature (40 °C), while also highlighting that pressure did not play any influential role in the process, at least concerning the analyzed experimental domain on this industrial plant. A model for computing the extraction yield as a function of temperature and pressure was obtained. This study shows that it is possible to obtain good quality RBO, rich in γ-oryzanol and essential fatty acids, using low temperatures and pressures, starting from a rice milling by-product.Graphical

Extraction of rice bran oil using microwave-assisted extraction and green solvents

Rice bran oil (RBO) is a healthy vegetable oil made from rice bran. A microwave- assisted extraction method (MAE) was developed in this work to produce RBO with greater productivity than the conventional method, i.e., solvent extraction (SXE). Furthermore, green solvents such as ethanol and d-limonene were compared as an alternative to the less environmentally friendly n-hexane. An evaluation of energy consumption and raw material costs was conducted using the MAE method. The 30 mesh bran was stabilized in the oven for 30 min at 100°C followed by MAE extraction, which was performed by mixing 50 g of bran and 300 ml of solvents in a microwave oven set to 450 watts and 60°C for 60 min. Filter paper was used to separate the extract from the bran, and the oil was recovered by solvent evaporation. Finally, the oil was weighed and the fatty acid composition was determined by GC-MS. The results showed that the yield of RBO using d-limonene and MAE was the largest (24.64%) as well as consuming less energy (95Wh/gr oil). Linoleic acid was only found in the extraction with d-limonene and EtOH was successful in obtaining longer-chain saturated fatty acids.

Conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction of rice bran oil with isopropanol as solvent

After cereal harvesting, rice is subjected to several milling processes to remove hull, germ, and bran and produce the final white rice. The bran represents around 10% of total grain weight and is usually considered as waste material. One of the most common rice bran applications is the extraction of rice bran oil, rich in γ-oryzanol, which has shown many health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypercholesterolemic properties. Rice bran oil is usually extracted by organic solvents, which are toxic for health and the environment. In this work, rice bran oil was extracted through isopropanol extraction, and the best-operating temperature and bran to solvent ratio have been identified. After that, an ultrasound-assisted extraction was conducted at room temperature and with the same rice bran to solvent ratio of the isopropanol extraction.The kinetics evaluation through Peleg's model showed that the solvent extraction reaches the steady-state after 15 min while the ultrasound-assisted extraction reaches the steady-state after only 1 min producing very similar yields in rice bran oil and γ-oryzanol. Comparing these two green extraction techniques through a life cycle assessment, it has emerged that with the same amount of rice bran oil produced, the ultrasound-assisted extraction is the less environmentally impacting process. The room temperature ultrasound-assisted extraction allows minimizing the energy and time consumption demonstrating to be a sustainable process in line with the principles of green chemistry.

Extraction of Rice Bran Oil Using CO2-Expanded Hexane in the Two-Phase Region

The performance of CO2-expanded hexane in the vapor-liquid two-phase region was examined to extract phosphorus-free bio-oil from rice bran. Previously, it was found that in the uniform liquid phase region, it is difficult to maintain the phosphorus concentration at a stable and low level when the CO2 mole fraction changed slightly. To overcome this issue, the dependences of the phosphorus and free fatty acid concentrations, the oil solubility, and the oil yield on the CO2 mole fraction in the CO2-expanded hexane were measured at 25 °C, 5.1–5.2 MPa, and at a CO2 mole fraction of 0.88–0.94 in the two-phase region. Thus, a relatively constant phosphorus concentration of &lt;10 ppm was maintained in the extracted oil, which was ~1/50 of that in the oil extracted by hexane, thereby satisfying the European unified standard for biodiesel fuel. Furthermore, a high oil yield exceeding that of hexane extraction was maintained over all CO2 mole fractions. Moreover, the oil solubility in the CO2-expanded hexane decreased linearly with the CO2 mole fraction, and so this factor represented the oil-dissolving power of the extractant more accurately than the oil yield used previously. The free fatty acid concentration was 83% of that extracted by hexane.

Rice Bran Stabilisation and Oil Extraction Using the Microwave-Assisted Method and Its Effects on GABA and Gamma-Oryzanol Compounds.

Rice bran oil (RBO) is a valuable ingredient extracted from rice bran (RB), a side stream of polishing rice grain in the milling process. RBO is rich in bioactive ingredients with potential health benefits, such as gamma-oryzanol (GO) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Despite its benefits, the quality of RBO depends on the degree of stabilisation of the RB, which is easily affected by lipase enzymes, and thus needs an effective treatment prior to RBO production. To assess the potential of the microwave-assisted method for RB stabilisation and RBO extraction, three Carolino rice varieties (Ariete, Teti, Luna) were tested. The effect of RB stabilisation was evaluated via acid value, water absorption, and GO and GABA levels. The RBO yield was optimised by solvent, temperature, and solvent-to-sample ratio, and the GO and fatty acid levels were determined. The RB stabilisation for the Luna variety did not affect the GO and GABA; for the Ariete and Teti varieties, the GO decreased by 34.4% and 24.2%, and the GABA increased by 26.5% and 47.0%, respectively. The GO levels in RBO samples were not affected by RB stabilisation. The RBO nutritional value was confirmed by the suitable ratio (>2) between polyunsaturated (PUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA), with the Teti variety presenting the highest ratio.

A STUDY ON CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTINASE ASSISTED AQUEOUS EXTRACTION OF RICE BRAN OIL

The Rice bran oil is known as wonder oil because of its numerous health benefits. It has a number of advantages over other edible oils because of the presence of antioxidant known as oryzanol. The rice bran contains 10-26% oil depending on the factors like variety, milling process, and other conditions. Various solvents are currently used for rice bran oil extraction process at industrial sectors. These solvents are carcinogenic and also cause adverse effects to the environment. The enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction process has been regarded as an eco-friendly process. Pectinase enzyme is used to break down complex carbohydrates like pectin present in rice bran and allows easy oil extraction in aqueous solution. The present study aims to perform the aqueous extraction of rice bran oil using crude pectinase enzyme extracted from the pectinase producing bacteria Bacillus paramycoides and to study the oil characteristics. Out of the various solvents used in the study, hexane yielded highest percentage of oil. The oil yield was found to be 49.8% in 6 h. The total activity of enzyme was found to be 11 U/mL/min. 500 Units of enzyme was taken for rice bran oil extraction. The Average yield of oil was found to be 80.5% in 3 h and 76.9% in 6 h. The acid value, saponification value, iodine value and oryzanol content of the oil was found to be11.22, 84.15, 5.0 and 0.05 percentage respectively. The percentage of radical scavenging activity of the extracted rice bran oil was found to be 49.51%. The fatty acids present in the oil sample were analyzed by GC MS analysis.