Rice Blackgram Research Articles

Yield assessment of rice-black gram, rice-maize and rice-groundnut sequential cropping system influenced by rice establishment methods and nutrient management practices in the dry tract of the Southern zone of Tamil Nadu, India

Integrated nutrient management (INM) practices and suitable cropping systems are an effective and promising way for enhancing crop productivity. However, the impact of proper INM practices and cultivation methods in rice cropping systems in dry tracts remains unclear. The field study evaluated the suitable cropping system under different rice establishment methods with INM practices in a sequential cropping system( rice-black gram, rice-maize, and rice-groundnut). Treatments were designed as two rice establishment methods [Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) and Transplanted Rice (TPR)] and five INM practices [RDF-Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (120:40:40 kg NPK ha-1) alone, RDF + Poultry manure compost @ 5 t ha-1, RDF+ Coir pith compost @ 5 t ha-1, RDF+ Green manure @ 6.25 t ha-1 and RDF-Green leaf manure @ 6.25 t ha-1]. TPR with the INM practice of RDF + poultry manure compost @ 5 t ha-1 recorded maximum productive tillers m-2 (351), number of filled grains panicle-1 (130.2), grain yield (6709 kg ha-1) and straw yield (9015 kg ha-1) of rice. Rice fallow crops (black gram, maize and groundnut) recorded 10 – 24,10-18 and 10 - 21 % higher values of yield components and yield, respectively, in DSR with INM treatment of RDF + Green manure @ 6.25 t ha-1 . Thus, RDF plus green manure or poultry manure application is an apt INM practice for a rice-based sequential cropping system under DSR, and the rice-black gram is an economical and sustainable cropping system for dry tracts of the southern zone of Tamil Nadu.

Residual Effect of Nutrient Management Practices in Lowland Rice Varieties on Growth, Productivity, Economics and Nutrient Uptake of Succeeding Black Gram in Rice–Black Gram Cropping Sequence

A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons (December–March) of 2019–20 and 2020–21 to study the residual effect of nutrient management practices in lowland kharif rice varieties on succeeding black gram variety PU 31. The experiment was set in split plot design with four rice varieties in main plots (viz. CR 1009 sub-1, CR 1018, Pooja and Upahar) and six nutrient management practices in sub-plots [(viz. Control, 100% Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF: 80-40-40 kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1), 50% RDF+FYM (@ 8 t ha-1), 50% RDF+Sesbania green manuring (@ 1.5 t ha-1), Rice crop manager (115.5 -32.7-52.8- 25.0 kg N, P2O5, K2O, ZnSO4 ha-1+FYM @ 3 t ha-1) and Real time nitrogen management (RDF+customised leaf colour chart (CLCC)] and each treatment was replicated thrice. Among different nutrient management practices in rice, rice crop manager exhibited highest number of pods plant-1 (31.3), seeds pod-1 (7.8), 1000 seed weight (39.6 g), seed yield (877 kg ha-1), haulm yield (2512 kg ha-1), gross return (Rs. 51352 ha-1), net return (`Rs. 38947 ha-1) and return Rs.`-1 invested (`Rs. 4.14) and highest uptake of N (78.83 kg ha-1), P (7.60 kg ha-1) and K (53.09 kg ha-1) in residual black gram. This was at par with 50% RDF+FYM @ 8 t ha-1 and significantly higher than all other nutrient managements in preceding rice. So, nutrient management as per rice crop manger and 50% RDF+8 t FYM ha-1 to the preceding rice crop had significant residual influence in achieving highest yield and economic returns from succeeding black gram in rice-black gram cropping sequence.

Yield Gap Analysis through Cluster Front Line Demonstration in Blackgram at Tiruchirapalli District

Background: Black gram is one of the important crops among the pulses. Rice–blackgram cropping system is very common in Tamil Nadu. The traditional practice of broadcasting of seeds in the standing crop of rice does not ensure uniform plant population and moisture which results in poor crop growth and yield. Technology gap is a major problem in increasing blackgram production in Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil nadu State. So far, no systematic effort was made to study the technological gap existing in various components of blackgram cultivation. This project was implemented in Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) with main objective to increase the production and productivity through Cluster Frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) with latest technologies. Methods: The Cluster front line demonstration s were conducted with the objective of increase in pulse production. The five village of fifty nine Frontline demonstrations on blackgram (MDU-1) variety was laid out in an area of 50 hectares in farmer’s field in Ayelapettai, Jadamangalam, Sirugamani, Peruvanallur and Anjalam of Tiruchirapalli district in Tamil Nadu. The inputs i.e. distributed are blackgram (MDU-1) variety seed along with mechanized sowing, Result : There was 81.50 per cent increase in yield observed in demonstration plot over farmers’ practice. It was observed that potential yield can be achieved by imparting scientific knowledge to the farmers, providing the quality need based inputs and proper application of inputs. Combination of technical inputs viz., designer seeds, application of TNAU pulse wonder and biofertilizers with scientific interference have increased the potential yield of a crop.

Effect of 3D printing conditions and post-printing fermentation on pearl millet fortified idli.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology with numerous applications in the development of novel foods to meet personalized and special dietary needs. Using 3D printing, foods with modified textures and consistency can be prepared conveniently. In this work, an indigenous rice-black gram batter was fortified with pearl millet flour and 3D printed in the in-house developed extrusion-based food printer, Controlled Additive-manufacturing Robotic Kit (CARK™). The impact of material supply composition was investigated along with optimization of different printing parameters and an in-depth analysis of post-printing fermentation kinetics was undertaken. The shape changes in the 3D printed constructs during fermentation were analyzed using a pixel-count-based image-processing technique that correlates with the change in surface area. The addition of millet flour resulted in accelerated fermentation. At 20% w/w level, better printability with higher precision and layer definition was obtained at 800 mm min-1 of printing speed, 360 rpm extrusion motor speed, and 1.22 mm nozzle diameter with an extrusion rate of 15.57 mm3 s-1 . The constructs of pearl millet flour (PMF) fortified idli batter have shown good structural stability and creep recovery. Fermentation-assisted shape change was found to be significantly influenced by infill levels. Both raw and steamed constructs with 40% infill showed around 37% lower hardness than 100% infill constructs due to a porous inner structure with reduced expansion in the surface area/volume during fermentation. The results of the study provide insights into the scope of printing fermented foods through the food-to-food fortification approach and textural modification of foods using 3D printing by varying the infill levels. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Productivity and Nutrient Use Efficiency of Rice–Rice–Black Gram Cropping Sequence Are Influenced by Location Specific Nutrient Management

Nutrient management is critical for rice farming because the crop is grown under diverse conditions, and in most cases, the existing nutrient management practices fail to achieve an attainable yield target. During recent years site specific nutrient management gained importance for a target yield with maximum nutrient use efficiency. Sufficient research work has not been carried out in this direction so far in the rice–rice–pulse (black gram) sequential cropping system under the red and lateritic belt of West Bengal, India. A multi-locational field experiment was conducted from July 2013 to June 2015 at three different locations, namely, Guskara (Burdwan district) and Benuriya (Birbhum district) villages in farmers’ fields and at the university farm of Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India. The performance of nutrients was tested by providing ample doses of N, P, K, S, and Zn compared to the omission of these nutrients. The growth parameters, such as crop biomass production, leaf area index, and number of tillers, and yield attributes and yield were influenced by nutrient management treatments. Application of 100% of N, P, K, S, and Zn resulted in its superiority to other nutrient management options studied, and a similar trend was also noted with the treatment in the expression of nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and nutrient response (NR). The available N, P, K, S, and Zn contents in soil increased steadily due to the increase in fertilizer application. The study concluded that optimization of NPK in the rice–rice–pulse cropping system on target yield along with need-based S and Zn application was beneficial for higher productivity.

English

A study was conducted to observe the demographic characteristics of farmers, to assess the use of fertilizers application by farmer and to identify the current status of cropping pattern in the study area. The demographic profiles of 60 respondents stated that the age ranged from 30 to 78 years and land holding ranged from 0.10 to 2.80 ha. The majority of farmers (40%) had a primary educational level. Farmers utilized the different kinds of fertilizers (urea, NPK compound, phosphorous, special potash and foliar) depending on crops and time of applications, and 68% of respondents used cattle manure as basal. Response on farming experience indicated that six different levels of 3 to 60 years. The most cropping patterns observed in the study area were rice-black gram, rice-fallow, maize-tomato, maize- tomato and lablab bean intercropping, maize-lablab bean, okra-tomato. In addition, some of the farmers cultivated horticultural crops such as banana, guava and ambarella. There is a highly significant positive relationship on farm size with cropping pattern. This study suggested that farm size, inputs, market price, labors and farmer’s willingness would influence the fertilizer usage and cropping patterns. Key words: Demographic characteristics, fertilizer use, cropping patterns.

EVALUATION OF RICE BASED CROPPING SEQUENCES FOR WATER SCARCE CONDITIONS OF PARAMBIKULAM ALIYAR COMMAND AREA OF TAMIL NADU

Field experiments were conducted at Coconut Research Station, Aliyarnagar during 2016 – 2019 to assess the performance of rice-based cropping sequences for water-scarce conditions of the Parambikulam Aliyar Project Command area of Tamil Nadu. Five cropping sequences viz., rice–sesame (T1), rice–groundnut (T2), rice– sunflower (T3), rice–castor (T4) and rice–black gram (T5) were experimented adopting Randomized Block Design with each sequence replicated four times. Results revealed that compared to the other non-legume sequences experimented, the contents of KMnO4-N and organic carbon in the post harvest soil, productivity of rice and economic efficiency were higher in rice–black gram followed by rice–groundnut sequence. Rice– castor sequence recorded the highest land utilization efficiency of 76.7 % and was the lowest in rice–black gram sequence (53.4 %). Rice equivalent yield was the highest on sequential cropping with sunflower (5755 kg ha-1) followed by groundnut (5028 kg ha-1). Production efficiency was the highest in rice– groundnut (47.5 kg ha-1 day-1) followed by rice–castor (42.5 kg ha-1 day- 1) systems. Net returns and benefit-cost ratio were higher in rice–sunflower and rice–black gram sequences followed by rice–groundnut and was the lowest in rice–sesame sequence. In terms of soil fertility, system productivity and economic returns, rice–sunflower, rice–black gram and rice–groundnut systems are highly remunerative for water-scarce conditions of Parambikulam Aliyar Command Area of Tamil Nadu.

Extrusion of fermented rice-black gram flour for development of functional snacks: Characterization, optimization and sensory analysis.

Considering the health benefits of fermentation, extrusion of fermented rice black gram mix flour can lead to developing nutritionally rich expanded snack. Hence, present study details the effect of various extrusion process variables, barrel temperature (100, 110, 120°C), screw speed (250, 300, 350rpm) and die opening diameter (3, 3.5mm) on physicochemical and bioactive properties of extrudates from fermented rice-black gram flour (Rice flour: black gram flour = 3:1). Results indicated that temperature rise led to the production of a more expanded product with higher water solubility index (WSI) and lower water absorption index (WAI). Higher puffing, WSI,and bioactive content wereobserved in 3mm die opening extrudates. Interestingly, extrusion cooking of fermented flour has shown a remarkable increment in phenolic content and antioxidant activity from 63.47 up to 210.3 and 7.28 up to 13.889mg GAE/100g, respectively. However, rise in barrel temperature showed a negative impact on bioactive attributes. Further, the optimal conditions determined by numerical optimization method for development of fermented flour-based extrudates having superior functional and enhanced bioactive properties were found to be 100°C temperature, 289rpm of screw and 3mm die diameter. Principal component analysis indicated that bulk density-moisture content and phenolic content-antioxidant activity were highly positively correlated, while expansion ratio-bulk density was negatively correlated. The microstructure of extrudates showed continuous and compact structure lacking starch granules. The fuzzy logic analysis revealed that fermented flour-based extruded product had superior overall acceptability over unfermented flour extrudates.

Integrated nutrient management by using targeted yield approach for rice–blackgram sequence

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College farm, Bapatla, during kharif and rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was conducted with blackgram variety BPT-5204 in a Randomized Block Design with ten treatments and three replications. The maximum grain yield, soil NPK status at post-harvest of rice and gross returns net returns, returns per rupee investment were recorded with soil test based fertilizer recommendation with 10 t ha-1 farm yard manure (FYM) application which was at par with soil test based fertilizer recommendation alone and 7.5 tha-1 targeted yield recommendation along with FYM and recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) with FYM. Grain yield of rice was significantly higher with soil test based fertilizer recommendation with 10 t ha-1 FYM application which was statistically at par with soil test based fertilizer recommendation alone and 7.5 t ha-1 targeted yield fertilizer recommendation with FYM compared to the rest of the treatments.

Residual Effect of Organic Manures on Growth and Yield of Black Gram in Rice Blackgram Sequence

A field experiment was conducted to study the residual effect of organic manures on black gram crop in a rice-blackgram cropping sequence during summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 at Thoppur, Thirupparankundram, Madurai. Twelve treatments comprising various sources of nutrients in a randomized block design with three replication laid out for rice was used to study the residual effect by growing blackgram in sequence and replicated thrice. Basal Incorporation of green manure @ 6.25 t ha-1 along with split application of vermicompost in four equal splits @ 4 t ha-1 as basal, at active tillering, panicle initiation and flowering stages + panchagavya @ 3 per cent per cent as foliar spray twice at active tillering and panicle initiation stages recorded the highest plant height, leaf area, dry matter production and grain yield. Increase in grain yield of 42.8 and 47.7 % was observed respectively during summer 2017 and summer 2018 over absolute control due to the residual effect of incorporation of green manure @ 6.25 t ha-1 + split application of vermicompost @ 4 t ha-1 in four equal splits for rice along with Panchagavya @3 per cent as foliar application during active tillering and panicle initiation stages.

Evaluation of Bio Complementary Organic Nutrient Management Practices on Growth and Yield of Rice in Rice Blackgram cropping Sequence

Evaluation of Bio Complementary Organic Nutrient Management Practices on Growth and Yield of Rice in Rice Blackgram cropping Sequence

Evaluation of Bio Complementary Organic Nutrient Management Practices on Growth of Rice in Rice Blackgram cropping Sequence

Field experiments were conducted to develop the suitable organic farming package for rice-blackgram crop sequence. Treatments consisting green manure @6.25 t ha-1+split application of vermicompost @ 4t ha-1 in four equal splits (basal, AT,PIand F) + Panchagavya @ 3% as foliar spray twice (AT and PI) recorded significantly high number of tillers and highest plant height, dry matter production, root length, root volume and root dry weight over rest of the treatments. The recommended practice also recorded relatively, more number of tillers,leaves hill-1, higher plant height, dry matter production, root length, root volume and root dry weight which is on par with the aforesaid treatment.Therefore the application of green manure @6.25 t ha-1+split application of vermicompost @ 4t ha-1 in four equal splits (basal, AT, PI and F) + Panchagavya @ 3% as foliar spray twice (AT and PI) can be recommended for adoption in organic cultivation of rice- black gram crop sequence grown organically.

Impact of fermentation and extrusion processing on physicochemical, sensory and bioactive properties of rice-black gram mixed flour

Current study details about the impact of solid state fermentation and subsequent extrusion on the physicochemical, sensory and bioactive properties of the rice-black gram dough. Influence of the solid-state fermentation was evaluated, at three levels of yeast concentration (1–3%), sugar (4–8%) and fermentation time (2–6 h). Fermentation resulted in decreased pH and residual sugar, from 6.38 to 5.41 and 1.07 to 0.69%, respectively, whereas the titratable acidity was increased from 0.86 to 1.79%, after 6 h of fermentation. Moreover, solid state fermentation for 6 h leads to increased total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and protein content from 29.80 to 44.12 mg GAE/100 g, 3.38–5.10 mg GAE/100 g and 10.36–13.65%, respectively. FTIR analysis showed decreased crystallinity up on fermentation. Subsequently, dough fermented for 6 h with 3% yeast and 4% sugar (optimized condition) was considered for the extrusion processing, which leads to increased phenolic content and antioxidant activity up to 77.3 mg GAE/100 g, and 11.39 mg GAE/100 g, respectively. Expansion ratio, bulk density, water solubility and water absorption index were determined for product characterization. Furthermore, extrudate prepared from the fermented flour had slightly higher acceptability (mean score: 4.12) than the unfermented counter part (mean score: 3.75) out of 5.

Input–Output Energy Analysis of Rainfed Rice‐Based Cropping Systems in Eastern India

Crop and cultivar diversification in cropping systems may improve crop productivity and energy efficiency along with the sustainability of agricultural production in eastern India, but the choices may be made based on the cropping area. This study was conducted to examine the energy input–output relationship, energy requirement, and system productivity of rainfed rice (Oryza sativaL.) based cropping systems (Swarna rice–Annada rice–black gram [Vigna mungo(L.) Hepper var.mungo], Naveen rice–toria [Brassica rapaL. ssp.dichotoma(Roxb.) Hanelt]–horse gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum(Lam.) Verdc.], Swarna rice–toria–coriander [Coriandrum sativumL.], Gayatri rice–green gram [Vigna radiata(L.) R. Wilczek var.radiata], Swarna rice–green gram, and Naveen rice–black gram–horse gram) in the eastern part of India. Results of the study revealed that the Swarna rice–toria–coriander system consumed the highest total energy input (24,546 MJ ha−1), whereas the Swarna rice–green gram (15,543 MJ ha−1) system was the most energy‐efficient system. Among all the energy inputs, fertilizer consumed the highest share (45–58%), followed by land preparation (19–24%) and labor (18–23%). The Gayatri rice–green gram system produced the highest energy output (183,006 MJ ha−1), which was at a par with the energy production of the Naveen rice–toria–horse gram system (179,788 MJ ha−1). Systems such as Naveen rice–toria–horse gram, Gayatri rice–green gram, and Naveen rice–black gram–horse gram appeared to be most suitable for resource‐poor farmers for their higher energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and system productivity.

Rheological properties of rice–blackgram batter while replacing white rice with brown rice

Rice-blackgram batter is a raw material for many traditional convenience foods in Asia. Reformulation of traditional convenience food by replacing white rice with whole rice (brown rice) is a novel method to reduce the consumption of refined grain and increase the intake of whole grain in our diet. In this study, rheological properties of rice-blackgram batter was investigated while replacing white rice with brown rice at five levels (T1--0% replacement (control), T2--25% replacement, T3--50% replacement, T4--75% replacement, and T5--100% replacement). The shear stress versus shear rate plot indicates that the rice-blackgram batter exhibited non-Newtonian fluid behavior (shear thinning property) even after 100% replacement of white rice with brown rice. The rheological characteristics of rice-blackgram batters fitted reasonably well in Cassan (r2 = 0.8521-0.9856) and power law (r2 = 0.8042-0.9823) models. Brown rice replacement at all levels did not affect the flow behavior index, yield stress, consistency coefficient, and apparent viscosity of batter at 25 degrees C. However, at higher temperature, the viscosity was greater for T4 and T5 (no difference between them) than T1, T2, and T3 (no difference between them) batters. Further research is required to determine the sensory attributes and acceptability of the cooked products with brown rice-blended batter.

Effect of raw material characteristics on the properties of fried rice–blackgram dough

The dough, comprising a mixture of rice and blackgram, is shaped in a forming extruder followed by deep frying to obtain a crisp snack. Although it is a popular product in several oriental countries, the details of the role of raw materials and processing conditions are not known. Two different flour mixes obtained from rice and blackgram were studied to investigate the influence of the raw material on product characteristics. Fine particles in one flour mix (70 µm) had a high water-holding capacity (1.7 g/g) and gave product with low fat content (∼16%), but had an undesirable hard texture coupled with a floury mouth feel. On the contrary, coarse particles (113 µm) in another flour mix with a low water-holding capacity (1.5 g/g) produced a snack with higher fat content (26–30%) with a desirable crisp texture. Addition of fat and the use of coarse flour can avoid bursting of the product during frying, which is a common problem associated with frying of such products while using fine flour. A mechanism for frying rice–blackgram dough strands has been proposed.

Deferred Seeding of Blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Field on Yield Advantages and Smothering of Weeds

AbstractField experiments were conducted at Agricultural Experimental Farm, Giridih, Jharkhand, during the kharif (wet) seasons of consecutive four years (1998–2001) to study the effect of staggered seeding of blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) in rice field as a cereal–legume intercropping system and to minimize the degree of competition between the crop species to avoid yield damage, and at the same time to create a high level of competition by the intercrops to suppress the weeds. Intercropping systems were assessed on the basis of land equivalent ratio, relative crowding coefficient, aggressivity, actual yield loss, monetary advantage, etc. Intercropping reduced the yield of component crops when compared with respective pure stands. However, deferred seeding of blackgram in rice (30 cm) after one weeding was most remunerative system and registered maximum rice‐equivalent yield (2711 kg ha−1). Rice–blackgram (20 cm) intercropping system was very effective for weed smothering among unweeded intercropping treatments. In conclusion, deferred seeding of blackgram in rice field (30 cm) with one weeding may be recommended for better yield, weed suppression and better economics in the eastern plateau region of India.

Effect of extrusion processing on the nutritional quality of protein in rice-legume blends.

The effect of extrusion processing using Wenger X-5 extruder on the quality of products of rice-legume (75:25) blends was investigated. The products were palatable and had a good texture. The nutritional quality of protein in the extrudates was significantly improved. The protein efficiency ratio values of rice-soybean, rice-bengal gram and rice-black gram products were: 2.25, 2.30 and 2.28 as compared to 2.10, 1.89 and 1.98 for the respective raw blends. Extrusion processing reduced the phytates in the products to the extent of 20.3 to 26.8%.