Rice Anthocyanins Research Articles

Anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica) ameliorates diabetic osteoporosis in rats.

Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is a systemic endocrine-metabolic osteopathy which has the characteristics of bone mineral density (BMD) reduction and bone microstructural destruction. Although anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice (AEBR) was reported to have a beneficial effect on diabetic rats, no studies have been performed on whether black rice anthocyanins are beneficial for diabetic osteoporosis. Therefore, in this study, a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model was established to investigate the protective effect of AEBR on diabetes-induced osteoporosis and its possible mechanism. AEBR at three doses (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g kg-1 d-1) were administered by oral gavage to diabetic rats for 8 weeks. The blood glucose, BMD, bone histomorphometry parameters, serum bone turnover biomarkers, bone marrow adipocyte numbers, as well as osteoprotegerin (OPG), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX 2), and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL) protein expression in bone and serum were detected. The results indicated that AEBR dose-dependently decreased the blood glucose, increased the BMD, and decreased the serum bone turnover markers. The bone microstructure and osteoclast numbers in bone tissues returned to normal in the high AEBR dosage group; at the same time, the AEBR dose-dependently suppressed bone marrow adipogenesis. The RUNX 2 as well as the OPG/RANKL ratio in diabetic rats' bone tissues increased significantly in the AEBR treatment group. Our results indicate that AEBR administration can ameliorate bone loss caused by diabetes; this is mainly attributed to its inhibition of bone turnover, suppression of bone marrow adipogenesis, and up-regulation of RUNX 2 and the OPG/RANKL expression ratio.

Virtual Prediction of the Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside and Peonidin-3-O-glucoside as Anti-inflammatory of TNF-α Signaling.

Introduction:Anthocyanin is the bioactive compound in black rice, which promotes some health benefits for human body. Present study revealed that black rice anthocyanins improve the biomarker of the metabolic syndrome, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). However, the mechanism of anthocyanin in preventing metabolic syndrome has not been elucidated.Aim:This study was performed to identify the interaction of six types of black rice anthocyanin towards TNF-α protein and TNF-α receptor through in silico studies, to assess the molecular properties and bioactivity of black rice anthocyanin.Methods:We retrieved the black rice anthocyanin compounds from the PubChem database and the proteins (TNF-α protein and TNF-α receptor) from Protein Data Bank (PDB) database. Protein and ligands were docked using Hex 8.0 software and visualized by Discovery Studio 4.1 program.Results:This study found the possibility that black rice anthocyanins interacted with TNF-α have no influence into TNF-α and TNF-α receptor interaction. The binding of delphinidin-3-O-glucoside & peonidin-3-O-glucoside to TNF-α receptor inhibited the TNF-α and TNF-α receptor signaling. The black rice anthocyanins had low activity as a drug. Interestingly, black rice anthocyanins had a potency as an antioxidant due to the hydrogen donor or acceptor in their structure, as protein kinase inhibitor, nuclear receptor ligand, and enzyme kinase inhibitor.Conclusion:This study suggests that delphinidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside might have function as anti-inflammatory factor related with TNF-α signaling.

Covalent conjugates of anthocyanins to soy protein: Unravelling their structure features and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion fate

Seeking for healthier dietary foods without compromising their quality has become the first choice for consumers. Various components in foods are able to interact with each other and form conjugates to improve their functionality and nutritional value. The present study investigated on the formation and structural properties of covalently linked conjugates using soy protein isolate (SPI) and black rice anthocyanins at different ratios. The in vitro digestion fate of the conjugates under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was also evaluated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the secondary structures of SPI was changed upon conjugation with anthocyanins as there was a decrease in α-helix and β-sheet content. Three-dimensional fluorescence also revealed that the tertiary structure of SPI was less compact after conjugation with anthocyanins as a result of the unfolding of polypeptide chains. The conjugates were shown to have higher degree of hydrolysis than SPI. However, transepithelial transport of peptides across Caco-2 cell monolayer was decreased in SPI after conjugation with anthocyanins. The results of this study suggest that incorporation of anthocyanins in SPI is a way to reconcile consumer demand for healthier foods with better quality and functionality.

Comparison Physico-chemical properties Anthocyanin solution Extraction of Red Rice and Black Soybean

This research was carried out to determine the comparison of anthocyanin extraction of red rice and black soybean regarding density, turbidity, viscosity, pH and color changes. Futher studies could be conducted after knowing several properties of the two anthocyanin extractions. The results showed that the density of black soybean anthocyanin solution was 0.95 gram/mL higher than 0.92 gram/mL antosiani red rice solution. The viscosity value of 0.91 cP red rice anthocyanin solution is more significant than 0.72 cP black soybean. Analysis of turbidity in both black and red soybeans showed clarity, under LOD Sulphate. The color of the red rice anthocyanin solution is red when it is in a strong acid state, orange when it is neutral, and brown when it is in the healthy alkaline state. Meanwhile, the color of the black soybean anthocyanin solution is red, when it is in a weak acid, brown when it is the neutral state, and dark-green and when the alkaline condition is weak.

Extraction solvent concentration affecting the anthocyanins and other phytochemicals profile and antioxidant properties of bran extracts of pigmented rice cultivars

Different concentrations (100%, 90% and 80%) of extracting solvent methanol were used to determine antioxidant capacities of seven pigmented rice cultivars bran on the basis of phytochemicals and other antioxidants. TPCs of red colored bran (Zag, Kaw quder, Shel kew) were highest in 100% methanol and that of black pigmented (Samarkand), lightly blackish (Kaw kareed) and brown (Gull zag, Teli zag) were highest in 80% and 90% methanol. The higher flavonoid contents in non-pigmented Gull zag and Teli zag were due to luteolin-7-O-glucoside, quercetinhexoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, apigenin and (epi)catechin rather than anthocyanins in pigmented rice. Higher anthocyanin contents of extracts in lower methanol concentration was due to higher percentage of Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, Pelargonidin-3-O-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside. The antioxidant activity had shown a similar trend in which the pigmented cultivars showed higher antioxidant activity in 100% methanol except red colored She lkew having higher value in 90% methanol, while among the light colored brown rice bran, Kaw kareed showed higher activities in 80% methanol and Teli zag in 90% methanol.

Shading effect on generative characters of upland red rice of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Upland red rice (Oryza sativa) contains anthocyanin, a phenolic compounds that can act as antioxidants and functional food for human dietary. The content of functional food on upland red rice is influenced by shading condition, but the production is also influenced by environmental condition, especially the availability of light. The study aims is to assess and analyze the effect of shade on the growth and production of upland red rice. The research was conducted using the quantitative method to obtain the optimal shading condition that can increase the rice anthocyanin content and relatively high production. The research was arranged in split plot design, with shade as main plot and the different of cultivar as sub plot with three replications. The shading treatment consist of 4 levels as follows: n1=shade level < 25 %, n2=shade level 25-50%, n3=shade level 50-75% and n4=shade level > 75%. The cultivar tested were (v1) = Labandiri, (v2) = Jangkobembe, (v3) = Ranggohitam, and (v4) = Paedara. The rice planted in between teak wood trees with different age and level of canopy. The research reveals that shades had an effect in decreasing plant production (the higher level of shade, the higher the decrease level of production), but the shades can improve the quality of red rice through the increase of anthocyanin content.

Metabolism and prebiotics activity of anthocyanins from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) in vitro.

Anthocyanins are naturally active substances. In this study, anthocyanins from black rice were obtained by membrane filtration and column chromatography separation. Five anthocyanin monomers in black rice extract were identified by HPLC-MS/MS, and the major anthocyanin monomer (cyanidin-3-glucoside, C3G) was purified by preparative HPLC (Pre-HPLC). The proliferative effects of the anthocyanins on Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were investigated by determining the media pH, bacterial populations and metabolic products. After anaerobic incubation at 37 °C for 48 h, not only the pH of the media containing C3G was lower than that of the extract of black rice anthocyanin (BRAE), but the numbers of both Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were also significantly increased. Furthermore, hydroxyphenylpropionic, hydroxyphenylacetic, and hydroxybenzoic acids and other metabolites were detected by GC-MS in vitro. Our results revealed that the anthocyanins and anthocyanin monomers from black rice had prebiotic activity and they were metabolized into several small molecules by Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus.

English

In a previous study, it was reported that Enterobacter aerogenes and four organic acids are involved in the alteration of black rice anthocyanins. To investigate the factors involved in altering the coloration of black rice anthocyanins, organic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, malonic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid) were individually added to potato dextrose agar medium containing black rice anthocyanins and cultured with E. aerogenes NBRC 13534 at 37&deg;C for five days. As a result, the color change of black rice anthocyanins was found in the medium supplemented with caffeic acid or ferulic acid among the four organic acids. HPLC analysis of anthocyanins in each medium revealed three new peaks not found in the original black rice anthocyanins in the sample supplemented with caffeic acid. Also, two new peaks were observed in the medium supplemented with ferulic acid. &nbsp; Key words: Anthocyanin, anthocyanin modification, black rice, Enterobacter aerogenes, microorganism, color, pigment.

Black rice-derived anthocyanins inhibit HER-2-positive breast cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition-mediated metastasis invitro by suppressing FAK signaling.

This study aimed to investigate the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling in the inhibitory effects of black rice anthocyanins (BRACs) on human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2)-positive human breast cancer cell metastasis, using the MCF-10A, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-453 cells. BRACs exerted an anti-metastatic effect on the HER-2-positive breast cancer cells. The effects of BRACs on the proliferation of the MDA-MB-453 cells were examined by cell counting kit-8 assay. A wound-healing assay was used to examine the effects of BRACs on the migration of the breast cancer cells. BRACs interrupted migration and invasion. BRACs decreased the migration distance of the HER-2-positive human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-453, by 37% compared with the cells in the untreated group. They also reduced the number of invading MDA-MB-453 cells by 68%. In addition, BRACs exerted an inhibitory effect on epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Western blot analysis revealed that BRACs decreased the phosphorylation of FAK, cSrc and p130Cas. The FAK inhibitor, Y15, was also used to further evaluate the role of FAK signaling in the anti-metastatic effects of BRACs on MDA-MB-453 cells. The results of western blot analysis revealed that BRACs increased the expression of the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, and decreased the expression of the mesenchymal markers, fibronectin and vimentin, in the MDA-MB-453 cells. In addition, BRACs decreased the interaction between HER-2 and FAK, FAK and cSrc, cSrc and p130Cas, and between FAK and p130Cas. These results suggest that BRACs suppress the metastasis of HER-2-positive breast cancer in vitro, and that the cSrc/FAK/p130Cas pathway plays a vital role in this inhibitory effect.

Factors influencing antioxidant compounds in rice

ABSTRACT Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that the additive/synergistic effects of several bioactive compounds are responsible for the health benefits of rice. Among the leading contenders are phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, tocotrienols, tocopherols, λ-oryzanol, and phytic acid, which all possess strong antioxidant activities in vitro. In this review, data related to health effects of rice antioxidants using cultured cells, rodents and humans models are first summarized. The evidence is strong that consumption of rice tocotrienols translates into improved health outcomes. Current research, however, does not strongly support the health-promoting effects of rice tocopherols and phenolic acids. The crucial limitations in studies using rice flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, λ-oryzanol and phytic acid appear to be the appropriateness of the substance tested (i.e., purity), and the scarcity of animal and human interventions. In a second part, rice antioxidants are reviewed with an emphasis on their composition and contents. Taking into account the bioavailability of these compounds, it is evident that a number of factors affect the antioxidant composition of rice, making it difficult to estimate dietary intake. Before harvest, factors including soil type, atmospheric CO2, chemical inputs, temperature, and degree of ripening are important. After harvest, rice is subjected to processing methods that include drying, parboiling, storage, irradiation, milling, stabilization, soaking, germination, fermentation, boiling, steaming, roasting, baking, and extrusion. Quantitative knowledge about the effects of these processes is summarized in this review. Surprisingly, a high level of agreement was found among study results, which could be useful in manipulating the growing and processing techniques of rice grains to facilitate efficient and safe consumption of antioxidant compounds.

Black Rice Anthocyanin Content Increases with Increase in Altitude of its Plantation

Black Rice Anthocyanin Content Increases with Increase in Altitude of its Plantation

Black Rice Anthocyanin Content Increases with Increase in Altitude of its Plantation

Black Rice Anthocyanin Content Increases with Increase in Altitude of its Plantation

Microencapsulation of Black Glutinous Rice Anthocyanins Using Maltodextrins Produced from Broken Rice Fraction as Wall Material by Spray Drying and Freeze Drying

Anthocyanins from black glutinous rice (BGR) bran fraction were used as core material. Maltodextrins with 3 dextrose equivalent (DE) at DE10, 20 and 30 (BRM10, BRM20 and BRM30) were enzymatically produced from broken BGR fraction and then used as wall materials. Spray-drying condition was varied for three inlet air temperatures (IAT; 140, 160 and 180C). Increasing IAT enhanced microencapsulation efficiency (MEE), but reduced total anthocyanin content (TAC), surface anthocyanin content (SAC) and antioxidant activities of the microcapsules. BRM20 provided microcapsules with higher/similar levels of TAC and antioxidant activities compared with a commercial maltodextrin DE10. Increasing both IAT and DE decreased the color L*, a*, b* and C* but enhanced the h°; however, spray drying produced a brighter microcapsule color than freeze drying. Although freeze drying showed higher MEE and TAC, the storage stability of freeze-dried anthocyanin was much lower (19.7–100.0%) than those produced by spray drying. Practical Application To improve the color and eating quality of rice, black rice is sold as milled rice in some rice markets. The two by-products of rice milling, bran and broken rice fractions, can be used to produce anthocyanins microcapsules. Black rice bran anthocyanins were successfully encapsulated with maltodextrins produced from broken rice fraction by both spray drying and freeze drying methods. Maltodextrin from broken rice fraction can be used as wall material to replace the commercial maltodextrin. Because of high storage stability, spray drying was recommended for BGR anthocyanin microencapsulation.

Production and antioxidant activity of alcoholic beverages made from various cereal grains usingMonascus purpureusNBRC 5965

Monascus sp., which produces red pigments, has been utilized for brewing red alcoholic beverages and fermented foods in China and Okinawa, Japan. Novel red alcoholic beverages with antioxidant activity were made from cereal grains of various colours utilizing the saccharifying activity of Monascus purpureus NBRC 5965. The alcoholic beverage made from black rice and beni koji prepared with M. purpureus NBRC 5965 showed a deep red colour, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the alcoholic beverage made from black rice and beni koji was around a 3300 µm Trolox equivalent/mL-beverage. The antioxidant activity of this alcoholic beverage is thought to be a result of the combination of Monascus pigments and black rice anthocyanin. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation of an alcoholic beverage made with beni koji were higher than those of an alcoholic beverage made with ki koji prepared with Aspergillus oryzae. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling

Purple rice anthocyanin extract protects cardiac function in STZ-induced diabetes rat hearts by inhibiting cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis

Diabetes mellitus (DM) often causes chronic inflammation, hypertrophy, apoptosis and fibrosis in the heart and subsequently leads to myocardial remodeling, deteriorated cardiac function and heart failure. Anthocyanins are strong antioxidants that show effective cardioprotective properties. Our aim was to determine whether anthocyanin extracted from purple rice provides protective effects in DM hearts. Five-week-old male Wistar rats were administered with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce type 1 diabetes. Animals were randomly divided into normal group, DM group (induced by 55mg/kg STZ, i.p.) and DM with anthocyanin group (250mg/kg/day, feeding 4 weeks). After treatment, the left ventricular tissues were collected to observe the relevant changes in the heart and the associated molecular events were determined by Western blotting assay. STZ-induced DM increased the proinflammatory signaling proteins in the heart and triggered the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Significant reduction in the heart function index such as left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and left ventricular end-systolic dimension was observed in the STZ-induced DM rat hearts, suggesting myocardial tissue damage and loss of heart function. Treatment with anthocyanin from purple rice extract, however, reduced the effect of DM and showed significant reduction in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Anthocyanin therefore restores the deteriorating cardiac functions in DM rats as evident from their heart functional parameters.

Digestion property and synergistic effect on biological activity of purple rice (Oryza sativa L.) anthocyanins subjected to a simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro

Anthocyanins, a group of polyphenolic pigments, have been proved to possess various bioactivities. However, they are unstable in the small intestine and absorbed with low bioavailability. The discrepancy between the low bioavailability of anthocyanins and their good bioactivities has not been illuminated yet. Moreover, information about the digested property and stability of purple rice anthocyanins in the alimentary tract is still limited. Thus, the present work was designed to study the digestion property and the changes in antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of purple rice anthocyanins using an in vitro digestion model, and to investigate the interactions between gastric and intestinal digested anthocyanins. The results showed that anthocyanins amount and antioxidant and cytoprotective effects didn't change significantly during gastric digestion. However, about 76% of total anthocyanins were degraded during intestinal digestion. The IC50 values of intestinal digested sample tested by DPPH and ABTS methods were about 19.1 and 16.9μg/mL, respectively, far higher than that of non-digested sample (about 7.7 and 7.1μg/mL, respectively). Cytoprotective effect of intestinal digested sample also decreased significantly. Synergistic effects on antioxidant and cytoprotective activities were observed between the gastric and intestinal digested samples at a relative low concentration. Those results suggest that the bioactivities of purple rice anthocyanins may be changed after digestion and enhanced through the synergies between their gastric and intestinal digested catabolites.

Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Therapy.

Despite advances in modern medicine, cancer is still the major cause of mortality in both developing and developed countries. Search for safer and more effective chemoprevention and treatment strategy is a need for the improvement of patient care in the field. Prevention may be more effective and less costly because cancer is largely a preventable disease which could be attributed to a greater extent to lifestyle. Dietary phytochemicals have been used for the treatment of cancer throughout history due to their safety, low toxicity, and general availability. Population based studies suggest that a reduced risk of cancer is associated with high consumption of vegetables and fruits. Promising phytochemicals not only disrupt aberrant signaling pathways leading to cancer but also synergize with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, the cancer chemoprevention and therapeutic potential of naturally occurring phytochemicals are of great interest. In this special issue we have collected many interesting original research articles and reviews that provide solid evidence to support the application of phytochemicals or dietary agents in prevention and treatment of cancer. This special issue contains 3 review articles and 9 original peer-reviewed papers. A. M. Harrison et al. performed a systematic review of the biomedical literature for the use of phytochemicals for management of cancer therapy pain in human subjects; X.-Y. Chen et al. explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the antimetastatic activity of black rice anthocyanins and identified its molecular targets in HER2+ breast cancer cells; the study by Y. Zeng et al. reports that Southwest China (especially Yunnan and Tibet) is the center of lowest mortality of cancers in China based on coevolution between human's anticancer activities and functional foods from crop origin center; M. Sugata et al. studied the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of Taiwanese purple-fleshed sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.) extracts; R. Moo-Puc et al. investigated the antiproliferative activity of bonediol, an alkyl catechol isolated from the Mayan medicinal plant Bonellia macrocarpa against human prostate tumor cells; B. Moyo and S. Mukanganyama demonstrate the antiproliferative potential of T. welwitschii extract on Jurkat T cells; C.-J. Tai et al. report the potential of ethanolic extract of Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Antrodia camphorata) to enhance the cytotoxicity of cisplatin and doxorubicin on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells; G. Wang et al. explored the molecular mechanism of total flavonoids extracted from Cotinus coggygria against glioblastoma cancer in vitro and in vivo; M. N. Mallick et al. studied the anticancer activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Picrorhiza kurroa and its fractions; M. F. Abu Bakar et al. demonstrate that the Garcinia dulcis fruit extract induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HepG2 liver cancer cells; G. Weng et al. reported the curcumin enhanced busulfan-induced apoptosis in leukemia stem-like KG1a cells via downregulating the expression of survivin; S. Kumar and J. Kim in their review discuss potency and selectivity of PLK-1-targeted inhibitors and their molecular interactions with PLK-1 domains. In conclusion, this special issue discussed the potential anticancer phytochemicals and dietary agents, their molecular targets, and their mechanisms of actions. The understanding of molecular mechanism of a specific plant derived compound against a particular type of cancer will lead to the invention of novel drug and drug targets for therapeutic intervention.

Black Rice Anthocyanins Suppress Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cells by Targeting RAS/RAF/MAPK Pathway.

Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) drives the biology of 30% of breast cancer cases. As a transducer of HER2 signaling, RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway plays a pivotal role in the development of breast cancer. In this study, we examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive effects of black rice anthocyanins (BRACs) extract and identified their molecular targets in HER2+ breast cancer cells. Treatment of MDA-MB-453 cells (HER2+) with BRACs inhibited cell migration and invasion, suppressed the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (RAF), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and downregulated the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9. BRACs also weakened the interactions of HER2 with RAF, MEK, and JNK proteins, respectively, and decreased the mRNA expression of raf, mek, and jnk. Further, we found combined treatment with BRACs and RAF, MEK, or JNK inhibitors could enhance the antimetastatic activity, compared with that of each treatment. Transient transfection with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) specific for raf, mek, and jnk inhibited their mRNA expression in MDA-MB-453 cells. Moreover, cotreatment with BRACs and siRNA induces a more remarkable inhibitory effect than that by either substance alone. In summary, our study suggested that BRACs suppress metastasis in breast cancer cells by targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway.

Anti-metastasis activity of black rice anthocyanins against breast cancer: analyses using an ErbB2 positive breast cancer cell line and tumoral xenograft model.

Increasing evidence from animal, epidemiological and clinical investigations suggest that dietary anthocyanins have potential to prevent chronic diseases, including cancers. It is also noteworthy that human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ErbB2) protein overexpression or ErbB2 gene amplification has been included as an indicator for metastasis and higher risk of recurrence for breast cancer. The present experiments investigated the anti-metastasis effects of black rice anthocyanins (BRACs) on ErbB2 positive breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Oral administration of BRACs (150 mg/kg/day) reduced transplanted tumor growth, inhibited pulmonary metastasis, and decreased lung tumor nodules in BALB/c nude mice bearing ErbB2 positive breast cancer cell MDA-MB-453 xenografts. The capacity for migration, adhesion, motility and invasion was also inhibited by BRACs in MDA-MB-453 cells in a concentration dependent manner, accompanied by decreased activity of a transfer promoting factor, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA). Together, our results indicated that BRACs possess anti-metastasis potential against ErbB2 positive human breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro through inhibition of metastasis promoting molecules.

Ameliorative effect of black rice anthocyanin on senescent mice induced by D-galactose.

This study investigated the ameliorative effect of black rice anthocyanin (BACN) in senescent mice induced by D-galactose. The male mice were randomly divided into five groups, namely, the normal group, the model group and dosage groups (15, 30 and 60 mg kg(-1) of BACN). The model group and three dosage groups were continuously injected subcutaneously with D-galactose. The results suggested that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly increased upon black rice anthocyanin treatment, while MDA and the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) significantly decreased. The expressions of superoxide dismutase genes (SOD1 and SOD2) in liver were up-regulated in black rice anthocyanin group, while the expression of the MAO-B gene was down-regulated. These findings demonstrated that the ameliorative effect of BACN might be achieved partly by altering endogenous antioxidant enzymatic and aging-related enzymatic activities and regulating SOD1, SOD2 and MAO-B gene expressions.