Rhythmic Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Research Articles

Changes in Resting fMRI Networks in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury During Therapeutic Rhythmic Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (Case Report)

Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) accompanied by impaired consciousness manifesting as prolonged postcoma unawareness (PCU) is one of the current medical and social problems causing high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Difficult recovery of such patients necessitates the development of additional neurorehabilitation approaches, including neuromodulation methods, as well as the search for objective markers of treatment efficacy. Aim of the study: to evaluate the effect of therapeutic rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on fMRI resting state networks (RSN) in PCU after severe TBI. Materials and Methods. We analyzed individual fMRI RSN in three patients with PCU before and after a course of rTMS performed at different timepoints after severe TBI and with different efficacy of treatment. We assessed the topography and quantitative characteristics of the networks (DMN, sensorimotor, control functions, left and right fronto-parietal, auditory, and speech) known to be most significant for recovery of consciousness. Results. We found a trend toward normalization of RSN topography as well as an increase in the integral index of network intensity in two of three patients with a distinct increase in consciousness after a course of rTMS. Conclusion. Using case observations, we have demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of rTMS and feasibility of using fMRI RSN as a reliable diagnostic approach in PCU following severe TBI.

Motor cortex oscillates at its intrinsic post-movement beta rhythm following real (but not sham) single pulse, rhythmic and arrhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation

We aimed to test the idea that rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) entrains cortical oscillations. To do this, we examined oscillatory responses in the electroencephalogram (EEG) to TMS over primary motor cortex. In particular, we contrasted responses to real TMS with those to sham TMS in order to dissociate the contributions of direct (transcranial) activation and indirect activation (via auditory/sensory input) of the brain. We first showed that real single pulse TMS elicited a brief (∼200 ms) increase in sensorimotor beta power whose frequency closely matched that of each individual's post-movement beta rebound (PMBR, ∼18 Hz). Sham TMS triggered minimal oscillatory activity. Together this implies that real TMS interacts with endogenous oscillations via direct brain activation. We then showed that although trains of real rhythmic TMS delivered at each individuals PMBR frequency produced a brief increase in beta power at the same frequency, real arrhythmic TMS also elicited an equivalent increase in beta. The implication is that the oscillatory response is independent of the rhythm of stimulation. By contrast, sham stimulation elicited minimal activity in the beta band, and the responses to rhythmic and arrhythmic sham TMS were broadly similar, showing that sham rhythmic stimulation did not produce entrainment via sensory rhythms. Together, the data demonstrate that the beta oscillatory response of M1 to real TMS predominantly reflects direct activation of the underlying cortex. However, the data do not support the notion of rhythmic TMS enhancing oscillatory activity via entrainment-like mechanisms, at least within the constraints of the current experimental set-up.

The effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on neuroplasticity in the early recovery period after ischemic stroke

Studying the different variants of NIBS influence on synaptic neuroplasticity in the early recovery period after ischemic stroke. The rehabilitation of 62 patients with PSCI syndrome after ischemic stroke outcomes were studied. The patients were assigned to 5 groups. Patients from the control group underwent standardized nootropic therapy and course sessions with a neuropsychologist. The rest of the patients were divided into 4 groups, in which, in addition to the basic program of cognitive rehabilitation, different options for the course use of NIBS were used: photochromotherapy (PCT) with narrow-band optical radiation (NOR) with a wavelength of 530 nm (green light); rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with a low-intensity high-frequency running pulsed magnetic field; infrared radiation with a wavelength of 1-56 microns, modulated by terahertz frequencies (IRMT); bioacoustic correction (BAC). We analyzed the dynamics of changes in scores of MMSE scales, FAB, Roshchina. In order to assess the effect of NIBS on neuroplasticity, the concentrations of BDNF and antibodies to the NR2 fragment of the NMDA receptor were evaluated before and after the completion of the rehabilitation course. Concentration values of antibodies to the NR2 subunit of the NMDA receptor in all groups remained consistently above the norm (more than 2 ng/ml) throughout the entire course of rehabilitation. Differences between groups in the dynamics of BDNF concentration in the peripheral blood were revealed. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in its concentration by almost 2 times by the end of rehabilitation course in control group. In the rTMS and IRMT groups, a decrease in the BDNF concentration was also recorded in dynamics, which, however, did not reach a significant level. There was no decrease in BDNF levels in the BAC group. There was an increase of this level in the PCT group. The use of different types of NIBS in the program of cognitive rehabilitation of patients with PSCI syndrome contributes to an increase in the rehabilitation potential due to the activation of neurotrophin-mediated synaptic neuroplasticity. Green light PCT and BAC have the greatest effect on increasing neuroplasticity after ischemic stroke.

Causal evidence for distinct mechanisms of prioritization and suppression in the control of working memory

Abstract Working memory requires maintenance of relevant information and suppression of irrelevant information. Our previous study administered rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to anterior middle frontal gyrus and inferior intraparietal sulcus and found causal evidence for posterior alpha oscillations and anterior theta oscillation in the control over working memory. However, this previous study did not measure neural oscillations using electrophysiology. To investigate the specific neural mechanism for prioritization and suppression, we conducted a pre-registered four-session experiment with 47 participants that administered rhythmic TMS concurrent with electroencephalography (EEG) as participants performed a retro-cue working memory task. Rhythmic TMS was personalized to the peak frequency of theta and alpha oscillatory activity to increase its efficacy. Our baseline analysis revealed the canonical alpha lateralization pattern in posterior cortex to a retro-cue that indicated which visual hemifield would be tested at probe. Alpha lateralization was positively correlated with the benefit to working memory capacity from the retro-cue. In addition, we found that theta-frequency functional connectivity between the left frontal and parietal cortex increased to the retro-cue. During the stimulation sessions, we found evidence of target engagement such that theta-frequency TMS to frontal cortex and alpha-frequency TMS to parietal cortex successfully increased the amplitude of the targeted oscillation. We replicated our previous behavioral interaction between site and frequency such that rhythmic TMS improved working memory capacity when matched to endogenous activity. Finally, alpha-frequency TMS increased posterior alpha lateralization and theta-frequency TMS increased frontal-parietal theta-connectivity. Altogether, these results provide causal evidence for a model in which alpha lateralization supports suppression and frontal-parietal theta-connectivity supports prioritization. Keywords: Working memory, Rhythmic TMS, Concurrent TMS-EEG, Functional Connectivity

Transcranial magnetic stimulation entrains alpha oscillatory activity in occipital cortex

Parieto-occipital alpha rhythms (8–12 Hz) underlie cortical excitability and influence visual performance. Whether the synchrony of intrinsic alpha rhythms in the occipital cortex can be entrained by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an open question. We applied 4-pulse, 10-Hz rhythmic TMS to entrain intrinsic alpha oscillators targeting right V1/V2, and tested four predictions with concurrent electroencephalogram (EEG): (1) progressive enhancement of entrainment across time windows, (2) output frequency specificity, (3) dependence on the intrinsic oscillation phase, and (4) input frequency specificity to individual alpha frequency (IAF) in the neural signatures. Two control conditions with an equal number of pulses and duration were arrhythmic-active and rhythmic-sham stimulation. The results confirmed the first three predictions. Rhythmic TMS bursts significantly entrained local neural activity. Near the stimulation site, evoked oscillation amplitude and inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) were increased for 2 and 3 cycles, respectively, after the last TMS pulse. Critically, ITPC following entrainment positively correlated with IAF rather than with the degree of similarity between IAF and the input frequency (10 Hz). Thus, we entrained alpha-band activity in occipital cortex for ~ 3 cycles (~ 300 ms), and IAF predicts the strength of entrained occipital alpha phase synchrony indexed by ITPC.

Rationale for the efficiency of transcranial magnetic stimulation in multiple sclerosis

The aim. Based on the analysis and comprehensive clinical and neurological evaluation of the results to substantiate the effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).&#x0D; Methods. A total of 110 MS patients were included in the study. The control group consisted of 30 patients who received pathogenetic therapy and 80 patients who underwent a course of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) together with pathogenetic therapy.&#x0D; Results. The results obtained during the study indicate the complex multifactorial nature of fatigue and its significant impact on the clinical manifestations of MS. Also, the use of rTMS reduced the severity of the main neurological symptoms of MS. The improvement in the overall EDSS scale in the group of patients receiving rTMS was statistically significant: from 5.0±1.9 points to 4.5±2.0 points (p&lt;0.01), in the comparison group (p&gt;0.05). Under the influence of TMS, gait function improved, but these indicators were statistically insignificant (p&gt;0.05). The greatest effect of rTMS was obtained on the manifestations of fatigue and also extended to its cognitive and psychosocial components. The obtained patterns are confirmed in the analysis of indicators on the SCA and FS scales. Involvement in the treatment of patients with MS rTMS allowed to achieve a significant reduction in the manifestations of all components of fatigue: from 76.0±20.9 points to 75.5±20.5 points (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; The data obtained during the study confirm the effectiveness, safety and viability of non-invasive neuromodulation by rTMS in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with MS.&#x0D; Conclusions. The use of rTMS has a positive effect on the manifestations of fatigue, both motor and cognitive, in patients with MS at all types of course and at different stages of progression. Non-invasiveness, safety and ease of use, the possibility of differentiated use allow the use of rTMS in the clinic of rehabilitation treatment and become an important component of active drug and non-drug rehabilitation of patients with MS.

Possibilities of non-invasive neuromodulation in rehabilitation

This article describes the physical basis and clinical capabilities of various non-invasive neuromodulatory techniques in the rehabilitation of patients. Neuromodulatory techniques can improve the patient’s recovery by influencing the processes of neuroplasticity. Modern non-invasive neuromodulation includes TES therapy, magnetic therapy, TCMP, EHF therapy, as well as one of the most promising methods — rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). It is assumed that TMS has a modulating effect on the regulation of the functions of the autonomic nervous system, cerebral vascular reactivity, activity of the immune system, in addition to affecting the electrophysiological parameters of neurons, also affects the facilitation of sprinting, neurogenesis. In addition, TMS causes inhibition in nociceptive trigeminothalamic neurons. The methods of non-invasive modulation of neuroplasticity are based on neurophysiological processes of activation and inhibition in the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as the possibility of their regulation by various components of electromagnetic effects. Non-invasive methods of neuromodulation can be combined with other methods of therapy (drug, physiotherapy, reflexology, massage, manual therapy, etc.). Features of non-invasive neuromodulation methods, their safety and ease of use allow for differentiated use in the clinic of rehabilitation treatment and become an important component of active drug and non-drug rehabilitation of patients. Key words neuroplasticity, non-invasive neuromodulation; non-drug rehabilitation, transcranial magnetic stimulation

SLEEP DISORDERS AND THEIR COMPLEX REHABILITATION USING TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION IN POST-STROKE REHABILITATION: STUDY DESIGN

In the Republic of Bashkortostan, a new original study of sleep-in patients in the recovery period of cerebral stroke is planned. One of the goals will be to improve the algorithms of sleep disorders management in complex post-stroke rehabilitation using rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). In this paper, we present the design of this study using modern instrumental and clinical technologies for the diagnosis of sleep disorders and rehabilitation. The work will be of practical importance in rehabilitation medicine and neurology for improving the quality of life of patients who have suffered acute cerebral circulatory disorders. We plan to study sleep disorders in patients in the early recovery period of stroke using clinical and polysomnographic techniques, to evaluate the safety and clinical effectiveness of rTMS in the studied patients with sleep disorders, to study the duration of the effects of rTMS on sleep normalization. The successful completion of the study will help to add to algorithms for correcting sleep disorders in post-stroke rehabilitation using transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Baseline EEG-correlates of responders/non-responders to combined antidepressive treatment including transcranial magnetic stimulation

IntroductionUse of combined antidepressive treatment included high-frequency rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is one of the ways for overcoming of pharmaco-resistance in depressive patients.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was the search for possible EEG predictors of antidepressive effects of rTMS of the left DLPFC in combined treatment of depression.Methods30 female in-patients (F31.3, F33.0, F33.1, by ICD-10; 20-50 years, mean age 36.9±10.3) with pharmaco-resistant depression were enrolled in the study. Treatment included antidepressants (mainly SSRI) and a 3-week course of rTMS (20 Hz) of the left DLPFC. Correlations between pre-treatment EEG spectral power values, and post-treatment quantitative clinical assessments of patients were analyzed. Responders/non-responders were determined by standard criteria of 50% decrease in HDRS-17 scale total scores after treatment course.ResultsResponders (23 out of 30) revealed significant (p&lt;0.05) negative correlations between post-treatment HDRS-17 scores and pre-treatment EEG spectral power in theta-2 (6-8 Hz) and alpha-1 (8-9 Hz) frequency sub-bands in the parietal-occipital-posterior temporal leads. Non-responders (7 out of 30) showed negative correlations between the post-treatment HDRS-17 scores and pre-treatment theta-2 EEG spectral power in the frontal-central-temporal regions of the right hemisphere.ConclusionsEven brief course of rTMS of the left DLPFC enhances the action of antidepressants, and allows overcoming partially the pharmaco-resistance in depressive patients. Baseline values of theta-2 and alpha-1 EEG spectral power may serve as possible predictors of the effects of combined antidepressive therapy including rTMS. The study supported by RBRF grant No.18-01-00029a.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Clinical and Neurophysiological Effects of the Therapeutic Combination of High-Frequency Rhythmic Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Motor and Frontal Cortex in Parkinson’s Disease

Objective. To run a parallel placebo-controlled trial to assess the effects of navigated combined high-frequency rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the primary motor (bilateral) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the clinical dynamics of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Materials and methods. A total of 46 patients took part in the trial and were randomized to active (n = 23) and placebo (n = 23) rTMS. Navigated therapeutic and placebo rTMS were performed for areas of the primary motor and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at a frequency of 10 Hz (20 daily sessions for three weeks). Changes in clinical symptoms were assessed on the MDS-UPDRS (parts I–IV) before sessions, immediately after 20 sessions, and 4–6 weeks after courses of rTMS. Nonmotor and mental symptoms were evaluated on the Hamilton depression scale (HDRS-17), the Beck scale (BDI-II), the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21), and the mini mental state examination (MMSE). Results. Statistically signifi cant therapeutic effects were obtained with rTMS as compared with placebo, with greater reductions in total scores on the MDS-UPDRS (parts I–IV), the severity of nonmotor (part I)and motor (Part III, with greater therapeutic effects for rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability) signs, as well as the severity of motor complications of dopamine replacement therapy (part IV). The effects of rTMS on motor symptoms persisted at four weeks after completion of stimulation courses. It is also important to note that the signifi cant improvements in the rTMS and placebo groups were similar in terms of the magnitudes of reductions in the severity of daily motor symptoms (part II of the MDS-UPDRS) and increases in the total scores on the MMSE, HDRS, BDI-II, and DASS-21. Conclusions. Combined high-frequency rTMS of two areas of the cerebral cortex – the motor (bilaterally) and the left dorsolateral prefrontal – had positive therapeutic effects on the motor and affective symptoms of PD which were signifi cantly greater than obtained using placebo stimulation.

Rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of resistant depression in schizophrenia

Rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has long been actively used in the treatment of depressive disorders in various mental illnesses. At the same time, the question of the predictability of the results of this method for an individual patient remains open. Based on the existing ideas about the relationship of rTMS mechanisms with changes in the state of neural networks, one of the most perspective line is the search for prognostically significant neurophysiological markers. The study analyzed a wide range of EEG characteristics and evoked potentials recorded before treatment in the groups of responders and nonresponders in patients with depressive symptoms in schizophrenia, who have completed a course of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation. The study revealed associations between an unfavorable treatment outcome and greater coherence in the alpha range (mainly in the caudal regions bilaterally) and less coherence in the beta1 range (involving temporal leads and left-hemisphere asymmetry). At the same time, such indicators as the amplitude of the N100 wave and the negativity of the mismatch were uninformative in terms of predicting the effectiveness of therapy.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation for tinnitus treatment

High prevalence of tinnitus, its negative influence on the quality of life and psychoemotional status of patients support need and extreme urgency of further research of various treatment methods. Rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective method of therapy in patients with chronic tinnitus. The optimal protocol for rhythmic stimulation is low-frequency (1 Hz) rTMS with low-intensity stimuli (below 110% of the motor threshold) with a limited number of stimuli per series. There is evidence that high-frequency rTMS in the area of relatively thin temporal bones can lead to excessive stimulation of the neural structures of the auditory cortex, which is undesirable considering the pathogenesis of this condition. The use of navigation technology in rTMS has no advantage in chronic tinnitus therapy, whereas the combined use of rTMS and transcranial electrical brain stimulation to increase the treatment efficacy is under active study. Considering the attributable favorable clinical safety profile of rTMS, as well as its known positive effects on anxiety and depression that are often seen in patients with tinnitus, we can recommend more widespread use of this method in real-world settings.

Cognitive rehabilitation after stroke using non-pharmacological approaches

Cerebral stroke is one of the leading causes of disability in the modern world. Despite the high efficacy of high-tech treatment methods, the issue of rehabilitation is extremely relevant for post-stroke patients. Much attention is paid to non-pharmacological approaches; their use in the treatment process seems to be very promising. The review presents therapeutic approaches aimed at increasing the plasticity of the brain, including rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation, direct current stimulation, training with a speech therapist-neuropsychologist, computerized cognitive training, biofeedback techniques for support response, electroencephalogram, high-tech approaches using virtual reality, interfaces brain-computer, art therapy, music therapy, various complexes of physical exercises.

Discrete sampling in perception via neuronal oscillations-Evidence from rhythmic, non-invasive brain stimulation.

A variety of perceptual phenomena suggest that, in contrast to our everyday experience, our perception may be discrete rather than continuous. The possibility of such discrete sampling processes inevitably prompts the question of how such discretization is implemented in the brain. Evidence from neurophysiological measurements suggest that neural oscillations, particularly in the lower frequencies, may provide a mechanism by which such discretization can be implemented. It is hypothesized that cortical excitability is rhythmically enhanced or reduced along the positive and negative half-cycle of such oscillations. In recent years, rhythmic non-invasive brain stimulation approaches such as rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) are increasingly used to test this hypothesis. Both methods are thought to entrain endogenous brain oscillations, allowing them to alter their power, frequency, and phase in order to study their roles in perception. After a brief introduction to the core mechanisms of both methods, we will provide an overview of rTMS and tACS studies probing the role of brain oscillations for discretized perception in different domains and will contrast these results with unsuccessful attempts. Further, we will discuss methodological pitfalls and challenges associated with the methods.

Quantitative EEG in Prediction of Efficiency of Combined Antidepressive Treatment Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

In order to search for possible EEG predictors of the effectiveness of combined antidepressive therapy, which includes a three-week course of high-frequency rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of the left hemisphere in 30 patients with drug-resistant depression the correlations between pre-treatment EEG spectral power values, and post-treatment quantitative outcome conditions of patients were analyzed. The “responders” (23 out of 30) exhibited significant negative correlations of the post-treatment HDRS-17 scale total score with the EEG spectral power values in θ2 (6–8 Hz) and α1 (8–9 Hz) frequency sub-bands in the parietal–occipital–posterior temporal leads. The “non-responders” (7 out of 30) exhibited similar correlations between the post-treatment HDRS-17 scale total score and θ2 (6–8 Hz) EEG sub-band spectral power in the frontal–central–temporal areas of the right hemisphere. Thus, possible EEG predictors of the effectiveness of combined antidepressive therapy, including rTMS of the left DLPFC, are the pre-treatment parameters of θ2 and α1 EEG frequency sub-bands.

Efficacy of High-Frequency Rhythmic Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Endogenous Depressive Disorders at Juvenile Age

Objectives. To seek neurophysiological predictors of the effi cacy of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with depressive disorders of different nosological categories. Materials and methods. A total of 34 juvenile patients (all male) with protracted treatment-refractory depressive states were studied. Investigation of patients used psychopathological and psychometric methods (Hamilton scale) and electroencephalography. The search for predictors of therapeutic efficacy was carried out using a wide range of neurophysiological indicators and different protocols for high-frequency rTMS (10 and 20 Hz). Results and conclusions. The most significant changes were identified on rTMS at 20 Hz. Favorable treatment effects on the EEG were found to correlate with higher spectral power in the α and β1 subranges.

Application of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation with low-intensive running pulsed magnetic field in the rehabilitation of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment syndrome

The purpose of the investigation was to study the nootropic effects of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) using low-intensity magnetic field with the induction rate of 45 mT, base frequency of 50 Hz, modulation frequency of 10 Hz in combination with standard medical and psychological therapy in the rehabilitation of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI).&#x0D; Materials and methods. The rehabilitation outcomes in 98 patients with PSCI syndrome were studied. The patients were subdivided into 2 groups: 53 patients of the control group were treated with the standard nootropic medications and neuropsychological procedures; 45 patients of the main group were additionally treated with rTMS by the low-intensive running pulsed magnetic field of 10 Hz modulation frequency. The dynamics of the score increase according to Rivermid, Karnovsky, Roshina, MMSE, mRS, HDRS, SF-36 scales were analyzed.&#x0D; Conclusion. Application of rTMS with low-intensive running pulsed magnetic field of 10 Hz modulation frequency in combination with a standard program of cognitive rehabilitation contributes to a significant improvement in the recovery of mental calculation function in ischemic stroke patients, as well as normalization in mood swings in the patients who had suffered a hemorrhagic stroke and post-stroke depression. This variant of rTMS can be safely used in patients with PSCI syndrome in the early recovery period, 3 weeks after the onset of stroke.

Cerebellar Theta and Beta Noninvasive Stimulation Rhythms Differentially Influence Episodic Memory versus Semantic Prediction.

The human cerebellum is thought to interact with distributed brain networks to support cognitive abilities such as episodic memory and semantic prediction. Hippocampal and fronto-temporo-parietal networks that respectively support episodic memory versus semantic prediction have been associated with distinct endogenous oscillatory activity frequency bands: theta (∼3-8 Hz) versus beta (∼13-30 Hz) respectively. We sought to test whether it is possible to toggle cerebellar participation in episodic memory versus semantic prediction by noninvasively stimulating with theta versus beta rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation. In human subjects of both sexes, cerebellar theta stimulation improved episodic memory encoding but did not influence neural signals of semantic prediction, whereas beta stimulation of the same cerebellar location increased neural signals of semantic prediction but did not influence episodic memory encoding. This constitutes evidence for double dissociation of cerebellar contributions to semantic prediction versus episodic memory based on stimulation rhythm, supporting the hypothesis that the cerebellum can be biased to support these distinct cognitive abilities at the command of network-specific rhythmic activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The cerebellum interacts with several distinct large-scale brain networks for cognitive function, but the factors governing selectivity of such interactions for particular functions are not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that cerebellar contributions to cognition are guided by neural oscillations with function-specific frequency bands. We demonstrated that matching noninvasive stimulation to network-specific frequencies selectively enhanced episodic memory versus semantic prediction. These findings suggest that cerebellar contributions to cognitive networks are selected based on corresponding activity rhythms and could be used to develop cerebellar stimulation interventions for specific neurocognitive impairments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the correction of consequences of minor traumatic brain injury

Purpose. To evaluate therapeutic options of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of consequences of minor traumatic brain injury.Materials and methods. A neuropsychological examination using standard scales for assessing cognitive functions, as well as the Beck depression inventory, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the MFI-20 multidimensional fatigue inventory was performed on patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and complaints of decreased memory, attention, general weakness and fatigue. Patients were split into two groups. Active group (24 patients) received rhythmic TMS besides standard treatment (neurometabolic, nootropic) while control group (23 patients) received only standard therapy. After the treatment course, the reassessment of neuropsychological examination with the following statistic processing was performed.Study results. Comparison of treatment results in the active and control groups showed the highest efficacy of rTMS in the treatment of depression (p=0,016), anxiety (p=0,001) and in fatigue lowering (p=0,017) in patients with consequences of minor TBI.Conclusion. The data obtained from the study point the high efficacy of treatment of consequences of minor TBI by means of rTMS that displays in lowering of fatigue, anxiety, and depression severity when using.

Navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to correct eating behavior in obesity (clinical cases)

Obesity is a pathological condition caused by overweight and requiring medical intervention. The clinical and scientific experience gained over the past decades has allowed researchers to consider this problem as an independent disease with its own pathophysiological features, prevalence, incidence, approaches to therapy and prevention. One of the most important factors in the pathogenesis of obesity is disordered eating behavior, the central regulation of which is carried out with the active participation of the prefrontal cortex. Impact on this area (for example, using non-invasive brain stimulation) may be one of the promising ways to modulate eating behavior. The article describes clinical cases of treatment of morbid obesity using navigated rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Different patterns of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activation before and after rTMS are demonstrated. Possible mechanisms of the influence of DLPFC on the formation of eating behavior are also considered. These data underline the important role of DLPFC dysregulation in obesity, as well as show potentially effective neuromodulation techniques.