Papua New Guinea In October 1975, forest botanists collected material of the mangrove (Rhizophora sp) from near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (PNG),which had bright orange, resin-like exudations. At the Pathology Laboratory, Dept Primary Industry, Port Moresby, the exudations (Fig.1) were found to be cirri of a fungus, later identified by CMI as Cytospora rhizophorae. After holding the material in a plastic bag for 24 h, portions of some of the orange cirri had a coating of an ivory coloured Penicillium sp. (Fig.l). A species of Metasphaeria was also present but without any spore extrusion. A few weeks later a further collection of Rhizosphora prop roots, which were swollen and roughened but without cirri, was made in the same area. This material was held in an air-conditioned laboratory and cirri of C.rhizophorae were noted on the specimens some nine months later, although they could have extruded at any time in the interim. Some also had a white coating of a fungus with Penicillium-like fructifications. About three months after the orange cirri were noted in the second specimen, cream-coloured cirri had also extruded. They were composed of spores 20 30 x 1 um, apparently B-spores of a Phomopsis, they were compared at CMI with P.rhizophorae Batista & Maia but considered to differ from that species, which has spores measuring 10 53 x 1.5 3 I'm. In March 1976, a third collection of Rhizophora with orange cirri was made at Gulley Reach, 48 km NW of Port Moresby on the eastern side of the Gulf of Papua, an area of giant-sized mangroves (Fig.2). A few weeks later a fourth collection with orange cirri was again made at Galley Reach, on dead Rhizophora prop roots, after an alleged lightning strike. No germination was obtained from thousands of spores of C.rhizophorae streaked on to nutrient agar. Such spores of course may have been non-viable with age. Isolates of Penicillium spp from the spore streaks were identified as near P.variabile Sopp. and P.fellutanum Biourge. Many minute, white fungal colonies also occurred in the spore streaks. Isolates (PNG 9998C; IMI 208557) of these, however, were non-sporulating despite various treatments in PNG and CMI, and the fungus is therefore unidentified.