Rhizome Characteristics Research Articles

Exploring Steroidal Saponin Composition and Morphometric Characteristics of Rhizomes from Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don: Inference for Medicinal Properties and Genetic Stock Improvement.

Trillium govanianum, a medicinal herb, exhibiting diverse morphometric traits and phytochemicals across developmental stages of plants. The changes in the chemical profile and steroidal saponin levels in the rhizome of T. govanianum across different developmental stages were previously unknown. This study categorizes rhizomes into three types based on scar presence: juvenile (5-10 scars, Type I), young (11-19 scars, Type II), and mature (21-29 scars, Type III). Rhizomes show varying sizes (length 1.2-4.7 cm, girth 0.3-1.6 cm), weight (0.18-5.0 g), and extractive yields (9.7-16.1 % w w-1), with notable differences in saponin content (5.95-21.9 mg g-1). Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS)-based chemical profiling identifies 31 phytochemicals, mainly including diverse saponins. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (UHPLC-ELSD)-based quantitative analysis of seven key saponins reveals stage-specific accumulation patterns, with protodioscin (P) and dioscin (DS) predominant in mature rhizomes. Statistical analysis confirms significant variation (p=0.001) in saponin levels across developmental stages with chemical constituent protodioscin (P=4.03±0.03-15.76±0.14 mg g-1, PAve=9.79±3.03 mg g-1) and dioscin (DS=1.23±0.06-3.93±0.07 mg g-1, DSAve=2.59±0.70 mg g-1), with acceptable power (p=0.738; |δ|>0.5) statistics for effective sample size (n=27 samples used in the study) of T. govanianum. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Euclidean clustering further highlighted chemotype distinctions.

Anatomical characteristics and resprouting capacity of the underground organs of Bohemian knotweed (Polygonum ×bohemicum)

AbstractThe hybrid Bohemian knotweed [Polygonum ×bohemicum (J. Chrtek & Chrtková) Zika & Jacobson [cuspidatum × sachalinense]; syn.: Reynoutria ×bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková] is part of the worldwide problematic rhizomatous invasive plants that impact (semi-)natural and agricultural systems. In this context, precise knowledge about the morpho-anatomy and resprouting capacity of the underground organs is key information for developing efficient eradication measures. In the present study, we aimed at (1) clarifying existing differences in the morpho-anatomical characteristics of rhizomes and roots, (2) developing an easy-to-apply field identification method for the underground organs, and (3) identifying the main morpho-anatomical features enhancing the rhizomes’ resprouting ability. For this purpose, we collected the underground organs of two wild populations of P. ×bohemicum in Canton Ticino (southern Switzerland) and analyzed the morpho-anatomical differences between rhizomes and roots, using high-resolution microscope images and microtome sections. Collected material was then used for a resprouting capacity test after assessing rhizome characteristics such as weight, total diameter, pith diameter, pith brightness, and pith color. In contrast to roots, rhizomes are characterized by pith tissue in the center and display nodes with peripheral dormant buds that enable them to resprout. Resprouting ability of rhizomes was high (87.1% on average) and depended on the ontogenetic developmental stage of the organs (peak values of 97% for young and clearer-colored organs, 50% for old and dark ones). In conclusion, the smooth pith tissue of rhizomes represents a key discriminating feature between rhizomes and roots, whereas relating existing nodes to the corresponding rhizome pith color allows assessment of the resprouting potential of a knotweed population.

Prediction of regrowth and biomass of perennial sorghum using unoccupied aerial systems

AbstractPerennial grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has potential to produce grain and forage while improving soil health, ecosystem services, and carbon soil sequestration but requires further genetic improvement. Unoccupied aerial systems (UAS, also known as drones and unmanned aerial systems) provide opportunities to quickly evaluate plant traits on a large scale with precision. Unoccupied aerial system flights were used to evaluate biomass yield and rhizome characteristics of 100 diverse sorghum hybrids, most being from an interspecific hybridization program, in the establishment year and first year of regrowth. Twenty‐one vegetation indices (VIs) with canopy height measurements (CHMs) were processed from seven UAS flights made temporally during each growing season. Regression of the temporal data (VI and CHM) and phenotypic traits, including rhizome characteristics based on plant stand count (PSC), rhizome‐derived shoots (RDS), and fresh and dry biomass yields, showed useful predictions when combining temporal VI with CHM and machine learning. Blue chromatic coordinate index (BCC) best predicted all measured traits. If predictions could be generalized, UAS would reduce field evaluation time for perennial sorghum or breeding perennial grasses in general and allow breeders to evaluate additional genotypes. In this study, we found that optimizing flights to specific dates after planting could minimize resource requirements and costs in prediction of regrowth and biomass yield of perennial sorghum.

Ethnobotanical Study of Zingiberaceae Rhizomes as Traditional Medicine Ingredients by Medicinal Plant Traders in the Pancur Batu Traditional Market, North Sumatera, Indonesia

Traditional markets are places for buying and selling medicinal plants and are a source of ethnobotany research data. This study aims to determine the uses and characteristics of Zingiberaceae rhizomes have been used as traditional medicine and traded in the traditional market of Pancur Batu, North Sumatra. This research was conducted with an ethnobotany approach through surveys, interviews and observation participatory. The respondents are all medicinal plants traders in the Pancur Batu traditional market. The things that were asked of the traders included local names, special characters, benefits, and how to recognize the rhizome. The medicinal plant traders in the Pancur batu traditional market have been utilized and traded as many as 10 species of Zingiberaceae rhizome, most of them belonging Curcuma and Zingiber genera. The characteristics of rhizomes are recognized by traders through their size, color, and aroma. The cross-section of the rhizomes of each species is different in structure and color which is used as the main marker for each species. Rhizoma Zingiberaceae is used as the main ingredient for tawar (semi-solid medicinal herbs consumed by brewing), parem (solid medicinal ingredients), and oukup (traditional Karo sauna). The rhizome aroma of each species belonging Zingiberaceae is very distinctive which is related to the content of essential oils. The use of Zingiberaceae rhizomes as tawar and parem ingredients needs to be studied further so that they are developed into standardized herbs.

FEATURES OF WEEDINESS OF THE FIELD BY ROOT RESIDUES OF CORN

The presence of a large amount of root residues after harvesting corn creates problems for the processing of the field. On the basis of field and laboratory studies, the character of weediness and the main physical and morphological characteristics of rhizomes were revealed. Analysis of the variation curves of the dimensional characteristics of root residues and the mass graphical dependences of rhizomes made it possible to develop a general approach to freeing fields from plant residues of corn.

Proteome analysis of bermudagrass stolons and rhizomes provides new insights into the adaptation of plant stems to aboveground and underground growth

As an important perennial warm-season turfgrass species, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) forms underground-growing rhizomes and aboveground-growing stolons simultaneously, making it a fast propagating clonal plant with strong regeneration ability. In the current study, we compared the internode proteomes of rhizomes and stolons at the same developmental stage in the bermudagrass cultivar Yangjiang using iTRAQ. The results indicated that 228 protein species were differentially accumulated in the two specialized stems. In agreement with the different contents of starch, chlorophyll, anthocyanin and H2O2 in the two types of stems, photosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis were enriched with differentially accumulated protein species (DAPs) in stolons, whereas starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis, and H2O2 metabolism were enriched with DAPs in rhizomes. Burying stolons in the soil resulted in the gradual degradation of chlorophyll and anthocyanin, accumulation of starch, and increment of H2O2, which is similar to the physiological characteristics of rhizomes. These results collectively revealed that stolons and rhizomes of bermudagrass have significant differences at the proteome level and light might play important regulatory roles in the discrepancy of the proteome profiles and specialization of the two stems, providing new insights into the adaptation of plant stems to aboveground and underground growth. Biological significanceAs two types of specialized stems that grow underground and aboveground respectively, rhizomes and stolons play important roles in overwintering and ecological invasion of many perennial and clonal plants. However, because rhizomes and stolons rarely coexist in single plant species, the differences between the two stems remain unclear at the molecular level. In this study, through an iTRAQ comparative proteomic analysis, we reported the identification of 228 differentially accumulated protein species (DAPs) in rhizomes and stolons of bermudagrass for the first time. We found that the 228 DAPs were interconnected to form protein networks in regulating diverse cellular activities and biochemical reactions. We also observed that stolons growing underground showed similar physiological activities and DAP expression as those of underground-growing rhizomes, suggesting that light might play important regulatory roles in the specialization of stolons and rhizomes. These results expanded our understanding of the mysterious adaption of plant stems to different growth conditions.

PRIMER REGISTRO DE DENNSTAEDTIA DISSECTA (DENNSTAEDTIACEAE) PARA LA FLORA ARGENTINA

Dennstaedtia dissecta is recorded for the first time for the Argentinean flora in the Misiones Province. This new record was discovered during the study of herbarium specimens from BA and LP, and then corroborated with field collections from Cruce Caballero Provincial Park and Urugua-i Provincial Park. In addition to the characteristics of rhizome and lamina, the spores were an important information source for the identification of this species. The diagnostic characters are described and illustrated, including a key to identify the species of Dennstaedtia from Misiones.

A Study on the Rhizome Characteristics of Reading

A Study on the Rhizome Characteristics of Reading

A Study on Establishment of Phytochemical Analysis of Quality Parameters and Fluorescence Analysis of Costus spicatus- rhizome extract Medicinal Plants a Well Known Tropical Folklore Medicine

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic pharmacognostical characters of Costus spicatus in rhizomes extract along with their physico-chemical parameters and fluorescence analysis.
 Methods: The pharmacognostical characters were determined in terms of macroscopy, microscopy, Powder microscopy, rhizome constant, fluorescence analysis and Preliminary phytochemical investigation.
 Result: The fluorescence characteristics of rhizome powdered extracts were determined under UV radiation of long and short wavelengths and ordinary visible light. When the powdered drug and extracts were treated with different reagents and observed under UV and ordinary light, they emitted various colour radiations. The colour change for the rhizome powder and individual extract were distinctive and reproducible revealing the solvent properties to the phytoconstituents and data is present. The moister content was calculated through the loss on drying method and was found to be 1.43%. The swelling and foaming index values were recorded. The phytochemical investigation indicates the presence of the organic phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, carbohydrate, flavonoids, protein, amino acids, phenols, tannin, glycosides, steroids and inorganic constituents like iron, phosphate, sulphate and chlorides.
 Conclusion: Various pharmacognostical and physicochemical parameters have pivotal roles in identification, authentication and establishment of quality parameters of the species.
 Keywords: Costus spicatus, Physico-Chemical parameters and fluorescence analysis.

Characterization of phenolic compounds from normal ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora Wall.) using UPLC\u2013DAD\u2013QToF\u2013MS

Zingiberaceae is the large diverse family comprised of rhizomatous plants with a higher concentration of phenolic compounds. The normal ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora Wall.) belongs to this family and have similar morphological characteristics of rhizome, but their phenolic composition revealed differently. On this study, the phenolic composition of normal ginger (from Ethiopia and Korea) and black gingers (from Korea and Thailand) were profiled using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector, quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–DAD–QToF–MS). The result revealed that gingerol-related phenolic acid was detected only in normal gingers while, the methoxyflavones were identified exclusively in black gingers. 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, 1-dehydro-6-gingerdione, and diacetoxy-8-gingerdiol were the major constituents among 18 phenolic acids detected from normal gingers, and 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone and 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone were confirmed as predominant constituents among 13 methoxyflavones from black gingers. The total phenolic content was 434.7 and 698.1 mg/100 g dry weight (DW) in Korean and Ethiopian sample, respectively. The total methoxyflavone concentration was 4388.0 mg/100 g DW and 3940.2 mg/100 g DW in Korean and Thai black ginger sample, respectively. The higher concentration of methoxyflavones is from advanced biosynthetic pathway related to accumulated color of black ginger. In addition, new possible structural fragmentation was proposed for gingerol homologous series as additional pathway under the positive ionization mode, and further rationalized that ferulic acid moiety is the biosynthetic precursor. The result suggested that despite the morphological similarity, normal and black ginger showed distinct biosynthetic difference to synthesis their major secondary metabolites.Graphical

A Study on the Regeneration Plan of Mukho Port Railroad District with the Receiving and Shipping Space to apply the Characteristics of Rhizome

A Study on the Regeneration Plan of Mukho Port Railroad District with the Receiving and Shipping Space to apply the Characteristics of Rhizome

Rhizome Characteristics in the Movements of Physical Theatre

Rhizome Characteristics in the Movements of Physical Theatre

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies of Viola tianschanica Maxim. – An Uyghur ethnomedicinal plant

Context: Viola tianschanica Maxim. (Violaceae) is a perennial herb widely distributed in Central Asia, especially in the Xinjiang of China. The whole herb has been used in traditional Uygur medicines as an antifebrile-detoxicate drugs. Aims: To characterize macroscopical and microscopical features of the root, leave and rhizome of the V. tianschanica Maxim. Explore and establish the micro-morphology and quality control methods for this plant. Methods: Pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigations were conducted regarding macroscopic, microscopic and preliminary phytochemical parameters. Results: It can be identified by structural features of flowers, structural characteristics of rhizome and root, specific thickening of endothecium cells of clinandrium can be regarded as identification character. This crude drug showed the characteristic physicochemical values like total ash (12%), water soluble ash (4.0%), acid insoluble ash (3.8%) and moisture content (6.5%). The ethanolic extract mainly contained flavonoids in this herb, also contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, coumarin and absence of fats and protein. Conclusions: Various pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical characters observed in this test may help in standardization, identification and carrying out further research in V. tianschanica Maxim. based drugs used in Uygur traditional medicine and folk medicines. Sediment type of impurity content is higher in herbs; it should be paying attention to control quality of medicinal materials or drugs.

Above- and Belowground Biomass Allocation in Four Dominant Salt Marsh Species of the Eastern United States

Measurements of aboveground and belowground biomass allocations are important for characterization of structure and function in marsh ecosystems as various processes such as carbon sequestration, gas transport, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem resilience are affected by these allocations. We measured aboveground and belowground biomass, root and rhizome characteristics, leaf area index (LAI), and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio of various tissues of four tidal marsh species in New Jersey by harvesting biomass during peak growing season. The aboveground biomasses for Spartina patens, S. alterniflora, Phragmites australis, and Distichlis spicata were 2.3, 2.2, 1.7 and 1.2 kg m−2, respectively. The ratio of belowground to aboveground biomass for S. alterniflora and D. spicata, harvested from a recently restored wetland were lower than in previous studies. LAI for S. alterniflora, D. spicata, P. australis, and S. patens were 8.4, 6.8, 4.8 and 3.7 m2 m−2, respectively. Diameter of rhizome and root, number of primary roots per node, root surface area to volume ratio, and C/N of various tissues varied with species. The measured above- and belowground biometric traits are crucial for a better understanding of carbon dynamics, and modeling greenhouse gas transport in marsh ecosystems.

Drought resistance and soil water extraction of a perennial C4 grass: contributions of root and rhizome traits.

Previously, we showed that genotypic differences in soil water extraction were associated with drought response, but we did not study underground root and rhizome characteristics. In this study, we demonstrate a similar relationship between drought resistance and soil water extraction but investigate the role of underground organs. Eighteen bermudagrass genotypes (Cynodon spp.) from four climatic zones were assessed under continuous drought at two locations with contrasting soils and climates. The criterion for drought resistance was the duration required to reach 50% green cover (GC50) after water was withheld. GC50, physiological traits, rhizome dry matter (RhDM), root length density (RLD) and average root diameter (ARD) were determined in both locations; water extraction was measured in one location. Large genotypic variation for drought resistance was observed in both locations, with GC50 being 187-277 days in a clay soil and 15-27 days in a sandy soil. Drought-resistant genotypes had greater soil water extraction and a higher water uptake rate. GC50 was correlated with relative water content (r=0.76), canopy temperature differential (r=-0.94) and photosynthetic rate (r=0.87) measured during drought; RhDM (r=0.78 to ~0.93) before and after drought; and ARD after drought (r=0.82 to ~0.94); GC50 was not correlated with RLD. Ecotypes collected from the Australian Mediterranean zone had superior drought resistance and were characterised by a large rhizome network. This is the first comprehensive study with perennial C4 grasses describing the association between water extraction, root distribution, rhizomes and drought resistance.

Effect of Acute Gamma Irradiation onCurcuma alismatifoliaVarieties and Detection of DNA Polymorphism through SSR Marker

The effects of eight different doses (0, 10, 20, 25, 35, 40, 60, and 100 Gy) of acute gamma irradiation on 44 (three varieties of Curcuma alismatifolia: Chiang Mai Red, Sweet Pink, Kimono Pink, and one Curcuma hybrid (Doi Tung 554) individual plants were investigated. Radiation sensitivity tests revealed that the LD50 values of the varieties were achieved at 21 Gy for Chiang Mai Red, 23 Gy for Sweet Pink, 25 Gy for Kimono Pink, and 28 Gy for Doi Tung 554. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), significant variations were observed for vegetative traits, flowering development, and rhizome characteristics among the four varieties of Curcuma alismatifolia and dose levels as well as the dose × variety interaction. In irradiated plants, the leaf length, leaf width, inflorescence length, the number of true flowers, the number of pink bracts, number of shoots, plant height, rhizome size, number of storage roots, and number of new rhizomes decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as the radiation dose increased. The cophenetic correlation coefficient (CCC) between genetic dissimilarity matrix estimated from the morphological characters and the UPGMA clustering method was r = 0.93, showing a proof fit. In terms of genetic variation among the acutely irradiated samples, the number of presumed alleles revealed by simple sequence repeats ranged from two to seven alleles with a mean value of 3.1, 4.5, and 5.3 alleles per locus for radiation doses of 0, 10, and 20 Gy, respectively. The average values of the effective number of alleles, Nei's gene diversity, and Shannon's information index were 2.5–3.2, 0.51–0.66, and 0.9–1.3, respectively. The constructed dendrogram grouped the entities into seven clusters. Principal component analysis (PCA) supported the clustering results. Consequently, it was concluded that irradiation with optimum doses of gamma rays efficiently induces mutations in Curcuma alismatifolia varieties.

Physico-Chemical Characterization and Product Development from Ginger (Zingiber officinalis) Germplasm Available in South Western Region of Bangladesh

An investigation was carried out to study the physico-chemical characteristics of 10 selected ginger germplasm of South Western region of Bangladesh from August 2012 to January 2013. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design. The physico-chemical characters of 10 germplasms of ginger species were studied. There was significant variation among the germplasms in relation to rhizome characteristics and organoleptic evaluation. Better performance of ginger was found in germplasm No. 1 in respect of total rhizome weight, rhizome width, rhizome height, pulp weight, pulp thickness, skin thickness and percents of edible part. Ginger germplasm No. 7 gave better value in respect of pH (6.71) and vitamin C (5.70) content of rhizome pulp. The total soluble solids found higher (6.67 %) in germplasm No. 1 and titratable acidity (5.68 %) in germplasm No. 2. Carotenoids (0.200 mg/100g) found maximum in germplasm No. 10. Germplasm No. 3 and 2 was better in respect of anthocyanin (0.17 mg/100gm) and flavonoids (11.27 gm) content of ginger pulp. In case of product development from different ginger, sauce was successfully prepared by using 400 g sugar containing treatment consisting 300-500 g of sugar with 100 g variation of sugar in three treatments without changing other ingredient. Ginger pakora was successfully prepared by using 25 g flour containing treatment consisting 15-25 g of flour with 5 g variation in three treatments without changing other ingredient. All ginger germplasms are not available year round in the country. So it is possible to preserve these rhizomes by development of products like sauce, pakora, laddu, nimky etc. to meet the nutritional requirement of people of the country.

Lastreopsis kermadecensis, a new fern species from Raoul Island in the Kermadec Islands, New Zealand, with notes on L. pacifica

It has long been thought that a potentially distinct species of Lastreopsis occurs on Raoul Island in the Kermadec Islands, and it is here described as L. kermadecensis Perrie et Brownsey sp. nov. It has been allied with L. glabella or L. pacifica, but is morphologically most similar to L. smithiana from eastern Australia, sharing similar indumentum, gland and rhizome characteristics. Lastreopsis kermadecensis differs from L. smithiana in having less-divided fronds with fewer catadromous primary pinnae, some clathrate scales on the stipes, larger spores and in being tetraploid. Its conservation status has previously been rated as At Risk/Naturally Uncommon IE, OL. Additionally, notes are provided on the circumscription of L. pacifica, particularly with regard to Samoan material which may be distinct.

Application of microscopy in authentication and distinguishing of 11 Paris species in West Sichuan

In the trade and raw drug market, the medicinal plants of genus Paris are available in the form of rhizomes without any vouchers, thus making it difficult to identify and distinguish the different species of Genus Paris. Recent studies have shown that the species of Paris possess different chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and efficiencies in clinical application. To distinguish 11 species of Paris collected from the western Sichuan province of China and ensure their safety and efficacy, in the present work, the microscopic characteristics of rhizomes and the crude drug powder of the 11 species of Paris were compared using a light microscope according to the usual microscopic techniques. The results of the microscopic features were systematically described and illustrated. The differences among these species are great enough that the identity of most material can be easily determined. Also, semiquantitative and quantitative micrographic parameter tables were simultaneously presented. Further, the key authentication parameters based on these anatomic characteristics analyzed was drawn up and presented for the Paris species studied. The study indicated that light microscopy and related techniques could provide a method that is convenient, feasible, and can be unambiguously applied in the authentication of species of Paris. This information is required not only for the identification procedures that guarantee the utilization of the appropriate raw material, but also for the quality control standards demanded.

Influence of propagation method a nd indole-3-butyric acid on growth and development of in vitro- and ex vitro-derived lingonberry plants

The effects of two propagation methods and four indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations were studied in two cultivars of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.). Cultivars Regal and Erntedank, propagated by conventional softwood cuttings (SC) and adventitious shoot regeneration from excised leaves of micropropagated shoots (LC), were evaluated for growth and morphology. Significant two- and three-way interactions for shoot and rhizome characteristics were observed among the treatments. The LC plants produced shorter and less-vigorous shoots but had more stems, branches, leaves and rhizomes in contrast to conventional cuttings, which rarely produced rhizomes. IBA had an effect on shoot and rhizome morphology, but not on the frequency of rhizome formation. In vitro culture on zeatin-containing nutrient medium apparently induces the juvenile branching characteristics that favored enhanced rhizome production. The advantage of shoot and rhizome production of adventitiously produced LC plants over SC plants varied between the genotypes. Erntedank plants had better shoot growth and rhizome development across propagation methods than did Regal plants. Key words: Vaccinium vitis-idaea, propagation, regeneration, cuttings, indole-3-butyric acid