Rhizoclonium Hieroglyphicum Research Articles

Optimization of Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum extract for enhanced synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using response surface methodology and its potential exploration in biological application.

The study investigates the potential of Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum as a novel source for synthesizing nickel oxide nanoparticles (RH-NiONPs) and evaluates its biological applications. Phytochemicals in the algal extract serve as capping, reducing and stabilizing agent for nickel oxide nanoparticles. The process variables were optimized using BBD based RSM to obtain maximum RH-NiONPs. Characterization of RH-NiONPs using UV-Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy reveals the plasmon resonance peak at 340 nm and the functional groups responsible for reduction and stabilization. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature while the stability and size of the RH-NiONPs were determined by DLS and zeta potential. Toxicity assessments demonstrated the effect of RH-NiONPs against Vigna radiata, Allium cepa and Artemia salina was low. RH-NiONPs revealed significant zone of inhibition against the selected bacteria and fungi. The results of larvicidal activity showed that RH-NiONPs are toxic to 4th instar larvae of Daphnis nerii. Also, RH-NiONPs efficiently decolorized Reactive Violet 13 (92%) under sunlight irradiation and the experimental data well fits to Langmuir isotherm along with pseudo second order kinetic model. The thermodynamic studies enunciate the exothermic and non-spontaneous photocatalytic decolorization of reactive violet 13. Thus, the current study assesses the eco-friendly and cost-effective nature of RH-NiONPs along with its biological applications.

A sustainable ecofriendly alternative for reactive blue 19 removal utilizing a novel biomass Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum and its reuse potential for ecological implications

A sustainable ecofriendly alternative for reactive blue 19 removal utilizing a novel biomass Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum and its reuse potential for ecological implications

A response surface model to examine the reactive red 239 sorption behaviors on Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum: isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics and toxicity analyses.

The present study is an attempt to investigate the potentiality of Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum in the removal of reactive red 239 (RR239) from aqueous solution and to assess the toxicity of the treated dye solution. Optimisation of the process variables namely dye and biosorbent concentrations, pH, temperature and incubation time for RR239 removal was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) assisted Box Behnken Design (BBD) model. The recycling and regeneration efficiency of the dye adsorbed alga was evaluated using different eluents under optimized conditions. Further to understand the adsorption mechanism, isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamic studies were performed. UV-vis and FT-IR spectroscopy was employed to confirm the interaction between the adsorbate and biosorbent. The nature of the treated dye solution was assessed using phyto, microbial and brine shrimp toxicity studies. On the basis of quadratic polynomial equation and response surfaces given by RSM, 90% decolorization of RR239 was recorded at room temperature under specified optimal conditions (300mg/L of dye, 500mg/L of biosorbent, pH 8 and 72h of contact time). Desorption experiments demonstrated 88% of RR239 recovery using 0.1N acetic acid as an eluent and 81% of dye removal in regeneration studies. The data closely aligned with Freundlich isotherm (R2 - 0.98) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 - 0.9671). Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the process of adsorption was endothermic, spontaneous, and favorable. UV-Vis and FT-IR analyses provided evidence for adsorbate-biosorbent interaction, substantiating the process of decolorization. In addition, the results of phyto, microbial and brine shrimp toxicity assays consistently confirmed the non-toxic nature of the treated dye. Thus, the study demonstrated that R. hieroglyphicum can act as a potent bioremediation agent in alleviating the environmental repercussions of textile dyeing processes.

Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from the Egyptian Untapped Green Alga Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum

Finding alternative powerful antibacterial drugs of natural origins is, today, a crucial prerequisite due to the resistance of some bacterial strains to commercial and widely-used medications. Algae are characterized by their bioactive constituents and have a wide spectrum of biotechnological aspects, particularly antibacterial implications. During this study, four concentrations (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg mL–1) of the Egyptian untapped green microalga Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (Chlorophyta) were prepared using the polar solvents ethanol, methanol, and acetone. The antibacterial activity of the above-mentioned extracts was assessed, using the agar disc diffusion technique against three pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, which was compared to standard antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were also assessed and determined using a broth dilution assay. Our findings revealed that the R. hieroglyphicum ethanolic extract exhibited the most potent antibacterial effect and its MICs values were 0.533, 2.25, and 5.34 mg mL–1 against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. aureus, respectively. A gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) approach to the crude R. hieroglyphicum ethanolic extract uncovered 30 different bioactive constituents, mainly including long-chain polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids such as myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), α-linolenic (C18:3; ω–3), and oleic (C18:1, ω–9) acids, which synergistically make this potent antibacterial action. The mechanism of action of these fatty acids was also discussed. Conclusively, R. hieroglyphicum could be a good candidate for the production and development of promising antibacterial agents.

Rhizoclonium Hieroglyphicum and Recycled Papers as Materials for Handcrafted Papermaking

Rhizoclonium Hieroglyphicum and Recycled Papers as Materials for Handcrafted Papermaking

Green algae distribution in some salt lakes of the Republic of Khakassia

The publication presents the results of a floristic study of green algae of some salt lakes in the Republic of Khakassia: Shira, Tus, Ulugkol, Altaiskoe, conducted in the period from 2006 to 2019. The lakes are located in the steppe zone within the Chebakovo-Balakhtinsky and Minusinsky basins of the Nazarov-Minusinsky intermountain depression. The mineralization of water in the lakes for the study period was: 15,9–21,9 g/l (Lake Shira); 52,7–115,07 g/l (Lake Tus); 18,3–21,7 g/l (Lake Ulugkol); 42,7 g/l (Lake Altaiskoe). The values of pH of the water lakes are alkaline – 8,2–9,8. In plankton, benthos and periphyton of 4 lakes we found 30 species of green algae belonging to 5 classes, 10 orders, 17 families, 22 genera. Cladophora glomerata and Oocystis submarina species were discovered in all the lakes surveyed. In different algae communities, along with cyanoprokaryotes and diatoms from green algae, the following species dominated: Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella chlorelloides, Cladophora glomerata, Cladophora sp., Dunaliella salina, Hindakia tetrachotoma, Oocystis submarina, Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum, R. riparium, Spermatozopsis exsultans, Sphaerocystis planctonica. Among them, highly active species with a relative frequency of occurrence of 74–50 % were: Dunaliella salina (in lakes Ulugkol and Altaiskoe), Sphaerocystis planctonica and Oocystis submarina (in lake Ulugkol). Rare species for the flora of the region are noted: Picocystis salinarum – in lake Altaiskoe, Percursaria percursa – in the lake Tus. In relation to water mineralization, the green algae of the studied lakes belonged to the groups of indifferents, halophiles, and polygalobes.

EKSPLORASI MIKROALGA DI SUNGAI MESAT KOTA LUBUKLINGGAU

The Mesat River is one of the rivers that cross the City of Lubuklinggau. Community activities around the river Mesat less maintain the river can disrupt the river ecosystem Mesat itself. The purpose of this study is to explore the microalgae in the Mesat River Lubuklinggau City. This research uses survey method, carried out on three stations with three repetitions in the waters of the Mesat River Kecamatan Lubuklinggau Timur II Lubuklinggau Town and identified in the Biology Laboratory STKIP-PGRI Lubuklinggau. Data were analyzed descriptively qualitative. The results of the study found microalgae in the Mesat River of Lubuklinggau City consisting of 4 Divisions, 6 Classes, 15 Orders, 19 Famili, 27 Genus and 32 Species. Mesi Abiotik Factor Measurement Results: mean temperature value 250C, average PH value 7.2, average brightness value 18.2 cm and Average Dissolved Oxygen Value 4.64 mg/L. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the type of microalgae found in the Mesat River consists of: Ankistrodesmus sp, Micrasterias radiata , Coelastrum sp, Zygnema sp, Chroococus sp, Xanthidium sp, Dictyosphaerium sp, Chlamydomonas sp, Carteria sp, Lyngbya sp, Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum , Cylotella sp, Surirella elegans , Spyrogira sp, Eunothia sp, Gonatozygon sp Chlorella sp, Oscillatoria limosa , Oscillatoria sp, Tabellaria sp, Pediastrum singulex , Pediastrum duplex , Closterium sp, Cosmarium sp, Mougeotia sp, Phacus triqueter , Phacus lomgicauda , Euglena viridis , Euglena mutabilis , Scenedesmus sp, Scenedesmus acuminatus , and Scenedesmus opaliensis .

Western Ghats terrestrial microalgae serve as a source of amylase and antioxidants enzymes

The purpose of the study was to screen six identified microalga samples from in and around of the Western Ghats Karnataka state for their amylase and antioxidants activity assay. These six collected terrestrial microalgae were grown in plastic tray for multiplication purpose treated with R.O. residual dispense water, pH 8.4 (T1) and urban waste water (T2)­­­ which reduced the pH and TDS content in that water. Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum has greater chlorophyll content, which helps in multiplication of microalgae very quickly. Carbohydrate degrading enzymes were analyzed using DNS reagents. Free radical scavenging activities were also determined using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Superoxide Dismutase and Peroxidase was the most important antioxidant enzymes that protect against the peroxidation system and maintain the redox state of the cell. Amylase, SOD and POD activities were confirmed by conducting native PAGE.

Biosequestration of CO2 using power plant algae (Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum JUCHE2) in a Flat Plate Photobio-Bubble-Reactor – Experimental and modeling

Biosequestration of CO2 in a 1.8L Flat Plate Photobio-Bubble-Reactor using power plant algae (Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum JUCHE2) has been studied. CO2 concentration and light intensity have been varied in the range of 5–25% and 82μmolm−2s−1–398.71μmolm−2s−1, respectively. Dependence of initial specific growth rate of algae has been explained by Haldane type kinetics and by Langmuir–Hinshelwood type kinetics including shape factor with respect to liquid phase CO2 concentration and the intensity of light, respectively. Half saturation constants for CO2 (=Ks) and light (=KE), inhibition constant for CO2 (=KI) and maximum specific growth rate (=μmax) have been determined, respectively as 1.25×10−7Mol/L, 120μmolm−2s−1, 0.00165Mol/L and 0.996d−1. A mathematical model of the Flat Plate Photobio-Bubble-Reactor has been developed incorporating effects of phenomena like gas to liquid mass transfer of CO2, stripping of dissolved CO2 to overhead gas space of the reactor, CO2 uptake by algal biomass. Population dynamics of long term growth of algal biomass have been incorporated by using a Gaussian time function. The model has been validated up to gas phase CO2 concentration of 25% through successful comparison of predicted data with corresponding experimental results.

Criptógamos do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP. Algas, 38: Chlorophyceae (Tetrasporales e Siphonocladales)

Levantamento das Tetrasporales e Siphonocladales que ocorrem nos ambientes aquáticos do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga. Foram identificados dois gêneros (Tetrasporaceae, Chaetopeltis e Tetraspora) de Tetrasporales (Tetrasporaceae) com uma espécie de cada um e três gêneros (Cladophoraceae, Cladophora, Pithophora e Rhizoclonium) de Siphonocladales (Cladophoraceae), todos com apenas uma espécie. O Lago das Ninféias foi o ambiente que apresentou a maior riqueza de espécies, incluindo todas as presentemente identificadas, exceto Tetraspora cylindrica. O hidrofitotério apresentou representantes de Tetraspora cylindrica, Pithophora roettleri e Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum.

Predator cues alter habitat use by the amphipod Hyalella azteca (Saussure)

The abundance and distribution of aquatic mesograzers may be regulated by both top-down (i.e., predator-mediated) and bottom-up (i.e., producer-mediated) effects. Under predation by fish, these herbivores may experience differential survivorship among different types of resource patches. Prey may attempt to maximize fitness by integrating information on predation risk and patch quality into foraging decisions. The freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca occupies mats of the toxic cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei and the green alga Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum in lotic water bodies throughout the southeastern USA. We tested the hypotheses that Lyngbya is an effective refuge from Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) predation and that predator cues modify habitat selection by amphipods. In no-choice assays, amphipods exposed to fish predation showed higher survivorship on Lyngbya than on Rhizoclonium. In choice assays, we observed greater proportions of amphipods on Lyngbya in tanks containing either predators or waterborne predator cues compared to control tanks containing only freshwater. These results suggest that Lyngbya is an effective refuge from predation for amphipods. Furthermore, predatory fish may indirectly influence the relative abundance of algae and cyanobacteria by reducing amphipod abundance on highly palatable species and restricting these mesograzers to less palatable species.

Systematics of Rhizoclonium-like algae (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) from Japanese brackish waters, based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses

Ichihara K., Shimada S. and Miyaji K. 2013. Systematics of Rhizoclonium-like algae (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) from Japanese brackish waters, based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses. Phycologia 52: 398–410. DOI: 10.2216/12–102.1Analyses of partial small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) rRNA genes of Rhizoclonium-like filamentous green algae, collected from brackish waters in Japan, revealed the existence of five genetically distinct species. Four species (Rhizoclonium spp. 1–4) were closely related to Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum. The phylogenetic position of the Rhizoclonium-like sp. 5 remained largely unresolved, although LSU analyses suggested a relationship with Chaetomorpha ligustica. Rhizoclonium spp. 1 and 4 were identified as Rhizoclonium riparium and Rhizoclonium lubricum, respectively. Rhizoclonium spp. 2 and 3 were morphologically distinguishable from other Rhizoclonium species and minute Chaetomorpha species. Rhizoclonium sp. 2 exhibited a characteristically small L/D (cell length/cell diameter) ratio and large number of nuclei (3–7 per cell), while Rhizoclonium sp. 3 was characterized by unique spindle or band-like, densely arranged chloroplasts; therefore, we described them as new species, Rhizoclonium breve and Rhizoclonium confertum. Rhizoclonium-like sp. 5 was characterized by perforated chloroplasts and polypyramidal pyrenoids and was clearly distinct from known Rhizoclonium or Chaetomorpha species. Based on the phylogenetic position and morphological features of Rhizoclonium-like sp. 5, we described it as a new species of Chaetomorpha, Chaetomorpha tokyoensis.

English

  In the current study, biodiesel production efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris, Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum and mixed algae culture was measured by transesterification process. Growth rate of algal species was measured on the basis of increase in their dry matter in various media. Protein, carbohydrates and lipids in all selected algae were measured on dry matter basis. Extracted oil was analyzed for water contents, iodine value, saponification value, acid number and fatty acid composition. Transesterification of algal oil was performed by using sodium methoxide as a catalyst. Yield of biodiesel from extracted oil was calculated for C. vulgaris (95%), R. hieroglyphicum (91%) and mixed algae culture (92%). Produced biodiesel was analyzed for kinematic viscosity (4.9, 5.0 and 4.7 mm2/s), flash point (160, 156 and 155°C), specific gravity (0.91, 0.914 and 0.912 g/ml), cetain number (51, 49 and 47 min), iodine value (47, 53 and 49 mg/g), acid number (0.49, 0.5 and 0.46 mg.KOH/g), carbon residue (0.01, 0.02 and 0.01 mass%), sulfated ash (0.007, 0.003 and 0.004 mass%), sulphur (0.013, 0.012 and 0.01 wt%) and water contents (15, 23 and 17 mg/kg) for C. vulgaris, R. hieroglyphicum andmixed algae culture, respectively. Properties of biodiesel were compared with ASTM standards and it was found with high quality biodiesel.   Key words:  Biodiesel, oil extraction, algae, transesterification.    

Diterpenoids from the freshwater green algae Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum with antibacterial activity

Three new isopimarane diterpenes 7β-hydroxy-19α-methylmalonyloxy-isopimara-8(14),15-diene (1), 7β-hydroxy-14-oxo-isopimara-8(9),15-dien-19oic acid (2), and 7β-hydroxy-14-oxo-19α-methylmalonyloxy-isopimara-9(11),15-diene (3) in addition to the known compounds isopimaric acid (4), 7oxo-13-epi-pimara-14,15-dien-18oic acid (5), 7oxo-13-epi-pimara-8,15-dien-18oic acid (6), and 6β-hydroxyisopimaric acid (7) were isolated from the hexane extract of Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum. The structures of compounds 1–7 were established by 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The isolated diterpenoids were screened for antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and yeast strains.

Simulation Study on the Influence of Roughness on the Downstream Automatic Control of an Irrigation Canal

The controllability of an irrigation canal depends on its physical characteristics, on the control algorithm used, and on the actual condition of the canal in relation to the algorithm tuning conditions. The flow conditions and controllability in an irrigation canal may change if the hydraulic friction changes. Great variations in friction were observed in an irrigation canal in Spain owing to the presence of Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum, a type of algae that grows in clear water. Such large variations in friction may have a significant effect on the stability and performance of automatic canal controllers. Using the unsteady-state model Simulation of Irrigation Canal (SIC), the influence of roughness on the performance of the study canal under distant downstream control of its four coupled pools was investigated. A set of proportional-integral (PI) controllers was tuned for different values of Manning's n. The controller’s performance under real conditions is sensitive to the roughness conditions under which the control gains were tuned, and a method to robustly tune the gains of the PI controllers is proposed.

Impact Of Crude Oil On Recruitment Of Epibenthic Organisms In Cross River Estuary, South East Nigeria

Effects of crude oil on recruitment of epibenthic organisms in Cross River estuary were studied in February and March, 2007 on wooden Panels (15×15×1.5cm). The panels were immersed in Nigerian light crude oil and later suspended in the estuary for six weeks. Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum showed slight resistance to the effect of the crudeoil while species like Balanus balanoide, Crassostrea gazar, Bugula neritina, Serbellaria intoshi, Catenella opuntia and Caloglossa leprieurii showed slight inhibition. Statistically, there was however no significant difference in the recruitment level of the organisms on both the control panels and oil-polluted panels, (p>0.05). This may probably have been as a result of weathering process or bacterial degradation of the crude oil which rapidly diluted the hydrocarbon, thereby reducing its toxicity. The result reveals that widespread oil spill during the reproductive season would reduce larval settlement and impede subsequent recruitment. The ecological implications of these findings are discussed.

Biorecovery of gold using cyanobacteria and an eukaryotic alga with special reference to nanogold formation – a novel phenomenon

Pro- and eukaryotic algal genera, i.e. Lyngbya majuscula, Spirulina subsalsa (Cyanophyceae) and Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (Chlorophyceae), were used for bio-recovery of gold (Au) out of aqueous solution. Au (III) spiked with 198Au was used for the experiment. Batch laboratory experiments indicated quick metabolic independent binding of Au to the algae followed by active accumulation and subsequent reduction. Gold accumulation by different algal genera was found in order of R. hieroglyphicum > L. majuscula > S. subsalsa (3.28, 1.93 and 1.73 mg g-1, respectively). It was observed that the algal biomass and the media used for the experiment turned purple in colour indicating reduction of Au (III) to Au (0) at intra- and extracellular level. This was confirmed by TEM studies of L. majuscula biomass exposed in HAuCl4 solution where <20-nm-sized gold particles were found both inside as well as on the surface of the cell. Up to 90–100% of accumulated gold was recovered from the algal biomass by using nitric acid and acidic thiourea solution.

Studies of chromium removal from tannery wastewaters by algae biosorbents, Spirogyra condensata and Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum

Chromium in the effluent is a major concern for tanning industry. Chemical precipitation methods are commonly employed for the removal of chromium but this leads to formation of chrome-bearing solid waste, plus it is uneconomical when the concentration of chromium in the effluent is low. Ion exchange and membrane separation methods are relatively expensive. In this study, two algae namely, Spirogyra condensata and Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum have been employed to remove chromium from tannery effluent. The effect of pH and chromium concentration showed S. condensata to exhibit maximum uptake of about 14 mg Cr(III)/g of algae at optimum pH of 5.0 whereas R. hieroglyphicum had 11.81 mg of Cr(III)/g of algae at pH of 4.0. Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied. Increase of initial concentration of Cr resulted to a decrease in adsorption efficiency. Dilute sulphuric acid (0.1 M) showed good desorption efficiency (>75%). Interference from cations negatively impacted on biosorption of chromium. Immobilized algae on Amberlite XAD-8 in a glass column, gave better recovery of chromium in tannery effluent compared to a batch method with unimmobilized algae. Fourier transform infra red (FT-IR) analysis of the two algae revealed the presence of carboxyl groups as possible binding sites.

Benthic Algae Taxa (Exclusive of Diatoms) of the Little River Basin, Western Kentucky, 2000–2003

ABSTRACT The Little River is a highly disturbed system, heavily impacted by non-point source pollution from agricultural runoff in the form of excessive siltation, nitrogen and phosphorus, and organic pollution. Sixty-seven taxa of non-diatom benthic algae were documented for 16 sites in the Little River basin of western Kentucky during four sampling periods in 2000 and 2003. Algal taxa most often encountered included members of the Cyanophyta: Oscillatoria lutea (15 of 16 sites), O. subbrevis (13 of 16 sites), and Schizothrix calcicola (15 of 16 sites). Chlorophyta taxa most often encountered included Oedogonium sp. and Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum, both at 10 of 16 sites. No trends were found between the algal taxa and areas of nutrient enrichment in the Little River basin. Because little is known of the benthic algal flora in the Little River, this report represents information complementary to that published previously on the benthic diatom taxa found at the same sites during the same study period.

Amphipod herbivory on the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei: Chemical stimulants and morphological defenses

The freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei forms dense mats in lentic systems throughout the southeastern United States and produces paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs), such as saxitoxins, that could provide a chemical defense against herbivory. In addition, Lyngbya filaments are surrounded by a prominent extracellular polysaccharide sheath that might function as a structural defense against herbivory. We investigated the roles of PSPs and sheath structure in deterring consumption of Lyngbya by an omnivorous amphipod, Hyalella azteca. A series of two‐choice feeding assays paired Lyngbya with a highly palatable green alga, Rhizoclonium hieroglyphicum. These assays included comparisons of whole Lyngbya and Rhizoclonium, freeze‐dried and ground Lyngbya and Rhizoclonium, artificial food treated with Lyngbya crude extract, artificial food treated with pure saxitoxin, and artificial food containing Lyngbya sheath material, with and without Lyngbya crude extract. Hyalella preferred whole, live Rhizoclonium over fresh Lyngbya. Similarly, Hyalella preferred freeze‐dried and ground Rhizoclonium over Lyngbya. However, Hyalella preferred treated foods containing Lyngbya crude extract or pure saxitoxin over control foods. The sheath constituted over 55% of the total dry mass of Lyngbya. In assays combining sheath material and crude extract in artificial foods, Hyalella avoided foods containing sheath material. Therefore, morphological defenses play an important role in deterring consumption of Lyngbya by Hyalella, whereas PSPs stimulate feeding. Our study indicates that structural defenses can partially explain the high abundance of filamentous cyanobacteria observed in aquatic communities under grazing pressure.