Rhetorical Methods Research Articles

A Visual Rhetorical Analysis of Narges Abyar’s 2013 Film Track 143 (Shiyar 143)

As a significant stratum of film audiences, adolescents are often more susceptible to influence by film characters. Motivated by the question of what types of role models are presented to Iranian adolescents via the medium of cinema, we aim to study Narges Abyar’s 2013 film Track 143 (Shiyar 143 2013) to figure out how the rhetorical mechanisms of the film persuade adolescent audiences to identify with the protagonist and imitate the positive aspects of the main character as their role model. To this end, we draw on the visual rhetorical method as our analytical framework and employ Albert Bandura’s notion of observational learning to interpret the data. We hope to identify the rhetorical techniques employed effectively in Track 143 for persuading adolescent girls to follow a female protagonist of their own choosing as their role model. According to our findings, the film does not rely on logos or discursive reasoning. In this sense, the female protagonist overcomes her problems not through her own personal characteristics, which could have been taken up by female adolescent audiences, but through merely random and miraculous incidents.

Remembering Jemal Kashoggi: the media, the show trials, the limits of international jurisprudence, and the uphill struggle for image repair

ABSTRACT The assassination of Saudi critic and journalist Jemal Kashoggi in the Saudi Consulate in Turkey in October 2018 was a global thriller of unprecedented journalistic, jurisprudential, and public relations physiognomies. Based on Benton’s image repair theory the paper examines the series of Saudi royal state/ media communications between the date of the reported disappearance of the victim, court dramas leading to the controversial sentencing of suspects and the publication of a UN special report holding Saudi Arabia accountable. Using rhetorical methods, the study finds that the Saudi image repair attempt was defensive and defective failing to satisfy international demands for truth and justice. The absence of a credible judicial process meeting international standards points to the limits of international jurisprudence. In view of the travesty of justice and the profile of the victim as a crusader for press freedom, it is likely that the road to reputational recovery for the kingdom will be a long battle as the flash backs of the horrors of the feral assassination are unlikely to go too soon.

المفارقة اللفظية في شعر طرفة بن العبد قراءة في ضوء الأساليب النحوية

استعمل طرفة أساليب نحوية وبلاغية متنوعة في إحداث مفارقاته الکثيرة ، ومثبتا أن تلک الأساليب هي الأقدر على إظهارها وإيصالها إلى المتلقي . وقد جاء البحث بحسب ما وجدناه في شعر طرفة من مفارقات أحدثتها الأساليب النحوية على مقدمة وتمهيد يبين معنى المفارقة بشکل موجز وبعضا من تقسيماتها وأنواعها ، ومعنى الأساليب النحوية وماهيتها ، ثم عرض لتلک المفارقات بحسب کل أسلوب ، وتحليلها تحليلا فنيا يظهر ما خفي منها ، ويجلو ما غمض فيها ، ثم عضدنا البحث بخاتمة ، بينا فيها أهم النتائج ، وقائمة بالمصادر والمراجع . Tarfa used various grammatical and rhetorical methods in bringing about his many paradoxes, proving that those methods are the most capable of showing them and conveying them to the recipient.. The research came according to what we found in the poetry of Tarfa from the paradoxes brought about by the grammatical methods on an introduction and an introduction that briefly shows the meaning of the paradox and some of its divisions and types, the meaning of the grammatical methods and what they are, then a presentation of those paradoxes according to each style, and their technical analysis shows what is hidden from them and shows what He closed in on it, and then the research supported us with a conclusion, in which we explained the most important results, and a list of sources and references.

Yellow in English and “黄” in Chinese: A Cognitive Approach

Color is closely related to people's lives, so it has become an indispensable part of the vocabulary now. This paper focuses on the research background, research purpose and significance of the color word “yellow” in Chinese and English, analyzing the entries from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, aiming to study the similarities, differences and the causes related. The author first collected and categorized entries through authoritative dictionaries of Chinese and English, and used the methods of comparative research, literature research and case analysis to elaborate commonalities and differences in word meanings. By researching the corresponding historical allusions and rhetorical methods, such as personification and symbols, we can feel the emotions expressed by the color words and deduce the evolution path of words' meaning. Through research, these conclusions can be drawn: 1) the meanings of “yellow” in Chinese and English are basically the same; 2) there is an unequal meaning between the two; 3) this unequal meaning is attributable and reflects the existence of two cultures values, cultural aesthetic and psychological differences. Through research, the aim is to allow learners to apply flexibly and accurately in cross-cultural business communication, daily life and linguistics learning, and to feel the charm of language.

Kottanner Jánosné memoárja

In my study I analyze a significant late-medieval memoir, known as „The Memoires of Helene Kottanner (1439–1440), written by Helene, or Elena Kottanner, an Austrian woman, daughter ofPeter Wolfram from Ödenburg (Sopron), acting in the service of Queen Elizabeth of Hungary.The source, which may be considered the oldest German memoir written by a secular woman, depicts the events of an interesting period of the medieval Hungarian history with “vividness and poignancy” (Maya Bijvoet Williamson). After the death of King Albert (1437–1439), his ambitious wife, Elizabeth – while a large part of the Hungarian nobles wanted Władysław III of Poland to be the king of Hungary – tried to maintain his own authority in Hungary (at that time she was already pregnant and hoped that her new-born will be a boy), therefore she ordered her servant, Elena Kottanner to steal the Holy Crown of Saint Stephen from the royal stronghold, Plintenburg (Visegrád). The woman and an unnamed Hungarian collaborator managed to remove the Crown secretly, rushing to the Queen with it, who within an hour of the crown’s arrival at her castle of Komorn (Komárom), bore a son, Ladislaus Posthumous (1440–1457). Three months later, the little boy was crowned King of Hungary in Stuhlweissenburg (Székesfehérvár). In her memoir, Helene Kottanner – as an eye-witness author – gives a unique, detailed and remarkable picture about these events. My main goal is to analyze the rhetorical methods, the historiographical practice presented by Helene, which can be detected in her text. I demonstrate that the servant intended to emphasize her own role in the mentioned events, and tried to legitimate the Hungarian kingship of Ladislaus Posthumous. Besides, she presented certain events as symbolic of the fate of the future king: according to Helene, God protects her and Elizabeth, and the whole undertaking, while the Devil is on the side of their enemies (Władysław III of Poland and the Hungarian nobles). Furthermore, I also intend to demonstrate what possible goals could Helene have had with her memoir. It is quite possible that the servant wrote her opus in order to get her reward for her services provided to the queen and the future king. I demonstrate this problem in context of the Hungarian political situation in the 1440s and the 1450s.

سورة الشورى دراسة بلاغية تحليلية

The research deals with the study of Surat al-Shura, an analytical rhetorical study, and the linguistic root of its title indicates its manifestation, presentation, and extraction. In Islam and teaching Muslims to base their lives on this optimal and most complete approach (the method of shura) because of its great impact on the life of the individual and society. It was added in its opening with (Ham) other letters, which are (Asq), and for this reason it is also called (Ham Asak) and is called (Surat Asq) for the purpose of abbreviation, and it was singled out as adding (Asq) to (Ham) because of the severity of the stabbing against the Qur’an. At the time this Surah was revealed, the challenge to them was more severe, so it was more challenging for them than the letters of the spelling. The surah was distinguished by its miraculous rhetorical style, and the abundance of various rhetorical arts in its verse systems. The rhetorical study of this Surah aims to note that the rhetorical arts embrace the ideas and topics presented in a harmonious manner, and how these ideas and themes are manifested through those arts with inspiration, vitality and power of influence, for rhetoric means fulfilling the meaning and abstaining from beauty, that is, the artistic and psychological aesthetic capacity in it, especially since this Surah may She revealed the call during her Meccan era. The research aims to reach an understanding of the aspects of the rhetorical miracles of the Holy Qur’an. The statement of the Qur’anic expression often affects the formula and its derivation. The research relies on the approach of the inductive approach, by following the Qur’anic verses related to this topic in letter and spirit. And the rhetorical analytical method, by analyzing these verses and dividing them according to their content; And the deductive approach, by extracting the rhetoric, meanings, connotations and directions in the noble verses. In the end, I concluded that reaching an understanding of aspects of the rhetorical miracles of the Holy Qur’an can only be achieved through an understanding of the rhetorical method based on deep consideration, feeling and artistic appreciation of the Qur’anic verses.

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ СПЛОЧЕННОСТЬ МИГРАНТОВ: ПРОЯВЛЕНИЕ В СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ СЕТЯХ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛЬНЫХ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ

Цель исследования – выявление и анализ факторов и тенденций становления и развития социальной сплоченности мигрантов.
 Методологической базой исследования являются системные методы оценки сообщений в мигрантских социальных сетях, становящихся мигрантскими социальными медиа, методы сетевого анализа, методы масс-медийных практик и мигрантской риторики в публичных материалах, посредством выделения, сравнения, оценки и концептуализации тенденций трансформации миграционных процессов под действием глобальных изменений, в том числе и вызванных пандемией COVID-19, а также методы дискурсивного анализа мигрантского дискурса, представленного в аналитических материала.
 Результаты исследования. В данной статье обсуждается социальная сплоченность мигрантов, формирующаяся как дополнение этнической сплоченности в результате понижения уровня доверия у мигрантов к принимающему обществу и государству в условиях глобальных социальных изменений, в том числе и в условиях пандемии COVID-19. Мигранты, оказавшиеся в данной ситуации наименее защищенной социальной стратой, формируют межэтническую социальную сплоченность как форму самоорганизации этнических общин в кризисное время. Социальная сплоченность мигрантов находит свое отражение в масс-медийных практиках, в сетевом информационном взаимодействии и в научных аналитических материалах, в которых оцениваются факторы, выступающие триггерами новых тенденций в миграционном процессе: рост ксенофобных, мигрантофобных и расистских настроений у части населения принимающих стран, ограничение мобильности международных мигрантов, обострение конкуренции мигрантов с коренным населением за рабочие места. К числу новых тенденций миграционного процесса следует отнести усиление транснациональных умонастроений и действий мигрантов, которое выражается в массовых движениях протестной, правозащитной и гуманитарной направленности, а также в массовом перемещении социальных связей и отношений мигрантов из сферы офф-лайн сферу он-лайн, в область социальных сетей, в цифровые эмигрантские диаспоры, в сферу цифровых масс-медийных практик.
 Перспектива исследования. Данные тренды, хотя они имеют неоднозначный характер, в будущем могут стать основой миграционной политики национальных государств и предметом социологических исследований.

المضامین الذهنیة وعلاقتها بالدوال اللفظیة فی الشعر المعاصر(دراسة تحلیلیة)

الملخص بسم الله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله، وعلى أصحابه وآل بيته الطيبين الطاهرين وسلم سلاما کثيرا، أما بعد؛ فهذا البحث يحاول في صفحاته ، إلقاء الضوء على نتاج شاعرين معاصرين، منطلقا من الرؤية الشعرية التي تدور أولا في خلد المبدع ، وتعتمل في شعوره ، ثم تظهر للمتلقي في صورة لفظية معبرة ،عن کل ما يدور بداخل النفس الشاعرية من أفکار وأحاسيس ،کما تهدف تلک الدراسة الدوال اللفظية التي يعبر بها الشاعر عن هذه المضامين، ومن ثم تحليل الأساليب البلاغية المتنوعة التي يلجأ إليها الشاعر لاستخراج ما في ذهنه وضميره من عواطف جياشة أو أفکار دوارة في عقله ، ويحب أن يطلع عليها الناس والمتلقين ، وتحاول الدراسة : تبيان مواطن الإجادة في استخدام هذه الدوال اللفظية للتعبير الصادق عما يحسه أو يعانيه الشاعر من معاناة فاضت بها روحه فباح بها شعرا عربيا رصينا ، وقد اتجهت الدراسة للتطبيق على النصوص الشعرية المعاصرة :وبخاصة الشعراء المعاصرين لوقت هذه الدراسة –أطال الله بقاءهم ومتعهم بالصحة والعافية- وهما الشاعر الدکتور : بسيم عبد العظيم في ديوانه الشعرى لو تطلبين العمر ، والشاعر المبدع أ. محمد ناجى يحى في ديوانه احتواء وسقت على ذلک الشواهد المتعددة من قصائد الديوان مع الشرح والتحليل ،وهى دراسة لها الأسبقية في تحليل الديوانين وإظهار مواطن الإجادة فيهما ،والله من وراء القصد وهو يهدى السبيل. Abstract In its pages, this research tries to study literary and rhetorical phenomena that the modern criticism has been interested in looking at and analyzing, and to use psychology data and methods to explain linguistic and rhetorical phenomena through the mental contents of poetry, and these contents that include everything that goes on inside the poetic soul in terms of thoughts and feelings It also aims to study the verbal functions by which the poet expresses these contents, and then analyze the various rhetorical methods that the poet uses to extract the strong emotions or thoughts in his mind and his conscience, and he likes to be viewed by people and the recipients, and the study tries to show the points of mastery. In using these verbal functions to express honestly what the poet feels or suffers from suffering that overflows his soul, so he explores sober Arabic poetry:Bsseem Abdel Azeem In his poetry collection Lw Tatlobeen Alumar (If you want a lifetime) the creative poet A. Mohammad Naji Yahya, in his collection of poems ,book “Ehtewaa(Contain)”, and I cited the multiple evidences from the Divan poems with explanation and analysis. It is a study that takes precedence in analyzing the two divisions and showing the areas of mastery in them.

Investigating the Role of Persuasive Rhetorical Methods in Creating Suspense in Nezami’s Khosrow and Shirin

منظومه خسرو و شیرین نظامی گنجوی برجسته‌ترین اثر از نوع داستان‌های غنایی و بزمی در ادب فارسی است که مخاطبان بسیاری را مجذوب خود کرده است. اگرچه درباره ساختار روایت‌های این منظومه پیش از این مقالاتی منتشر شده، در زمینه استفاده از شگردهای بلاغی برای اقناع مخاطب و در نتیجه ایجاد تعلیق در این اثر داستانی تحقیق خاصی انجام نشده است؛ ازاین‌رو، در بحث حاضر، نخست به تعریف اقناع در علوم مختلف و نقش آن در تاریخ فلسفه و بلاغت پرداخته ‌می‌شود و سپس، با نگاهی گذرا به تعریف تعلیق، روشن می‌شود که چگونه شگردهای بلاغی می‌تواند در خدمت تعلیق داستانی قرار گیرد. شایان ذکر است که تعلیق‌ها در داستان خسرو و شیرین تا اندازه زیادی حاصل بهره‌گیری شاعر از شیوه‌های بلاغی‌ای است که برای اقناع مخاطب به‌کار رفته است. این تعلیق، که سبب هجران و دوری عاشق و معشوق در فواصل مختلف داستان می‌شود و ازطرفی هم سبب پدیدآمدن انتظار در خواننده می‌شود، در برش‌های گوناگون داستانی به‌چشم می‌خورد. در این مجال، از دو علم معانی و بیان برای بررسی نقش اقناع در ایجاد تعلیق استفاده شده است. از شگردهای علم معانی، اغراض ثانوی کلام یعنی تشویق و ترغیب، تحذیر و هشدار، تکریم و تعظیم و به‌ویژه سرزنش و هشدار، و از شگردهای بیانی، اغراض تشبیه، استعاره، و تمثیل، نقش مؤثرتری در اقناع مخاطب و ایجاد تعلیق ایفا کرده‌اند.

Philosophy, Rhetoric, and Thomas Hobbes

Philosophy, Rhetoric, and Thomas Hobbes

Audiovisual Rhetoric: The Montage Techniques and Artistic Effects of Jia Zhangke’s Movies

This article supplements the research methods of visual restoration rhetoric and montage theory. It analyzes the texts of Jia Zhangke’s many films, sorts out the details of the use of visual montage and audio-visual montage in Jia Zhangke’s films, and understands the visual and auditory senses accordingly. Through careful reading of the film text, this article believes that in Jia Zhangke’s films, the “feeling” such as audiovisual and audio-visual is a kind of strength, and montage exerts a rhetorical effect that strengthens artistic expression. The dislocation tension caused by the use of image rhetoric such as video montage and audio montage.

مجالات الأدب الإسلامی وأثرها فی تجدید الخطاب الدینی المعاصر

تدور فکرة هذا البحث حول إظهار العلاقة الوطيدة والأصيلة بين الأدب الإسلامي کأحد فنون القول وأساليب البيان وبين قضية تجديد الخطاب الديني التي تعد أهم قضايا الإسلام في العصر الحديث. ويأتي هذا البحث في إطار معالجة فنون القول وأساليب التعبير المرجوة والدافعة لإنجاح وتفعيل ميزة التجديد في الخطاب الديني، ويأتي البحث مشتملا علي مقدمة تظهر التعريف بفکرة الموضوع وأهميته وطريقة السير فيه. ثم مبحث تمهيدي يشتمل علي عنصرين: العنصر الأول بعنوان (مفهوم الخطاب الديني) ، والعنصر الآخر بعنوان (مفهوم الأدب الإسلامي وأصالته في الخطاب الديني) ، ثم بعد ذلک أربعة مباحث کالتالي: المبحث الأول بعنوان (الأدب الإسلامي في مجال الدعوة والإرشاد الديني) المبحث الثاني بعنوان (الأدب الإسلامي في مجال احتذاء الشخصيات الإسلامية) المبحث الثالث بعنوان (الأدب الإسلامي في مجال خطاب الإعلام المعاصر) المبحث الرابع بعنوان (الأدب الإسلامي في مجال خطاب التعليم المعاصر)، ثم خاتمة البحث متضمنة أهم النتائج، ثم مصادر البحث ومراجعه . الکلمات المفتاحية: الأدب الإسلامي، الخطاب الديني، مجالات الأدب الإسلامي، خطاب الإعلام المعاصر، خطاب التعليم المعاصر. والله الموفق والهادي إلي سواء السبيل (Areas of Islamic literature and their impact On the renewal of contemporary religious discourse) Wael Salah Ismail Mahmoud Literature and criticism teacher in the college The Arabic language in Itay Al-Baroud Email: Waelsalah.2034@azhar.edu.eg Abstract : The idea of studying the fields of Islamic literature and its impact on the renewal of contemporary religious discourse revolves around showing the close and original relationship between Islamic literature as one of the art of saying, methods of expression and rhetoric, and the issue of renewing the religious discourse, which is the most important issue of Islam in the modern era. This research comes within the framework of treating the arts of saying and methods of expression that aim and motivate the success and activation of the advantage of renewal in religious discourse. Key words: Islamic literature - the religious speech-Areas of Islamic literature - Contemporary Media Discourse ontemporary Education Discourse

“Doing It” in the Kitchen: Rhetorical Field Methods, Arts/Practice-Based Research, and Queer Archives

Everyday domestic spaces, such as kitchens, are often crucial to the understanding of practices and discourses of queer and other marginalized communities. However, due to the private nature of these spaces, they can be difficult for rhetorical critics and others to access. This article offers arts/practice-based research as an intervention into rhetorical field methods (RFM) as a means of accessing and engaging with private, often inaccessible places, such as kitchens. In addition, arts/practice-based methods can expand the notion of “doing” rhetoric and co-creation with participants, which result in the creation of subject formations and alternative, collaborative, and affective archives. Such building of collective queer archives is essential, I argue, in that it helps to not only document the “stuff” of queer lives but also capture fleeting and affective moments of queer collisions and becomings. In addition, arts/practice-based research methods can aid researchers to generate knowledge and archives related to underrepresented aspects of queer lives. To engage with queer domestic spaces and the intersection of RFM and arts/practice-based research, I reflect on Autostraddle.com’s “Queer in the Kitchen” gallery, my participation in the creation of this text, and the development of my own gallery Queering the Kitchen.

PRAGMATISM AT A CROSS-ROAD: BETWEEN ARGUMENTATION AND RHETORIC

The article is devoted to the correlation of argumentation and rhetoric as methodological techniques in the neopragmatism of R. Rorty and his successors in the line of the “new neopragmatism” of R. Bernstein and J. Margolis. It is shown that the mixed argumenta-tive-rhetorical strategy of R. Rorty in explicating the doctrines of representatives of conti-nental philosophy in the "new neopragmatism" of Bernstein and Margolis gives way to purely rhetorical methods. The conflict of the two methods, as stated in the article, can be traced to the conflict of the scientst-oriented pragmatism of C. Pierce and the classical pragmatism of W. James and J. Dewey.

HIPPOCRATES AT PHAEDRUS 270C

AbstractAt Plato's Phaedrus 270c, Socrates asks whether one can know souls without knowing ‘the whole.’ Phaedrus answers that ‘according to Hippocrates’ the same demand on knowing the whole applies to bodies. What parallel is intended between soul‐knowledge and body‐knowledge and which medical passages illustrate the analogy have been much debated. Three dominant interpretations read ‘the whole’ as respectively (1) environment, (2) kosmos, and (3) individual soul or body; and adduce supporting Hippocratic passages. But none of these interpretations accounts for the Phaedrus' rhetorical method. A better reading sees the whole as the genos ‘soul,’ as the Phaedrus' taxonomies divide that genus.

The Circularity of the Opening and the Conclusion: A Rhetorical Study of the Secrets of Proportionality in Al-Kahf Surat

This paper is an attempt to explore the rhetorical remarks in the secrets of rhetorical proportionality that recur in Al-Kahf Surah and the miraculous methods between the opening and concluding expressions. It also examines the Qur'anic discourse to recognize the intended meanings and what they aim at in this surah relating the beginning to the conclusion of the surah and to analyze the Qur'anic meaning through the context in which Al-Kahf Sura occurs by exploring its rhetorical language and relating both the opening and the conclusion together with the rhetorical intention by adopting an analytical rhetorical method on the ayas (verses), subject of the study. These ayas (verses) represent the most rhetorical aspects that match with the ultimate intention. This is evident from the Sura's title implying that the sura is like a perfect circle; the opening of the sura and its relation with the end is like a defectless circle in regard to the rhetorical intentions and subjects of the sura

Echoes of 9/11: Rhetorical Analysis of Presidential Statements in the 'War on Terror'

This article examines persuasive statements by Presidents George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump, involving appeals to national identity as a rhetorical foundation for anti-terrorism policy since 9/11. Their specific rhetorical methods have included the use of memorable catch-phrases, alliteration, metaphorical framing, and contrast between values of the United States and those of the terrorists. President Bush focused on rallying the nation’s response against the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks, identifying the U.S. with “freedom itself” and invoking the phrase “War on Terror.” President Obama emphasized the importance of the nation’s values while denouncing the Bush administration’s torture of terrorism suspects, and again extolled American values when announcing that U.S. forces killed Osama bin Laden, the leader of the terrorists involved in the 9/11 attacks. In contrast to his predecessors, who explicitly stated that the U.S. was not at war with Islam, President Trump has tended to invoke anti-Muslim sentiment in his anti-terrorism rhetoric and his immigration policies. The presidential statements presented justifications for the actions of the Chief Executives and reflected their priorities in directing the “War on Terror.”

Blame, shame, and race terror: a case study examining the limits of blame epideictic

The production, unveiling, and reception of David Powers’ public mural American Nocturne, 1932, in Elgin, Illinois illustrates ongoing challenges of publicly memorializing race terror. In 2007 the mural was dedicated and deceptively introduced by Powers as an allegory of the American Depression. In May 2016 two Elgin citizens recognized the mural depicted the lynch mob from the infamous photograph of the August 1930 lynchings of J. Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith in Marion, Indiana. Their post about it to a community Facebook page began a controversy. African American citizens lead the Elgin community in successfully protesting and demanding removal of the mural. Using the methods of participatory critical rhetoric, I analyze interviews with various community members to understand different perspectives on the mural and the artist’s intent. I argue that epideictic theory explains why the artist’s arguments about the meaning and intent of the mural could not withstand protestors’ critical scrutiny. Powers departed from epideictic conventions in formulating his purpose and adapting to his audience, and his ethos could not compensate. I conclude that epideictic theory may help to explain other efforts to publicly acknowledge and memorialize incidents of race terror.

The biggest little ways toward access: thinking with disability in site-specific rhetorical work

ABSTRACTThis essay examines what thinking with disability brings to site-specific rhetorical work, which is work where rhetoricians gather to study location-related texts. Adapting the rhetorical triangle, I suggest that this work is fundamentally about the relationships between communicators, texts, and audiences, and my focus on the importance of including the perspectives of disabled and/or disability activists adds the “angle” of access. This “angle” requires reconsideration of how texts, speakers, and audiences connect and interact, as inaccessibility hinders and/or excludes some communicators, disregards some audiences, and renders some texts illegible. At the same time, thinking with disability in site-specific rhetorical work provides opportunities to support communities of disability scholars and scholarship, to create and implement accessible rhetorical methods, and to imagine inclusion as an iterative and fluid process. To examine these ideas, the essay shifts between articulating general principles and methodologies and offering specific examples from the Disability and Accessibility working group at the 2019 Rhetoric Society of America Project in Power, Place, and Publics at the University of Nevada, Reno.

Effect of Visual Rhetoric And visual thinking on the perception of Outdoor advertising

The image occupied a large part of the history of mankind, starting from the drawings of the caves and the illustrated languages and through the circles of the nineteenth century, and we live in a culture of mediation: the press, cinema, radio, television, so our present time is the time of the image and our world and its media are the image in a way that human history has not seen before. The world is based on reading words but on reading pictures..The fact that graphic design is the creation, selection, and arrangement of marks on a surface for the purpose of conveying an idea (Hollis, 2001, p.7) .The aim of advertising since humanity has known it is to inform any product or service and its design is depicted on the image as an ideal remodeling for life. With academic development, increased awareness of products, marketing sciences, and promotion, advertising goals have become a tool for influencing and persuading mass communication and creating the required changes in target market behaviors. Like how images work alone and integrate with other elements and read them to create an argument designed for the audience. Since Scott (1994) called for the role of visual rhetoric in making an argument and evidence, it is seen that image advertising is the most important rhetorical method, which increases its effectiveness and works to engage in metaphorical and abstract thinking to understand the visuals. This makes the external advertisement a graphic field that flies with signs and arguments, contributing to the communication process and facilitating persuasion. For this purpose, advertisers and designers try to use different persuasive methods, one of which is to create a rhetorical language for creating and reading pictures or what is known as Visual rhetoric. The second is visual thinking, which is an attempt to understand the world through the language of form and image. Therefore, the study aims to explore the descriptive language of advertising through the state of public speaking and visual rhetoric. Statement Of Problem: What are the most important graphic considerations for designing an external advertisement that encourage the recipient to respond to the design of the advertisement? To what extent does visual rhetoric and visual thinking contribute to realizing the external advertisement? Research Objectives: Signify the impact of visual thinking on external advertising and achieve a design effectiveness between the recipient and the external advertisement in a manner that ensures ease of reading and interacting with it and then responding to its content in addition to Emphasizing the awareness of the designer and his understanding of the process of visual thinking and theories of interpretation of visual perception, which affects the quality of the use of foundations and elements and external advertising. Research Methodology: The research takes the descriptive approach.