Rhetorical Question Research Articles

Emotional Appeal as a Determinant of Effectiveness in English Advertising Texts: A Linguistic and Cognitive Analysis

This study examines the role of emotional appeal in determining the effectiveness of English advertising texts, focusing on its impact on consumer engagement and decision-making. A multidisciplinary framework incorporating linguistic, cognitive, and socio-cultural perspectives, the research seeks to uncover the mechanisms through which emotional appeals influence the perception of brand messages. A diverse corpus of advertising texts from the fashion, technology, and healthcare industries were analyzed using content analysis and discourse analysis techniques. The study focuses on linguistic devices, including metaphor, hyperbole, rhetorical questions, and emotional triggers like joy, fear, nostalgia, and aspiration. The findings reveal that emotional appeal functions as a stylistic element and a cognitive and cultural tool that enhances brand recall, loyalty, and consumer engagement. Specifically, advertisements utilizing positive emotional triggers, such as humor and joy, resonate more deeply with audiences. In contrast, negative appeals, such as fear and guilt, are more effective in prompting immediate consumer action. The study highlights the importance of aligning emotional content with linguistic precision to optimize the persuasive impact of advertising texts. These results offer valuable insights for advertisers and contribute to the fields of advertising linguistics, consumer psychology, and persuasive communication, providing practical recommendations for developing more effective, targeted advertising strategies.

Коммуникативные стратегии метадискурса в современном англоязычном художественном нарративе

The paper studies a very important issue of modern communicative science dialogue between the author and the reader. On the material of modern English narrative four communicative strategies of metadiscourse are revealed: the strategy of imitation of direct communication between the author and the reader, the strategy of appeal to general knowledge of the reader, temporal strategy and the strategy of generalization. Each strategy has its own system of markers. The first strategy is realized by personal pronouns we, you, social expressions and clichés, introduction words and phrases, rhetorical questions to the reader and modal verbs. The markers of the second strategy are lexical means and rhetorical questions. The temporal strategy is marked by the grammar tenses and adverbs of frequency. The strategy of generalization is realized by indefinite pronouns and abstract nouns. The study shows that these strategies are often combined in one context, which emphasizes the communication between the author and the reader.

Специфика языковой репрезентации пространственно-временной категории в идиостиле Р. О. Батлера

The aim of the research is to reveal the specifics of language representation of the space-time category in R. O. Butler’s idiostyle. The article considers modern approaches to the study of fiction space and time, which are considered as basic textual categories providing a holistic perception of the text. The scientific novelty lies in revealing the specifics of the implementation of space-time relations in the work of the ergodic genre written in the “stream of consciousness” technique. This is the first time that R. Butler’s idiostyle is studied in this aspect. The results of the study have shown that a range of expressive means and devices representing space-time category is used. Among them are techniques of retardation and syntactic anticipation to create the effect of slow perception of time; a wide use of Historical Present to convey the feeling of the Past as if it were the Present; the usage of the lexical units with emotive connotation, rhetorical questions and exclamations and repetitions to convey emotional atmosphere of the described moments; non-linear narrative and limited time space description to create the effect of “reverse photography”; detailed portrait of the nearest items according to the law of aerial and spatial perspective; synthesis of the lexical units conveying visual, audio and tactile space perception.

Discursive strategies of motivational speech: A positive discourse analysis of Jay Shetty’s video

Motivational speech has emerged as a significant trend in social media, driven by the increasing demand for personal development content and the accessibility of digital platforms. With the rise of platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok, motivational speakers now can reach global audiences instantaneously. This shift has transformed motivational speaking from a niche practice into a widespread cultural phenomenon. Now, this paper was positioned to analyze the presence of discursive strategies—linguistic and rhetorical techniques to convey meanings—within motivational speech videos. Positive discourse analysis was carried out to analyze a viral motivational video from Jay Shetty identifying prevalent discursive strategies. Findings indicated that Jay Shetty perspectivation/framing/discourse representation (39.7%), argumentation (20.7%), referential/nomination (15.5%), predication (13.8%), and intensification/mitigation (10.3%) in his viral video. He used linguistic and rhetorical techniques, like metaphors and analogies, to craft his messages in a way that resonates deeply with his audience, making them relatable and impactful. Through selected words, persuasive structures, and storytelling, he engages listeners emotionally and intellectually, guiding them toward self-reflection and personal growth. His use of rhetorical questions encourages introspection, prompting viewers to think critically about their own lives and decisions. By framing his narratives in ways that connect personal challenges to universal experiences, Shetty had a sense of shared understanding, making his audience feel seen and motivated to take action. Consequently, motivational speech on social media has evolved into a powerful tool for shaping public discourse, promoting mental health, develop resilience, and inspiring positive life changes across societies and culture.

Lifelong learning for leaders

Last week, I posted a rhetorical question on one of my personal social media accounts. My professional and work accounts I use accordingly, but the others are a way to stay in touch with old friends, alumni groups, and family members I don’t get to see often. Most importantly, they serve as an outlet for some jocularity and general goofiness. My post was: “Can’t decide if I want a PhD or a McLaren…”

James Monroe Whitfield, Poetry, and Martin Delany’s Revolutionary Worldmaking in Blake; or, The Huts of America

Abstract Martin Delany’s Blake, serialized in the Weekly Anglo-African in 1861–62, includes five unattributed poems from James Monroe Whitfield’s volume America and Other Poems, which appear in the novel as compositions of the Cuban revolutionary poet Placido. Largely overlooked in scholarship on Blake, Whitfield/Placido’s poems are crucial to the impending revolt of the oppressed because they foster a collective emancipatory consciousness and model, through poetic form, the meticulous organization on which the revolution relies for success. Resonating with other poems and songs quoted in the novel, they speak to broader questions of poetry’s role in building communities of resistance. In turn, Blake’s emplotment of revolutionary organizing actualizes Whitfield’s poems’ revolutionary idiom, distinguished by orientation toward a liberated future, thematic focus on imminent violence against the oppressor, the affect of outrage that sutures individuals into a volatile collective, and the rhetorical tropes of collectively voiced apostrophe, exclamation, and rhetorical question. While Blake reframes Whitfield’s poems as inspiration for the fictionalized Cuban liberation movement, the printed page of the Weekly Anglo-African with its coverage of the Civil War recasts the poems as calls to arms in the ongoing Black struggle for liberation.

Discursive strategies of framing in Nigerian and South African headlines on xenophobic violence

: This article examines the frames built in Nigerian and South African newspaper headlines and the linguistic strategies by which they are characterised. Sixty headlines (thirty from three Nigerian newspapers – Vanguard, DailyTrust, The Sun, and thirty from three South African newspapers – Cape Times News, City Press, SowetanLIVE) on South African xenophobic violence, published between February 2017 and October 2019, were purposively sampled and analysed using insights from frame theory and critical discourse analysis. Three frames were noticed: ‘South African government as not able to check xenophobic violence’ (co-constructed by both Nigerian and South African headlines); ‘South Africans as not able to accommodate immigrant competitors’ (by Nigerian headlines); and ‘Immigration control as a means of checking xenophobia’ (by South African headlines). Frame One is typified by topoi (with lexical choices, and structural opposition) and perspectivisation (with epistemic modality and presupposition). The second is marked by intensification (with aggregation and metaphorisation) and prediction (with evaluative nouns and thematisation). The third is indexed by the topos of immigration control (with specialised vocabulary items) and predication (with emotive metaphors/adjectives and rhetorical questions). Aside from the significant addition made to media studies on xenophobia, the article sheds additional light on the often-neglected role of the media in shaping people’s ideological outlooks.

STYLISTIC MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING THE IDEA OF THE WORLD’S IRIDESCENCE IN PH.K. DICK’S “UBIK” IN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS

The article deals with the formation means of the idea of the world’s iridescence or illusiveness, its stylistic and translation aspects within the textual framework of Ph.K. Dick’s novel “Ubik” and its translat- ed version in Ukrainian. The relevance of the study is defined by general scarcity of current enquiries highlighting stylistic means of moulding the idea of the world’s iridescence in science fiction as well as translation methods of delivering it from English to Ukrainian. The purpose of this scientific inquiry is to identify the stylistic devices that play a role in the delinea- tion of ways in which reality may be reduced to tatters in comparison with a coherent state of things and to pinpoint the translation techniques of rendering the related contexts from English into Ukrainian. The top- icality of the study is determined by the paucity of relevant research focusing on the kernel of the prevail- ing theme in Dick’s “Ubik”, namely illusiveness of reality, and translation techniques and transformations that help adequately deliver the significant sequences from English into Ukrainian. It is argued that the idea in question being the core of the prevailing theme in Dick’s “Ubik” is at- tained by means of incorporating several ontological planes represented by mental constructs, or reali- ties, focalised through the perceptions and personalities of different characters of the novel. Contextu- al and text interpretation analyses enabled the authors to determine and interpret those semantic domi- nants that underpin the formation of the world’s iridescence effect in the novel, namely: “alternate reali- ties”, “dream as a variant of reality”, “changes in time and space”, “changes of forms of consciousness and existence”. It has been proven these dominants’ diegetic interrelation. The idea of the world’s iridescence in the novel is brought about by the literary work’s fluctuating plot convolutions stemming from seemingly incoherent planes of different sections of the novel: a mosaic of the primary diegesis together with several hypo-diegeses comes across as a kind of an ontic hazy maze building up to an overall effect of the world’s fluidity and oscillation. The method of stylistic analysis was applied to interpret stylistic phenomena inherent in the novel in relation to their contribution to the studied idea as those were found functioning in the relevant textu- al microcontexts and enhancing the aforementioned semantic dominants. It was esti mated that expres- estimated that expres- sive means and devices of stylistic syntax constitute four fifths of the whole researched corpus of units, thus playing a major role in the formation of the idea of the world’s illusiveness (those include aposiopesis, rhetoric questions, asyndeton, and nominative sentences) while expressive means and stylistic devices of stylistic semasiology prove much less numerous, accounting for a fifth of the units analysed (presented by metaphors, epithets, similes, antitheses). Among the typical translation methods, instrumental in the rel- evant textual sequences in “Ubik”, a share of lexical and semantic transformations equals 60.2% of the re- searched sets of translation counterparts, with modulation and specification being the dominant ones and logical synonymy, calquing and lexical compensation trailing behind. Grammatical transformations com- pose nearly two fifths (39.8 %) of the researched body of units, the most efficient ones being substitution and word order change. The results of the study enabled understanding the interaction mechanism of semantics of the leit- motif of a literary work, its stylistic representation and translation solutions of its delivery from English into Ukrainian. We envisage the prospects for further research in studying linguistic aspects of cross-cultural conveying symbolic significance of recurring narrative elements.

A semantic-pragmatic approach to president Maia Sandu’s speech in the context of the Republic of Moldova’s accession to the European Union

The article explores the semantic-pragmatic approach to President Maia Sandu’s discourse within the context of Moldova’s aspiration to join the European Union. President Sandu, addressing the Parliament, strategically utilizes linguistic phenomena to convey a compelling vision for Moldova’s future integration into the EU by 2030. The discourse critically evaluates past political choices, dismissing options like the Commonwealth of Independent States and Customs Union as unsuccessful paths. The President uses negative forms and expressions to distance Moldova from previous political deceit and corruption, emphasizing the need for a new direction. The semantic elements in the discourse reveal a clear commitment to European integration, citing support from EU member states as a crucial factor. Pragmatic strategies, such as modality and rhetorical questions, have been used to emphasize the urgency and necessity of the chosen path. The discourse encourages political unity, urging support for EU accession over narrow interests. The analysis examines how semantics and pragmatics are strategically blended to construct a persuasive narrative that advocates for a European future for Moldova, fostering unity and dissociating from a troubled past. This study provides insights into the linguistic means used in President Maia Sandu’s discourse, illustrating the effectiveness of a semantic-pragmatic approach in building a positive perspective on Moldova’s accession to the European Union

„ვაჟას ნაქონი ტყვია ვარ, / ჯერ თოფში გაუსროლელი“

Whether you are looking from personal or creative stand­point, Goderdzi Chokheli was a reclusive person. The inner conflict he had with life was the cause of many events for him. In one poem, he seemed to ex­plain the essence of this contradiction: “I left one world and I came to ano­ther”. This “other” was alien to him. Of course, life required adaptation, com­promise, but it could not adapt Goderdzi Chokheli to its pattern. In the constant and intense conf­lict, sometimes one won and sometimes the other. At last, G. Cho­kheli took refuge in art and turned the creative process into an arena in which he overcame soulless and godless modernity and imposed his own order on it. Here began the tragic perception of reality, of life in general, which brought on the aesthetics of Chokheli. Chokheli's relationship with the world is a model of Christian thinking – experience eternity in a transient world. With this intention, he began to compose a new emotional reality. We can divide people into two groups in his work: those filled with kindness and those defiled by cruelty. From this point of view, the writer's position is also obvious and does not require special research. His rhetorical question also sounds natural: “Why is my being enveloped by this ephemeral world, which is cloudy as fog?!”. The unstoppable process of human cruelty exposes and inten­sifies the feeling that the drama of kindness has begun, the apo­calyptic time has come. Although, Chokheli's stories take place in geographically limited area, the cry of the microcosm could be heard from Gudamakari. Chokheli's artistic thinking, his work is the revealed secret of the visible and the invisible, the reality and the fiction, the real and the mythical. That is why he is the bearer of the unshakable code of culture and tradition at the same time. Goderdzi Chokheli's characters are strange people, strange in their life and death. He depicts people with the heart of an angel who believe that honesty is the pride of a man. Faithfulness and protection of spiritual values ​​turned out to be completely incom­patible for the era of the writer. That's why he was looking for lost love and kindness, collecting sorrows to ease our sadness and pain.

Power Relations in Older Adults’ Cognitive Interaction in Clinical Setting: A Multimodal Pragmatic Perspective

Abstract This study explored the construction of power relations in the cognitive assessment of older adults within the Chinese clinical context. Data is derived from audio and video recordings that nine older adults produced in the cognitive assessment of the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B), which were then annotated and analyzed from a multimodal pragmatic perspective. The study reveals that examiners and older adults employed various speech acts to achieve distinct communicative goals, with power relations between them being reflected through these speech acts. Examiners tend to claim high power, utilizing discourse strategies such as request, interruption, evaluation, rhetorical questions, and directive speech acts. In contrast, older adults assert high power through directive speech acts, rhetorical questions, and interruptions. Both parties also exhibit low power by using confirming questions and explanations. Additionally, gestures, smiles, prosody features, and other non-verbal communicative resources are synergistically employed to exercise power. The interactive mechanism of constructing power relations reveals that age affects older adults’ power relations construction even in a professional setting of the Chinese context. The negotiation between the advanced age of older adults and the expertise of examiners jointly shapes power relations in their interactions.

Lifelong learning for leaders

Last week, I posted a rhetorical question on one of my personal social media accounts. My professional and work accounts I use accordingly, but the others are a way to stay in touch with old friends, alumni groups, and family members I don’t get to see often. Most importantly, they serve as an outlet for some jocularity and general goofiness. My post was: “Can’t decide if I want a PhD or a McLaren…”

Semiotic Analysis of Psycholinguistic Strategies in Indonesian President Candidates’ Debates 2024: Unraveling Linguistic Signifiers and Mental Processes in Argumentative Discourse

This study investigates the semiotic and psycholinguistic strategies employed by Indonesian presidential candidates during the 2024 debates, emphasizing the critical role of language and mental processes in influencing voter perceptions and shaping political discourse. The primary objective is to dissect the linguistic signifiers and cognitive processes that underpin each candidate’s argumentative discourse, offering insights into the psychological mechanisms that govern interactions in high-stake environments. The research uses a comprehensive analysis of debate transcripts and video recordings to achieve this objective by applying content and discourse analysis techniques. This multifaceted approach enables a nuanced exploration of the communicative strategies used by the candidates, considering both verbal and nonverbal elements that contribute to their overall effectiveness in engaging the audience. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to the broader field of political communication, particularly in the Indonesian context. Thisresearch provides valuable insights into the complexities of candidate behavior in contemporary elections by examining how candidates adapt their rhetoric and strategies in response to changing public sentiments and competitive dynamics. The findings reveal that the linguistic strategies of candidates Anies Baswedan, Prabowo Subianto, and Ganjar Pranowo showed that 65% used metaphoric language to enhance emotional appeal, while 75% employed rhetorical questions to provoke thought. Baswedan’s narrative fostered empathy, Prabowo’s aggressive tone aimed to build trust, and Ganjar’s balanced rhetoric reflected an understanding of diverse voter interests, highlighting the significant role of language in shaping political perceptions and emotional responses in Indonesia.

FRAMING WATER SUSTAINABILITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS: A MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL STRATEGIES IN ELON MUSK’S 2024 WORLD WATER FORUM SPEECH

This study provides a detailed microstructural analysis of Elon Musk's 2024 World Water Forum speech, focusing on his use of rhetorical strategies to address critical water sustainability challenges and advocate for technological solutions. By analyzing Musk’s language, tone, and framing techniques, this research uncovers how he skillfully crafts a narrative that combines urgency with optimism, positioning technology as an essential tool for addressing water scarcity. Key findings reveal that Musk employs hyperbole to magnify technology’s potential impact, metaphors to simplify complex concepts, and rhetorical questions to engage his audience in critical reflection. Additionally, he uses repetition to emphasize core themes, reinforcing his message on the importance of collaboration across sectors. The study concludes that Musk’s rhetorical approach is not only informative but also mobilizing, as it seeks to inspire both public and private stakeholders to take active roles in sustainable water management. This research underscores the power of strategic rhetoric in advancing discourse on sustainability and encouraging actionable solutions.

Kalimat Tanya pada Percakapan Tokoh Utama dalam Noveltoon Kulepas Kau Dengan Bismillah Karya D'wie

The aim of this research is to describe the types of interrogative sentences in the NovelToon Kulepas Kau dengan Bismillah by D'wie. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative by describing the use of interrogative sentences in the conversation of the main character in the NovelToon Kulepas Kau with Bismillah. The results of this research include four types of question sentences, there are 196 ordinary question sentences, 17 rhetorical question sentences, 58 disguised question sentences, and 89 clarifying questions. Of the four types of question sentences, 361 quotations were found, the most dominant type of question sentence used in NovelToon Kulepas Kau dengan Bismillah by D'wie was a regular question sentence which appeared 196 times, while rhetorical question sentences with 17 quotations were the most common type of question sentence. appeared a little. The reason why there are more ordinary interrogative sentences in D'wie's NovelToon Kulepas Kau dengan Bismillah is because ordinary interrogative sentences are often used to obtain information directly, often appear in everyday communication, and have a simple structure. Meanwhile, rhetorical question sentences are used less often because they aim to express feelings without requiring an answer.

Maternal Question Use Relates to Syntactic Skills in 5- to 7-Year-Old Children.

This study examined how mothers' question-asking behavior relates to their child's syntactic skills. One important aspect of maternal question-asking behavior is the use of complex questions when speaking with children. These questions can differ based on both their purpose and structure. The purpose may be to seek out information, to teach, or to get a simple yes/no response. Questions may even be rhetorical, with no answer intended at all. Structurally, questions can include a wh-word (who, what, when, where, why, and how) or not; however, these wh-questions are important because they elicit utterances from the child and support vocabulary development. Despite wh-questions eliciting a response from children, it remains unknown how these questions relate to children's syntactic skills. Thirty-four mother-child dyads participated in a 15-min seminaturalistic play session. Children were between the ages of 5 and 7 years (M = 6.26 years, SD = 1.04 years; 20 girls/14 boys). The Diagnostic Evaluation of Language Variation (DELV) assessment was used to measure syntactic skills in children. Using the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts, questions were categorized based on structure (wh-questions vs. non-wh-questions) and purpose (information-seeking, pedagogical, or yes/no and rhetorical questions). A repeated-measures analysis of covariance and a linear regression model were implemented to address the frequency of different questions asked by mothers, as well as what types of questions are most related to children's concurrent syntactic skills. When controlling for total maternal utterances, results revealed that non-wh-questions and rhetorical/yes and no questions were the most frequent types of questions produced by mothers, in terms of structure and purpose, respectively. However, wh-questions were predominantly information-seeking questions. This is important, as the use of information-seeking wh-questions was positively associated with children's syntactic skills, as measured by the DELV, and resulted in children producing longer utterances in response to these questions, as determined by child mean length of utterance in words. Taken together, these findings suggest maternal use of wh-questions aids syntactic skills in children ages 5-7 years, likely because they require a more syntactically complex response on the child's behalf. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27276891.

Может ли курьер управлять государством: об уровне оплаты труда на государственной службе

Reasoning over the somewhat ironic and, by and large, rhetorical question indicated in the title of the article, the author touches upon the problem of decent material security (wages) of a public servant and argues for the conclusion about its role and place in the sustainable development of public administration.

EFL Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices on the Use of Questions in Mozambican Secondary Schools

In this study, the use of questions in a Mozambican English as a Foreign Language context is explored as a technique to develop communicative and critical thinking skills in secondary school students. Therefore, a qualitative approach was adopted using a phenomenological design which allowed the use of classroom audio recordings and semi-structured online interviews for data collection, based on Lowery’s (2005) questioning framework. The results revealed that English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers in Mozambican public secondary schools are aware of open and closed questions, which they claim to use for checking understanding. However, in practice, they often use open-ended, rhetorical, and procedural questions found in Lowery’s framework. These teachers ignore the relevance of using integrating, confirming, valuing, as well as feeling questions, which foster learners’ communicative skills. These results have strong implications for the decision EFL teachers make on the selection of questions for their classes, as well as the impact of such practices on the students’ outcome at the end of the course or year. Therefore, further studies should be conducted to understand the students’ abilities in the use of English as a result of such practices. In addition, similar studies in Mozambican higher education should examine whether EFL teachers under training are prepared to use questions in class.

THREAT CONSTRUCTION IN ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSE: HOW FEAR APPEALS ARE CONSTRUCTED IN THE NATURE IS SPEAKING VIDEOS

Fear appeals are a form of discourse that arouses emotional imbalance which triggers a desire to alleviate the ensuing uneasiness. Often, such appeals result in some forms of behavioural changes, at least temporarily. In public discourse, the behavioural changes are expected to be compliance towards the fear appeal advocations. Previous studies reveal that the effect of fear appeals is largely decided by threat-framing strategies (Furedi, 2006). This study examines how threat-framing strategies are constructed to produce fear appeals in public service announcement (PSA) videos. Data for our analysis comprise of 13 PSA videos from the Nature Is Speaking campaign that was launched in 2014. These videos use a unique narrative perspective, with Nature highlighting its superior power and its indispensability to humans. We adopt the Proximisation Theory (PT) proposed by Piotr Cap (2013) to identify instances of threat occurrences. According to PT, a threat occurs when an external agent or force, referred to as “the outside-deictic-centre” (ODC), is conceptualised as crossing the space to invade another central figure in the narrative, referred to in PT as “the inside-deictic-centre” (IDC). Our analysis reveals that through different choices of nouns and pronouns, Nature is constructed as the ODC that threatens humans, the IDC. The threat-framing strategies were often found to be amplified through analogies, assertions, rhetorical questions, and parallel structures. This study adds to our understanding of how fear appeal PSAs are constructed; future research needs to further examine the effectiveness of these PSAs through public surveys.

Syntactic and semantic variations in negative interrogatives: Contracted vs. uncontracted forms

This study investigates the forms and uses of negative interrogatives with auxiliary verb contractions in English, focusing on syntactic and semantic differences. Data was drawn from conversations in an English class at a university in Lhokseumawe, Indonesia, between a lecturer and students and students and students. The aim was to examine three types of negative interrogatives: Yes-No questions, negative rhetorical questions, and both marked (n’t) and unmarked (not) forms. The research employs a descriptive method with a synchronic time frame, utilizing distributional analysis, including immediate constituent analysis and mark reading techniques, to categorize and analyze the data. The findings reveal that negative interrogatives involving auxiliary verbs exhibit positive and negative presuppositions, with adjectival negative interrogatives showing variations between contracted and uncontracted forms. Adverbial negative interrogatives were found across all three types, indicating their versatility in forming questions. The study highlights that the choice between ‘not’ and ‘n’t’ affects the tone and emphasis of negative interrogatives, influencing the interpretation of responses. Contracted forms often carry a rhetorical or presumptive tone, while uncontracted forms are more formal and explicit. These variations show the importance of auxiliary verbs and negative markers in shaping the structure and meaning of negative interrogatives. This research contributes to the understanding of how negative interrogatives function in English, revealing the nuanced ways in which they impact communication and interpretation.