Rh Blood Research Articles

Study on extraction of Rh(III) by DABCO-based ionic liquid from hydrochloric acid medium

Rhodium, as a rare precious metal, has always been a challenge for the chemical industry to efficiently recover rhodium by extraction due to the complex existing situation in hydrochloric acid medium. Herein, a strongly hydrophobic DABCO-based ionic liquid (IL) [C8DABCO][NTf2] was designed and synthesized to construct a solvent-free extraction system of Rh(III) from high-concentration hydrochloric acid medium. At first, the effects of some important parameters on Rh(III) extraction were studied, such as equilibrium time, IL dosage, hydrochloric acid concentration, and initial Rh(III) concentration, the results showed that 81.54% Rh(III) can be extracted under the optimum extraction conditions. Based on the experimental run results, a quadratic model equation was established by using the response surface method (RSM), which can be used to calculate the amount that [C8DABCO][NTf2] will be offered at various HCl concentrations during the actual extraction of Rh(III). Then, using Job's method, the Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Electrostatic potential (ESP) prove that the extraction mechanism is an anion exchange mechanism. Finally, in the mixed solution of multi-metals, the extraction efficiency of [C8DABCO][NTf2] for Rh(III) is not disturbed, and the extraction efficiency for other metals is less than 1%. And the single-stage stripping efficiency of Rh(III) was up to 88% through HCl stripping, which solved the problem of difficult stripping of Rh(III) solution and realized the recycling of IL. The study provides a reliable and efficient way for recovering Rh(III) from high-concentrations HCl solutions.

Association of ABO and Rh Blood Groups with Helicobacter pylori Seropositivity in Gonabad City, Iran: A Case-Control Study

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections in humans, affecting large populations worldwide. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between H. pylori infection prevalence with ABO and Rh blood groups. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with a case-control design on individuals with anti-H. pylori positive test. Patients with IgG pylori were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria. The individuals were divided into two groups based on antibody titer. The case group included subjects with positive serological results with a titer greater than 12 u/mL IgG, and the control group entailed subjects with negative serological results with a titer less than 8 u/mL IgG. The ABO and Rh blood groups of both groups were examined based on case information. Finally, the data were entered into the SPSS software, and a significance level of 5% was considered for all analyses. Results: According to the results of this study, there was no significant relationship between the blood group and H. pylori infection (P > 0.05). However, the prevalence of blood type A was significantly higher in individuals with positive H. pylori IgG test. Conclusions: The current study suggests no association between ABO and Rh groups, but people with A blood group infected with H. pylori need more attention.

Analysis of Rhesus (Rh) Antigen Distributions in Donors and Multi-transfused Patients for Phenotype-Matched Transfusion

Knowledge about the frequency of Rh blood group systems in the local population help build a donor pool for multi-transfused patients and provide antigen-negative compatible blood for patients with alloantibodies. ABO and Rh antigens were identified for blood donors and patients before transfusion. The antiglobulin test based on the micro-column gel method was used to perform unexpected antibody screening and identification for patients in pre-transfusion testing. The incidence of the adverse transfusion reactions and the accordance rate of Rh phenotype-matched transfusion were analyzed retrospectively. A total of 246,340 specimens were detected with Rh blood group antigens D, C, E, c, and e. Rh D antigen was the most common phenotype with a frequency of 99.40%, followed by e antigen, C antigen, c antigen, and E antigen. In Rh D positive specimens, DCe was the most common phenotype, while DCE was the least common. At the same time, in Rh D negative specimens, ce was the most common phenotype with CE and CcE unobserved. Rh phenotype-matched transfusion has been conducted in our department since 2012. The accordance rate of Rh phenotype-matched transfusion has been kept above 95% and the resulting incidence of adverse transfusion reactions has been decreasing year by year, from 19.95‰ in 2011 to 2.21‰ in 2021. Blood transfusion with matched Rh phenotypes was able to avoid the generation of unexpected antibodies, reduce the incidence of adverse transfusion reactions, and enhance precise diagnosis and treatment.

Toxoplasma infection and Rhesus blood group system: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common infections in humans and animals, which is caused by an obligate intracellular opportunistic parasite known as Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Some data have shown that both Rhesus (Rh)-positive and Rh-negative individuals differ in response to biological factors, including Toxoplasma infection. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the scientific evidence regarding the possible association between the Rh blood group and Toxoplasma infection and to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii in the Rh blood group system. The research was conducted on PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases until January 2023. Twenty-one cross-sectional studies were included with a total of 10910 people. The data were synthesized using a random effect model with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The overall prevalence of T. gondii was calculated at 32.34% (CI 95%: 28.23-36.45%) and 33.35% (CI 95%: 19.73-46.96%) in Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood groups. In addition, the pooled OR for the relationship between the Rh blood group and the seroprevalence of T. gondii was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.72-1.28). This meta-analysis showed a high prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in both Rh-negative and positive blood groups. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that no significant association was found between toxoplasmosis and Rh factor. Because of the limited number of studies in this field, more research is recommended to determine the exact relationship between toxoplasmosis and the Rh factor.

The Spectrum of ABO and Rhesus Blood Group Systems in a Blood Center in Southern Karnataka

Introduction: Hereditary characteristics, such as ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group antigens, are helpful for population genetic studies, for settling medicolegal disputes, and most vitally immunologic safety of blood during transfusion. Having firm knowledge of blood grouping is essential for managing the collection of blood banks. It can lower the likelihood of morbidity and mortality brought on by lack of blood in specific areas. The objective of our study was to screen and determine the frequencies of the occurrence of ABO and Rh blood groups among residents from both the urban and rural populations of the South Karnataka region. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study. The study was conducted in a blood center and included all the donors from January 17 to December 22. Hemoglobin estimation was estimated by copper sulfate method and ERMA INC-PCE-210 3-Part analyzer. After blood bank validation, Tulip Diagnostics Limited standard anti-sera of anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D were used to conduct antigen–antibody slide agglutination test to determine the ABO grouping and Rh typing following blood donation. Simple percentages were used to report data on the ABO and Rh blood group distribution patterns. Results: Out of 19497 donors, predominant age group was 25–29 years (29.46%). The male:female ratio was 108:1. Voluntary donors (91.03%) were more than replacement donors, with predominant donors being Rh positive. Maximum donors had the blood group O (42.5%), followed by B > A > AB. There were also four Bombay blood group donors in our study. Conclusion: Good knowledge and understanding of blood grouping have an imperative involvement in the management of blood bank inventory. It can help to minimize the morbidity and mortality rate due to lack of blood in a particular geographical area.

The Pattern of Rh Phenotype among Voluntary Blood Donors – A Single-Center Observation from North India

Background: Human blood is precious and its availability and requirement are important elements of a comprehensive health-care delivery. Healthy voluntary donors are key sources to maintain the supply of human blood, and due care is warranted to ensure that the right blood reaches the right patient. Blood donor screening is standard practice, and the knowledge of ABO and Rh phenotype study is important. Prevalence and pattern of Rh phenotypes in a particular area may be important for various functioning of any blood bank. Materials and Method: Various centers frequently showcase prevalence pattern of Rh phenotype at a specified centre or region. A similar study was undertaken from collected data of voluntary blood donors in our tertiary care center. Results: Out of 2000 donor samples, B, A, O, and AB were in the decreasing order of frequency with 33.3%, 29.6%, 25.7%, and 11.4%, respectively. The most common Rh antigens observed were e (97.1%), followed by D (93.8%), C (88.45%), c (51.05%), and E (18.45%). Out of eight phenotypes in D-positive donors, R1R1 (DCCee), R1r (DCcee), and R1R2 (DCcEe) were most frequently observed. In D-negative donors, rr (ddccee), r’r (ddCcee), and r’r’ (CCddee) were the most common. Conclusion: The Rh phenotype pattern in our centre had diverse pattern and knowledge of this would guide further studies.

Rhesus isoimmunization: An underappreciated reproductive risk

In sub-Saharan Africa, pregnancy-related complications are a significant contributor to morbidity, mortality, and rising healthcare costs (1). The membrane of human red blood cells (RBCs) may contain the Rhesus (Rh) antigen. There are several types of Rh antigens but most important is the RhD antigen. Along the whole RhD protein, a group of conformation-dependent epitopes make up the D antigen. The most clinically significant blood group antigens that determine whether fetomaternal blood compatibility exists are the RhD and ABO systems (2). While the D-negative phenotype is linked to a deletion of RHD in most Caucasians, it is uncertain why the D antigen is not expressed other populations like the Japanese and Africans where it is linked to a grossly normal RHD (3). Accordingly, if a mother is Rh D-negative and the fetus is Rh D positive, she may produce antibodies through a process called RhD sensitization if she is exposed to fetal antigens. Sensitization is unlikely to damage the index fetus in normal conditions, but it may result in recurrent pregnancy losses, an infant with sensitized RBCs or to severe types of hemolytic disease of the newborn presenting with jaundice, anemia, developmental problems, or stillbirth (4).
 Rhesus isoimmunization can be prevented, but most Sub-Saharan African countries have not fully utilized these opportunities. As a result, many women are at risk due to poor medical records following potentially sensitizing events and a lack of access to crucial diagnostic and therapeutic commodities. These have significantly increased the difficulty of managing Rh-negative pregnancies (5).
 There has been a contentious suggestion for the universal prophylactic use of anti-D immunoglobulin in all pregnancies, including those following termination or ectopic pregnancy (6). We know that only a few at-risk women will profit from this strategy, which will unquestionably be highly expensive. However, there is no question that the Rh-negative pregnant population of Africa needs to have access to anti-D immunoglobulin on a global basis (7)(8). It follows that appropriate strategies should be instituted to effectively identify at-risk women and treat them accordingly (9).
 Leaders in obstetrics practice from various African countries met towards the end of last year to discuss the unmet need to address the burden of Rhesus disease. They noted that, despite being entirely preventable, Rhesus disease was identified as one of the roadblocks to achieving maternal universal health coverage. The team recommended all stakeholders to facilitate access to anti-D immunoglobulin and screening tools for widespread screening and treatment.

CORRELATION BETWEEN BLOOD GROUP, AGE & GENDER WITH COVID-19 INFECTION

Background. Covid-19, conjointly referred to as severe acute metabolism syndrome appeared in December 2019 by a new Corona virus. The virus originated from Wuhan, the capital of China’s Hubei Province and unfold everywhere the globe and have become a worldwide pandemic due to lack of cure.
 Aim:To study the association of ABO Blood Group, Rh, Age and gender with and COVID-19 infection.
 Material and methods. This retrospective study was conducted after the approval college research committee of Teerthanker Mahaveer medical college and research center. The study period of this study is from 12 March 2021 to 12 March 2022. The current research included 3000 Covid-19 patients confirmed by RTPCR test and admitted in the Teerthanker Mahaveer University Hospital, Moradabad. Covid -19 positive patient’s age, gender, ABO blood group, Rh factor and personal data was collected from the medical record department.
 Results. The most common blood group affected was B+ (1,119, 37.3%) followed by O+ (729, 24.3%), A+ (653, 21.8%), AB+ (330, 11.0%), B- (77, 2.6%), O- (36, 1.2%), A-(36, 1.2%) and AB- (20, 0.7%). Among study population, 69 (2.3%) belonged to 1-10 years, 157 (5.2%) belonged to 11-20 years, 727 (24.2%) belonged to 21-30 years, 479 (16.0%) belonged to 31-40 years, 455 (15.2%) belonged to 41-50 years, 584 (19.5%) belonged to 51-60 years, 377 (12.6%) belonged to 61-70 years, 114 (3.8%) belonged to 71-80 years and 38 (1.3%) belonged to above 80 years. The study population consisted of 1,811 (60.4%) males and 1,189 (39.6%) females.
 Conclusions. The findings of this study are In our study we found that age group that was most vulnerable was 21-30 years. We also observed that Males were affected more as compared to females and the blood group that was affected most was B positive and least numbers of patients affected are of AB negative blood group.

Evaluation of Blood Group in Co-relation with the Dermatoglyphics Patterns among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION: Dermatoglyphics is the scientific study of naturally occurring epidermal ridges and their configuration on the digits, palms, and soles apart from flexion crease and secondary folds. Fingerprint scans are now-a-days used in the biometric systems, validating electronic registration, cashless transactions, library access and forensic purposes. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between dermatoglyphics patterns and blood groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study designed to study the dermatoglyphics pattern in correlation with blood group among 200 medical students from November 2022 to April 2023. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16 and Chi-Square test was used. RESULTS: The major type of blood group among the participants was blood group O (38.5%) followed by blood group B (37%), blood group A (17.5%) and blood group AB (7%). Rh positive was the dominant Rh factor (95.5%) while Rh negative was 4.5% only. The general distribution of dermatoglyphics pattern showed that the dominant pattern of finger print was loop type (52%) in both the genders, followed by whorls pattern (36.5%) and arch pattern (11.5%). Based on Chi- Square test it was observed that the dominant type of finger print was whorls type in blood group O and B while, arch type of finger print was common in blood group B. CONCLUSIONS: Finger prints of each individual is unique. Hence, it can be effectively used for corroborative identification of an individual in mass disasters as well as in other forensic and anatomical applications.

Distribution of ABO and Rhesus (RHD) blood groups among blood donors in Republic of Congo

Aims: The ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group systems are most important in population genetic study and for blood transfusion purposes. This study was conducted to determine the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among Congolese blood donors. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at National Center for Blood Transfusion, over a period of 5 years from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2015. This study included the blood transfusion centers of Brazzaville, Pointe Noire and other localities grouped together in the North and Southwest coordination. Blood grouping ABO and Rhesus were determined using conventional blood typing procedures based on Beth-Vincent and Simonin-Michon methods. Results: Out of 266,055 blood donors included, 217,990 (81.9%) were male and 48,065 (18.1%) were female donors. Most donors were young adults, representing the age group of 18–30 (45%). The majority were replacement (62.4%) while the remainder was voluntary donors (37.6%). The most prevalent blood group was O (56.6%), followed by blood groups A (20.3%) and B (20.1%), whereas the least prevalent blood group was AB (2.9%). The majority 97.6% were Rh D positive, and 2.4% were Rh D negative. Conclusion: The study has a significant implication regarding the inventory management of blood transfusion center in Republic of Congo.

Association of β-Thalassemia and its Types with ABO and Rh Blood Groups in Lahore, Pakistan

The current study aims to determine the relationship of ß-thalassemia and its types (major, minor, intermedia) with ABO and Rh blood groups in Lahore, Pakistan. It is an observational study in which ABO and Rh blood grouping of 711 β-thalassemia patients was performed (with their consent). Blood grouping was performed through forward and reverse grouping using tube method. The observed ABO blood group pattern in both genders was O>B>A>AB. It was found that the overall frequency of O and A blood groups was higher in female patients, while the frequency of B and AB blood groups was higher in male patients, although the difference was non-significant. However, a significant difference was observed in the relationship between gender and Rh factor. Most patients of β-thalassemia suffered from the type β-thalassemia major (48%), followed by patients suffering from β-thalassemia minor (44%) and β-thalassemia intermedia (8%). Overall, patients with AB blood group mostly suffered from β-thalassemia major, while patients with β-thalassemia minor and β-thalassemia intermedia had the highest frequency of blood group B. It was concluded that ß-thalassemia patients have a higher frequency of O+ blood group and the lowest frequency of AB- blood group. Moreover, a significant difference was seen between male and female patients with respect to Rh blood group. However, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups corresponding to β-thalassemia types.

Short-term outcomes of robotic versus open hepatectomy among overweight patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score-matched study

BackgroundRobotic hepatectomy (RH) has gradually been accepted as it has overcome some of the limitations of open hepatectomy (OH). This study was to compare short-term outcomes in RH and OH for overweight (preoperative body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m²) patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsPerioperative and postoperative data from these patients who underwent RH or OH between January 2010 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to determine the impact of RH versus OH on the prognosis of overweight HCC patients.ResultsAll 304 overweight HCC patients were included, 172 who were underwent RH, and 132 who were underwent OH. After the 1:1 PSM, there were 104 patients in both RH and OH groups. After PSM, the RH group of patients had a shorter operative time, less estimated blood loss (EBL), a longer total clamping time, a shorter postoperative length of stay (LOS), less chance of surgical site infection and less rates of blood transfusion (all P < 0.05) compared to the OH patients. The differences between operative time, EBL and LOS were more significant in obese patients. RH was found to be an independent protective factor of EBL ≥ 400ml relative to OH in overweight patients for the first time.ConclusionsRH was safe and feasible in overweight HCC patients. Compared with OH, RH has advantages in terms of operative time, EBL, postoperative LOS, and surgical site infection. Carefully selected overweight patients should be considered for RH.

A novel nonsense variant in RHAG underlies a Nordic Rhnull phenotype.

The extremely rare Rhnull phenotype is characterized by the absence of all Rh antigens on erythrocytes. It is divided into the regulator and amorph types based on the underlying genetic background. The more common regulator type depends on critical variants silencing RHAG, which encodes RhAG glycoprotein, necessary for RhD/RhCE expression. Rhnull cells have altered expression of glycophorin B and LW glycoprotein. Four unrelated Rhnull individuals were investigated. Serological testing was performed according to standard blood bank practice. RHD/RHCE and S/s allele-specific Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genotyping was done on genomic DNA using in-house PCR assays. RHAG, and in some cases also RHD/RHCE, were sequenced. Initial s phenotyping results triggered additional serological investigation. Anti-Rh29 was identified in all four individuals. Extended typing with anti-S and anti-s showed that the three samples predicted to type as s+ failed to react with 2 of 5 anti-s. Sequence analysis of all 10 RHAG exons and the immediate intron/exon boundaries revealed a single nucleotide variant in the 3'-end of intron 6, c.946 -2a>g in all samples. RHD/RHCE showed no alterations. A novel Nordic Rhnull allele was identified. In addition, it was shown that s+ Rhnull red blood cells are not only U- but also have qualitative changes in their s antigen expression.

Blood Group Characteristics in Rectal Cancer. A study Conducted in a Tertiary Care Center, Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Introduction: Rectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world. Tumors are most commonly located in the rectosigmoid region. There are many actors in the etiology such as age, geographical features, family history, obesity, diet, and history of malignancy. Blood groups are one of the controversial etiologic factors in CRC. Blood group antigens, covered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901, have been the subject of numerous cancer studies since 1953, when Aird declared that blood group A was associated with stomach cancer. Aim: In the present study, we aimed to determine the effect of blood group characteristics, which play a role in the etiology of Rectal cancer. Method: We Prospectively reviewed the patients who were diagnosed with CRC and operated in our center or at other centers and were followed postoperatively at our centers. Age, gender, histologic TNM stage (tumor, lymph node involvement, and metastasis), tumor-bearing colonRectal segment, ABO blood group, and Rh antigen were examined from the patients’ records. Results: Total of 60 patients with histopathologically confirmed as rectal cancers formed the study population. The male to female ratio in rectal cancers was 1.7:1. The age group varied from 16 to 80 years with most common age group in rectum cancer were between age is 45-64 years constituted (29) 48%. However, we observed relationship in the present study between Rh antigen and lymph node metastasis, liver metastasis, or TNM stage. O Blood group and rh positive was associated with lymph node involvement, higher TNM stage, and also found that risk of liver metastasis. Conclusion: As in Rectal cancer, our findings show that the O (+) blood group is a risk factor in rectal cancers, which have multifactorial etiology. Further genetic studies are needed.&#x0D; &#x0D;

RHCE and Kell genotyping and alloimmunization profile in patients with sickle cell disease in the Federal District of Brazil

IntroductionSickle cell disease (SCD) is the most important hemoglobinopathy worldwide. The treatment often requires phenotype-matched red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, but alloimmunization to non-ABO antigens may occur in a part of the SCD patients. The genotyping has been used for RBC antigen prediction, reducing the possibility of the alloimmunization. Objective and MethodIn this study we performed the genotyping for the Kell and RHCE blood groups in samples from 77 phenotyped Brazilian SCD patients, whose alloimmunization profiles were also assessed. ResultsDiscrepancies between genotyping and phenotyping for the RHCE and Kell blood groups systems were observed in 22.07% (17/77) of the SCD patients. We found C/c and E/e discrepancies in 11.68% and 9.09% of patients, respectively; one SCD patient (1.3%) presented a discrepancy in the Kell group. Two SCD patients with discrepancies between genotype and phenotype were alloimmunized. In total, twenty-eight patients (36.4%) developed alloantibodies, of which 55.17% were directed against antigens in the Rh system, 8.62% were directed against antigens in the Kell system and 36.20%, against other groups. Finally, the frequency of discrepancies is significantly higher in non-alloimmunized patients (30.61%), compared to alloimmunized patients (7.14%) (p = 0.0217). ConclusionIn part, the alloimmunization of the SCD patients may have been triggered by these discrepancies, indicating that the integration of serological and molecular tests in the immunohematology routine could help to increase the transfusion safety. However, the higher number of alloimmunized patients without discrepancies showed that reasons other than the discrepancies appear to have influenced more strongly the alloimmunization in the SCD patients in this study.

Rhesus alloimmunization is correlated to necrotizing enterocolitis and respiratory distress: A tertiary center experience

Background Rh alloimmunization occurs in pregnant women who do not express the red blood cell Rh antigen phenotype but carry a fetus that does. The mainstay of treatment is intrauterine blood transfusion (IUT). Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a rapidly progressive and life-threatening emergency that most commonly affects preterm neonates. It has been noticed that NEC has a predilection toward neonates with rhesus hemolytic disease (RHD) compared to neonates without RHD, particularly among the late preterm to near-term population with a moderate to severe grade of RHD. Methodology This is a retrospective cohort study that included all neonates delivered in our hospital between January 2015 and December 2021,who received IUT due to Rh-isoimmunization, and the control group consisted of neonates, who did not have Rh-isoimmunization and no history of IUT. Neonates were excluded from the study if they met our exclusion criteria. Results During a 7-year study period, a total of 144 neonates were included in the study. Of those, 72 neonates had RHD and received IUT (group 1), while 72 neonates did not have RH isoimmunization and did not receive IUT (group 2). Maternal and neonatal demographic data were similar between the two groups, except for birth weight, which was higher in group 1 (2.49 vs. 2.31 kg, P = 0.025). Ten cases developed NEC (13.89%) in group 1, while there were no cases of NEC in the other group (P = 0.001). We also found that the initial hemoglobin level was lower in group 1 (135.4 vs. 174.3 g/dL) with a P value of &lt;0.001. The duration of respiratory support was significantly higher in group 1 (2.27 vs. 0.319 days; P = 0.006). Neonatal sepsis was more in group 1 (19.44 vs. 1.39%; P = 0.002). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and retinopathy of prematurity. Conclusion Neonates with rheus hemolytic disease (RHD) who undergo IUT are at a higher risk of developing NEC and prolonged course of respiratory support. Extra cautions may be necessary when advancing feeding in these patients. A well-designed multicenter prospective trial with an adequate sample size is recommended to validate our result.

0438 Obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with stroke verses those with refractory hypertension search for common pathogenic mechanism

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea [OSA] is a risk factor for stroke and refractory hypertension [RH]. OSA causes disrupted sleep, intermittent hypoxia, and hypoxia-induced systemic inflammation and sympathetic activation are potential pathogenic mechanisms for the first ever stroke and refractory hypertension. The aim of the present study was to evaluate sleep quality among OSA among patients with first ever stroke, as compared to RH and to assess markers of sympathetic activation and systemic inflammation in patients with either stroke or RH. Methods All patients with stroke and RH were recruited from the Departments of Neurology and Cardiology, respectively at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. All patients were interviewed for demographic details, clinical history and were scheduled for polysomnography. Fasting blood samples were collected during morning hours, to estimate biochemical markers [Norepinephrine, CRP, TNF-∞, VGEF and IL6] . CRP, TNF-alpha, and IL-6], measured by the chemiluminescence method. Nor-adrenaline and VEGF were measured using ELISA techniques. Results A total of 114 stroke patients and 56 refractory hypertension patients were included. The prevalence of OSA among stroke and RH patients was found to be 86.85 and 81% respectively. The mean number of wake after sleep onset periods (WASOs) [45±19.22 vs 29.8±11.14, p&amp;lt; 0.01]was significantly higher in patients with stroke. REM AHI [240.04±24.65 vs 33.20±22.35, p&amp;lt; 0.01] was significantly higher in patients with RH.CRP and VEGF values were higher than normal, in both groups. The median value of early morning serum nor-adrenaline was higher in the RH group[407 (66.6-1000) vs 515 (240-1250), p = 0.05]. Conclusion OSA is highly prevalent among the patients in both groups. Systemic inflammation is a common pathogenic mechanism linking OSA with RH and stroke, whereas early morning sympathetic activation appears significantly important in the pathogenesis of refractory hypertension. Support (if any) This study was funded by Indian council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.

Local Group dwarf galaxy detection limit in the CSST survey

ABSTRACT We predict the dwarf galaxy detection limits for the upcoming Chinese Space Station Telescope (CSST) survey that will cover 17 500 ${\rm \, deg}^{2}$ of the sky with a wide field of view of 1.1 deg2. The point-source depth reaches 26.3 mag in the g band and 25.9 mag in the i band. Constructing mock survey data based on the designed photometric bands, we estimate the recovery rate of artificial dwarf galaxies from mock point-source photometric catalogues. The detection of these artificial dwarf galaxies is strongly dependent on their distance, magnitude, and size, in agreement with searches in current surveys. We expect CSST to enable the detection of dwarf galaxies with MV = −3.0 and μ250 = 32.0 mag arcsec−2 (surface brightness limit for a system of half-light radius rh = 250 ${\rm \, pc}$) at $400 {\rm \, kpc}$, and MV = −4.9 and μ250 = 30.5 mag arcsec−2 around the Andromeda galaxy. Beyond the Local Group, the CSST survey will achieve MV = −5.8, and μ250 = 29.7 mag arcsec−2 in the distance range of 1–2 Mpc, opening up an exciting discovery space for faint field dwarf galaxies. With its optical bands, wide survey footprint, and space resolution, CSST will undoubtedly expand our knowledge of low-mass dwarf galaxies to an unprecedented volume.

Study of the Relationship betweenABO Blood Group Typesand Breast Cancer and Cervix Cancerin Khuzestan Province, Iran.

Background:Breast cancer and cervix cancer are the prevalent and deadly types of solid tumors around the world. According to the importance of cancer, it is necessary to understand predisposing factors that affect cancer risk. In this regard, previous studies suggest that blood types particularly ABO and Rh-Hr Blood-Group System could play roles in the risk and different features of cancers. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of ABO and Rh blood groups as risk factors for breast cancer and cervix cancer. Materials and Methods:A retrospective study included 109 and 14 patients diagnosed with breast cancer and cervix cancer, respectively with known ABO and Rh blood types, between 2018 and 2020 in Khuzestan province, Iran. For compression of ABO blood groups distribution between the cancer patients group and the healthy population, we used data from a large-scale study that report the distribution of ABO blood groups in 29,922 blood donors in Khuzestan province. Results:Based on obtained results the most frequent blood group is O followed by B, A, and AB in breast cancer and followed by A, B, and AB in cervix cancer. Results showed no significant association between ABO and Rh and the risk of breast and cervix cancer. Moreover, there is no relationship between blood types and clinic pathological features of breast cancer. Conclusion: Based on our data, ABO and in this regard, previous studies suggest that blood types particularly ABO and Rh-Hr Blood-Group System could play roles in the risk and different features of cancers. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of ABO and Rh blood groups as risk factors for breast cancer and cervix cancer do have not any association with the risk of breast and cervix cancer and their characteristics.

Correlation between blood group, Rh, and obesity with colorectal carcinoma among patients attending Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital/Baghdad: a case-control study.

The aim of this study was to show an association between the ABO blood group, Rh factor, and obesity with CRC. One hundred and two patients with CRC were included in our case-control study. Blood group, Rh factor, and BMI were estimated and compared with a control group of 180 Iraqis who came to the Endoscopy Department of Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital for preoperative control colonoscopy between January 2016 and January 2019. The overall distributions of ABO and Rh factor were comparable between patients (41.17% A+, 5.88% A-, 6.86% B+, 2.94 B-, 1.96% AB+, 1.96% AB-, 37.25% O+, and 1.96% O-) and controls (26.66% A+, 1.11% A-, 20% B+, 1.11 B-, 13.3% AB+, 1.11% AB-, 34.44% O+, and 2.22% O-). Statistically, there were significant differences between patients with CRC and control subjects in terms of their blood groups. The A+ group was found in 42 cases (41.17%), followed by O+ in 38 cases (37.25%). Their BMI ranged from 18.5 to 40kg/m2. Overweight patients were more common in 46 cases (45%) followed by obesity class І 32 cases (32.37%) with a P-value of 0.00016. Sixty-two of the patients with CRC (60.78%) were male and 40 cases (39.21%) were female. Their ages ranged from 30 to 79 years with a mean age of 55.49 years. CRC 37 cases occurred in the age group of 60-69 years (36.27). In this study, a statistically significant association was found between the occurrence of CRC and patients with blood group A+, O+, overweight, and obesity class І.