Rheological Properties Research Articles

Bead Size and Rheological Properties of SEBS-Based Elastic Beads

Abstract Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene, (SEBS), is a thermoplastic elastomer that has applications in robotics and shock absorption. While SEBS as a bulk material as well as an additive to solid composites has been extensively studied, this work focuses on developing SEBS-based beads to enhance material, particularly fluid, elasticity; the first time this has been seen in literature. SEBS bead mixtures were developed by mixing SEBS elastomer, water, and surfactant (Triton X-100) at high temperature. Stability, rheology, and microscopy of SEBS bead mixtures were studied as a function of neat SEBS concentration in SEBS elastomer, SEBS elastomer concentration, and surfactant concentration. Resulting bead mixtures were classified as creamed, homogenous and stable, or aggregated bead mixtures based on the mixture's tendency to separate into layers and ability to disperse in excess water. Microscopic studies suggest that while bead mixtures exhibit size polydispersity, the average bead size is a strong function of neat SEBS, SEBS elastomer, and surfactant concentrations. Rheological studies suggest that all the bead mixtures exhibit shear thinning behavior, and the overall viscosity of a given bead mixture is a function of both SEBS elastomer and surfactant concentration. The developed SEBS elastic beads can be used as additives to enhance the viscoelastic properties of fluid-based systems like magnetorheological and damping fluids.

Applications of physical and chemical treatments in plant-based gels for food 3D printing.

Extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing has been extensively studied in the food manufacturing industry. This technology places particular emphasis on the rheological properties of the printing ink. Gel system is the most suitable ink system and benefits from the composition of plant raw materials and gel properties of multiple components; green, healthy aspects of the advantages of the development of plant-based gel system has achieved a great deal of attention. However, the relevant treatment technologies are still only at the laboratory stage. With a view toward encouraging further optimization of ink printing performance and advances in this field, in this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the application of diverse plant-based gel systems in 3D food printing and emphasize the utilization of different treatment methods to enhance the printability of these gel systems. The treatment technologies described in this review are categorized into three distinct groups, physical, chemical, and physicochemical synergistic treatments. We comprehensively assess the specific application of these technologies in various plant-based gel 3D printing systems and present valuable insights regarding the challenges and opportunities for further advances in this field.

Nano hydroxyapatite architectonics to control the morphological, mechanical, and rheological properties of CH-rfGO-HA scaffolds for bone tissue

Nano hydroxyapatite architectonics to control the morphological, mechanical, and rheological properties of CH-rfGO-HA scaffolds for bone tissue

An optimization strategy for improving the aspect ratio of screen printing electronic paste based on rheological properties

The wide application of electronic pastes in the field of information electronics puts forward higher requirements for printability. As a key component to determine printability, there are few researches on the effect of organic vehicle components on printability of electronic paste. The purpose of the investigation was to explore the effects of different component contents on the properties of organic vehicles and then on the properties of electronic pastes. Experiments on the wettability of organic solvents to silicon wafers and solubility of adhesives were applied to screen organic solvents. The rheological properties of organic vehicles and electronic pastes in the optimization process were evaluated by the combined method of three interval thixotropy test (3ITT), oscillation amplitude sweep test and NMR relaxation time measurement. And the optimum ratio of adhesive, dispersant and coupling agent and the influence on rheological properties of electronic paste were determined. The optimized silver-aluminum paste as front-side paste was screen-printed and sintered to give a height/width (H/W) ratio of 0.4505 and an average resistivity of 5.06×10−6 Ω cm for the silver grid lines. The paste formulations developed in the investigation provide a new idea for the preparation and development of electronic pastes with excellent performance.

Equol-based epoxy resin as an ideal substitute for the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)

The development of high-performance bio-based epoxies with excellent mechanical properties, heat resistance and flame retardant properties is essential to mitigating the resource and environmental burdens caused by the widespread utilization of petroleum-based epoxies. This work focuses on the synthesis of a bifunctional epoxy resin (EEU) with the rigid tetrahydrobenzopyran ring derived from equol. The structure of the EEU epoxy resin was characterized, and using 4,4′ diamino diphenyl sulfone as the curing agent, the rheological properties, curing behavior and comprehensive properties of cured resin were studied. The results demonstrate that EEU-DDS presents the same curing behavior as DGEBA-DDS. The mechanical properties heat resistance and flame retardant properties of EEU-DDS are superior to DGEBA-DDS. The tensile strength, tensile modulus and glass transition temperature reached to 94.0 MPa, 3.62 GPa and 221 °C, respectively, higher than those of DGEBA-DDS (83.2 MPa, 2.81 GPa and 203 °C). EEU-DDS reached the V-1 rating in UL-94 tests with a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) (28 %), and the peak heat release rate and smoke release rate of 631 kW/m2 and 0.155 m2/s were significantly lower than that of DGEBA-DDS. The flame retardant mechanism was proven to be gas-coacervated phase synergistic flame retardant. In addition, the interlamellar shear strength (ILSS), bending strength, and impact strength of carbon fiber reinforced resin matrix composites prepared by EEU-DDS reached 97.9 MPa, 1281 MPa, and 81.3 kJ/m2, respectively, higher than those of DGEBA-DDS. Therefore, equol-based epoxy resin can serve as an ideal alternative to petroleum-based bisphenol A-type epoxy resin, offering superior comprehensive properties.

Exploring effect of uniform dry ball-milling duration on pasting and rheological properties of pink potato and maize starch mixtures

This study examined the potential effect of ball milling on maize starch (MS), pink potato starch (PPS), and their blends in various ratios (90:10, 80:20, and 70:30) on the pasting and rheological properties. Ball-milling led to changes in the particle size, ranging from 652.9 to 6488 nm, and a decrease in relative crystallinity (RC), as confirmed by XRD. Ball-milling increased amylose concentration in blend with the ratio of 90:10 up to 32.53 %, indicating structural alterations and molecular interactions. FESEM analysis confirms significant changes in the surface and particle sizes and starch gels with honeycomb structures. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy revealed a decrease in the intensity of the 1044 cm−1 and 480 cm−1 bands, respectively, signifying structural changes. Pasting parameters like peak viscosity and gelatinization behavior varied with PPS incorporation. The 80:20 blend had the highest viscosity, demonstrating PPS's capacity for high-viscosity starch paste. Rheological measurements of starch blends exhibited shear-thinning behavior, whereas the viscoelastic properties of the blends are influenced by particle size and the ratio of pink potato starch. Ball-milling treatment affects the granules and causes molecular-level interactions between the particles. This results in unique rheological properties of the starch blends, making them suitable for various applications.

Effect of particle size on the rheology, baking characteristics, and microstructure of fava bean-fortified bread

Effects of substituting fava beans flour of three particle sizes (0.14 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1.0 mm) at 10, 20, 30 and 40% to wheat flour were determined on the rheological properties, baking characteristics, and microstructure of bread. Rheological properties of the dough produced from the flour blends showed that the 10, 20, and 30% substitution levels yielded considerably good viscoelastic properties and were used for the test baking. The baking characteristics, such as loaf volume, C-Cell analysis, and scorings, were evaluated to understand the implications of blend levels on the quality characteristics of the bread. The fava bean flour substitution level had more impact on the quality characteristics of bread than the particle size. Also, microstructural analyses using X-ray microcomputed tomography showed that increasing the concentration of fava bean flour had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the bread's microstructure. For all the quality characteristics examined, samples with 10% substitution levels, regardless of particle size, produced loaves closest to the bread made with wheat flour alone. The findings of this study contribute valuable knowledge to optimizing fava bean-fortified bread formulations, allowing for a good understanding of the trade-offs between particle size, substitution levels, and the final product quality.

Effect of cellulose nanofibrils on formation, interactions and gelation properties of chickpea protein isolate emulsion gels

Chickpea protein isolate (CPI) emulsion gels suffered from poor elasticity and loose structure, which greatly limited their application and development. This work aimed to investigate the effect of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) on the intermolecular interactions, protein structure, gel properties, and microstructure of CPI emulsion gels. Results showed that CNFs enhanced the hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding of the CPI emulsion gels, and contributed to the transition of the secondary structure of CPI from α-helix to β-sheet structure. CPI-CNFs emulsion gels exhibit better textural properties, rheological properties and water holding capacity compared to CPI emulsion gels. Gel strength increased from 40.67 g to 56.26 g and hardness increased from 42.95 g to 60.67 g. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy showed that the CPI emulsion gel structures were transformed from rough and porous to uniform and dense with the addition of CNFs. This study indicated that CNFs will help improve the properties of CPI emulsion gels with wide applications in the food field.

Nanomaterials-Based Hybrid Bioink Platforms in Advancing 3D Bioprinting Technologies for Regenerative Medicine.

3D bioprinting is recognized as the ultimate additive biomanufacturing technology in tissue engineering and regeneration, augmented with intelligent bioinks and bioprinters to construct tissues or organs, thereby eliminating the stipulation for artificial organs. For 3D bioprinting of soft tissues, such as kidneys, hearts, and other human body parts, formulations of bioink with enhanced bioinspired rheological and mechanical properties were essential. Nanomaterials-based hybrid bioinks have the potential to overcome the above-mentioned problem and require much attention among researchers. Natural and synthetic nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxides, titanium oxides, nanosilicates, nanoclay, nanocellulose, etc. and their blended have been used in various 3D bioprinters as bioinks and benefitted enhanced bioprintability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. A limited number of articles were published, and the above-mentioned requirement pushed us to write this review. We reviewed, explored, and discussed the nanomaterials and nanocomposite-based hybrid bioinks for the 3D bioprinting technology, 3D bioprinters properties, natural, synthetic, and nanomaterial-based hybrid bioinks, including applications with challenges, limitations, ethical considerations, potential solution for future perspective, and technological advancement of efficient and cost-effective 3D bioprinting methods in tissue regeneration and healthcare.

Effects of component ratios on the properties of sweet potato-oat composite dough and the quality of its steamed cake.

To enhance the value proposition of sweet potato and oat while broadening their applicability in further processing, this study systematically investigated the impact of oat flour incorporation ratios (5%-25% of sweet potato dry weight) on the quality attributes of sweet potato-oat composite dough and its resulting steamed cake products. The results showed that the addition of oat flour could promote the rheological, water retention, and thermomechanical properties of the composite dough and improve the internal microstructure, specific volume, texture, and other processing properties of the steamed cake products. The rheology, water retention, and protein stability of the dough were maximized when the proportion of oat flour was 25%. The textural properties of steamed cakes, hardness, elasticity, cohesion, adhesion, chewiness, and recovery significantly increased (p<0.05) and viscosity significantly decreased (p<0.05) with the addition of oat flour. It is noteworthy that thermodynamic properties, internal structure of the dough, and air holding capacity, which are critical for processing, showed the best results at 20% oat flour addition. Therefore, the addition of 20%-25% oats is recommended to produce composite doughs with optimal quality and processing characteristics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: As living standards improve, traditional cereals may no longer able to meet people's health needs. Therefore, there is an urgent consumer demand for nutritious, tasty alternatives to staple foods. In this study, oat flour and sweet potato mash were mixed to make sweet potato-oat cake, and the effect of ingredient ratio on the performance and quality of composite dough containing sweet potato-oat flour was analyzed, thus proposing an innovative approach to the research, development, and industrial production of sweet potato and oat food products.

Recycling of coal gasification fine ash as a cement cleaning substitute: Performance, microstructure, and sustainability assessment of blended cement

Coal gasification fine ash (CGFA) is a large amount of solid waste produced by the coal chemical industry and has a broad prospect of recycling in building materials. This paper aims to investigate the effect of CGFA on the flowability, rheological behavior, hydration properties, and sustainability of blended cement. CGFA contains mineral components similar to fly ash (FA) and has morphological and physical filling effects that promote the flow of cement pastes. However, water absorption by the residual carbon component in CGFA resulted in severe deterioration of the rheological properties and flowability of the paste. As levels of CGFA replacement increase, the blended cement shows a pattern of decreasing early hydration rate, reducing flowability, and a significant increase in dynamic yield stress. The characteristic hydration reaction peak indicating the transformation of ettringite (AFt) to kuzelite (AFm) was little observed in the mixed samples of CGFA and cement. This phenomenon is attributed to the low content of reactive minerals (mainly aluminates) in CGFA. The residual carbon in CGFA almost did not participate in the hydration reaction of the blended cement system. It also limited the accumulation of hydration products, significantly reducing the strength of the mortar. Considering multiple factors such as cost, carbon emission, embodied energy, and cement consumption, the combined sustainability assessment of the (15%CGFA + 15%FA) combination replacing cement is 14.5% higher than that of pure cement mortar. This study can provide theoretical and technical support for the sustainable development of the coal chemical industry and the construction industry.

Improving the prediction of turbulent kinetic energy for drag reduction in turbulent viscoelastic pipe flow

Reducing turbulence in pipe flows using polymer additives is crucial for industrial applications like crude oil, water, and sewage transportation. While previous research has accurately predicted friction factor and velocity profiles, none has fully understood turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) behavior in such fluids. Authors are now focusing on exploring turbulence models to better understand the TKE behavior. In this research, we have introduced a model to improve the behavior of TKE in a modified generalized Newtonian fluid (GNF). The developed model aims to simulate the viscoelastic effects of fluids that result in drag reduction in turbulent pipe flow. The work is noteworthy as it integrates turbulence and viscoelastic components, offering a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. By incorporating the rheological properties of viscoelastic fluids and replacing the damping function with a non-Newtonian alternative proposed by Cruz and Pinho, the Launder–Sharma k–ε turbulence model is now suitable for simulating dilute non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluids. The viscoelastic aspect of the model employs the modified GNF model. The developed model has been subjected to simulations using the computational fluid dynamics software. The results obtained for fluid TKE demonstrate a significant improvement in comparison to our previous research and the findings of other researchers. Furthermore, the model's prediction for the Darcy friction factor has been enhanced, resulting in an average error of only 3.71% in this section. It is noteworthy that the model consistently maintains a high level of accuracy in predicting other essential flow parameters such as mean axial velocity and Reynolds stresses. The provided model advances our understanding of viscoelastic fluid behavior in turbulent pipe flow by applying the modified GNF model.

Effectiveness of the Concrete Equivalent Mortar Method for the Prediction of Fresh and Hardened Properties of Concrete

Modern concrete mix design is a complex process involving superplasticisers, fine powders, and fibres, requiring time and energy due to the high number of trial tests needed to achieve rheological properties in the fresh state. Concrete batching involves the extensive use of materials, time, and the testing of chemical admixtures, with various methodologies proposed. Therefore, in some instances, the required design properties (physical and mechanical) are not achieved, leading to the loss of resources. The concrete equivalent mortar (CEM) method was introduced to anticipate concrete behaviour at fresh and hardened states. Moreover, the CEM method saves time and costs by replacing coarse aggregates with an equivalent sand mass, resulting in an equivalent specific surface area at the mortar scale. This study aims to evaluate the performance of fibre in CEM and concrete and determine the relationships between the CEM and the concrete in fresh and hardened states. Steel and polypropylene fibres were used to design three series of mixtures (CEM and concrete): normal-strength concrete (NSC), high-strength concrete (HSC), high-strength concrete with fly ash (HSCFA), and equivalent normal-strength mortar (NSM), high-strength mortar (HSM), and high-strength mortar with fly ash (HSMFA). This study used three-point bending tests and digital image correlation to evaluate load and crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) curves. An analytical mode I crack propagation model was developed using a tri-linear stress–crack opening relationship. Post-cracking parameters were optimised using inverse analysis and compared to actual MC2010 characteristic values. The concrete slump is approximately half of the CEM flow; its compressive strength ranges between 78% and 82% of CEM strength, while its flexural strength is 60% of CEM strength. The post-cracking behaviour showed a significant difference attributed to the presence of aggregates in concrete. The fracture energy of concrete is 28.6% of the CEM fracture energy, while the critical crack opening of the concrete is 60% of that of the CEM.

Rheological Properties of Taiga Semihydromorphic Soils: Relationship with Physicochemical Properties and Temperature Conditions

Rheological Properties of Taiga Semihydromorphic Soils: Relationship with Physicochemical Properties and Temperature Conditions

Numerical study on the thermodynamic behavior of de-icing liquid droplets impacting walls

Spraying de-icing fluid is a key method to ensure the safe operation of aircraft in icy and snowy weather. The film aggregation and internal mixing of de-icing fluid droplets on the aircraft skin during a collision are crucial. Considering the rheological properties of the molecular viscosity change of the de-icing fluid droplets during the collision and the heat transfer model of the heat loss after the impact, the phase field method is used to capture the gas–liquid interface, and a thermal pressure/viscous coupling model is constructed. The thermodynamic behavior of different axial distances is calculated. The results show that, as the dimensionless axial distance of the droplet increases, the spreading length of the fused droplet decreases instead, and the heat transfer rate of the droplet increases with the increase in spreading length. After stabilizing, the increase or decrease in the heat transfer rate depends on the strength of the heat transfer between the liquid layers. As the dimensionless axial distance increases, the internal flow of the droplet weakens and, between the droplet and the wall, the heat flux density gradually decreases and the average temperature drop of the droplet becomes gradual.

Effect of high-pressure homogenization pretreatment on gelation behavior and physicochemical, rheological and structural properties of sesame protein isolate with glucono-δ-lactone

This study investigated the gelation of sesame protein isolate induced by high-pressure homogenization (HPH) with glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) acidification, focusing on the effect of pressures on gelation behavior and physicochemical, rheological and microstructural properties of the resulting gels. The HPH significantly affected the acidification kinetic parameters such as Vmax, Tmax, T5, and T4.5. The maximum Vmax (0.062 pH units/min) value was determined in the sample treated with 100 MPa, and T4.5 was decreased by 30 min with HPH at 50 and 100 MPa pressures. The particle size of sesame protein decreased with the homogenization pressure increased, and this played a role in the formation of lower particle size aggregates after gelation. The highest water holding capacity (69.02%) and gel strength (7.9 g) were reached with a pressure at 100 and 150 MPa, respectively. While a significant increase in the whiteness index of gels was observed by increasing pressure up to 100 MPa, the highest total color difference (ΔE) was detected at 50 MPa. The G′ value of the samples tended to increase with gelation time and with the high pressure applied, indicating a significant improvement in the elasticity of the gels. All gel samples exhibit shear-thinning behavior. Hydrophobic interactions were dominant in the gel samples, and the highest value (8.28 mg/g) was determined in the sample prehomogenized at 100 MPa. This study revealed that the gelation properties of sesame protein induced by GDL can be improved with HPH and that 100 MPa pressure application is ideal.

Understanding the influence of β-glucan-based superabsorbent hydrogel on the digestibility of wheat starch: Gelatinization, rheological and structural properties

This study aims to evaluate the effects of β-glucan-based superabsorbent hydrogel (βCHY) on wheat starch digestibility and elucidate the underlying mechanism. The results revealed that the incorporation of βCHY led to a significant reduction in rapidly digestible starch content of wheat starch from 71% to 44%, while concurrently increasing the levels of slowly digestible starch and resistant starch in a dose-dependent manner. From a mechanistic perspective, incorporating βCHY into wheat starch notably affected their pasting behavior and influenced the rheological properties and gel strength of resulting gels. Moreover, the addition of βCHY increased the relative crystallinity, short-range ordered degree (R1047/1024), molecular order (the full width at half maximum at 480 cm−1), and thermal stability of the starch, suggesting the formation of a more stable and ordered structure. Furthermore, the wheat starch-βCHY gel complexes exhibited large, discrete layered structures with thicker layer walls, accompanied by interspersed filament-like structures. These structural alterations may collectively contribute to the reduced digestibility of wheat starch. These findings confirmed the positive effects of βCHY on the starch digestibility, offering valuable insights into the development of innovative starch-based foods with slow digestion characteristics.

Analysis of AgNPs@AuNPs/GO’s Impact on Water-Based Drilling Muds and Comparison with Graphane, GO, AuNPs/GO’s Effects: Labs Research

We investigateed the effect of AgNPs@AuNPs/GO on the rheological and filtration properties of sodium-bentonite water based drilling muds (Na-bentonite WBDM) and compared the possible effects of graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene oxide functionalized with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/GO) on Na-bentonite WBDM. Graphene, AuNPs, AgNPs, GO, AuNPs/GO, and AgNPs@AuNPs/GO were initially synthesized, and subsequently subjected to scanning electron microscopy, tranmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, reflection absoprtion infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization. At a rate of 0.0005% to 0.01% (w/v), synthesized and described nanoparticles were added to Na-bentonite WBDM. Rheological and filtration loss analyses of the nanomaterial-containing Na-bentonite WBDM were then performed following American Petroleum Institute Standards. According to the study’s findings, adding graphene and AgNPs/GO to drilling mud at varying rates did not have any influence on PV values when compared to spud mud; however, adding GO and AgNPs@AuNPs/GO had a positive effect of 67% and 33%. Furthermore, the addition of graphene, GO, AuNPs/GO, and AgNPs@AuNPs/GO increased the AV values by 17.6%, 44%, 18.75%, 26%, YP values; by 44.4%, 44%, 30%, 22%, 10 s values; by 55.5%, 33%, 30%, 66.6%, 10 min values; by 30.7%, 43%, 42%, 46%, filtration loss values; by 10%, 9.52%, 8.4%, 3.84%.

Evaluation of Emulgel and Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Based Gel Formulations for Transdermal Administration of Ibuprofen: Characterization, Mechanical Properties, and Ex-Vivo Skin Permeation

In transdermal applications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the rheological and mechanical properties of the dosage form affect the performance of the drug. The aim of this study to develop emulgel and nanostructured lipid carrier NLC-based gel formulations containing ibuprofen, evaluate their mechanical properties, bioadhesive value and ex-vivo rabbit skin permeability. All formulations showed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior and their viscosity values are suitable for topical application. The particle size of the nanostructured lipid carrier system was found to be 468 ± 21 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was 95.58 ± 0.41%. According to the index of viscosity, consistency, firmness, and cohesiveness values obtained as a result of the back extrusion study, E2 formulation was found to be more suitable for transdermal application. The firmness and work of shear values of the E2 formulation, which has the highest viscosity value, were also found to be the highest and it was chosen as the most suitable formulation in terms of the spreadability test. The work of bioadhesion values of NLC-based gel and IBU-loaded NLC-based gel were found as 0.226 ± 0.028 and 0.181 ± 0.006 mJ/cm2 respectively. The percentages of IBU that penetrated through rabbit skin from the Ibuactive-Cream and the E2 were 87.4 ± 2.11% and 93.4 ± 2.72% after 24 h, respectively. When the penetration of ibuprofen through the skin was evaluated, it was found that the E2 formulation increased penetration due to its lipid and nanoparticle structure. As a result of these findings, it can be said that the NLC-based gel formulation will increase the therapeutic efficacy and will be a good alternative transdermal formulation.Graphical

Sucrose and Ca2+ synergistically regulate the rheological properties of apple high-methoxyl pectin

The thickening and gelling mechanism of high-methoxyl pectins (HMPs) with different degree of esterification (DE) values (60.6 %, 66.1 %, and 72.4 %) synergistically affected by calcium ion (Ca2+) and sucrose was investigated using several technical methods. Rheological measurements, including steady-shear flow, thixotropy and dynamic viscoelasticity tests, texture analysis, water-holding capacity (WHC), thermal analyses (TG), and microstructure observation (TEM), were all systemically conducted. The results showed that the main thickening and gelling mechanism of Ca2+ on different HMPs was complex and the presence of sucrose had a synergistic effect on structure formation in HMP systems. Ca2+ was not always conducive to structure formation, and excessive Ca2+ addition may hinder structure formation. HMP systems with lower DE values had higher gel strengths due to the presence of more binding domains. The results of the texture properties, WHC, and thermal characteristics coincided with those obtained from the rheological measurements, which reflect the variations in HMPs affected by Ca2+ and DE. All of these results showed that Ca2+ addition at an appropriate concentration in the presence of sucrose favors HMP gelation even in the absence of acid. The results obtained here are expected to broaden the application of HMPs in acid-free gel food products.