Rheological Properties Of Wheat Dough Research Articles

Effects of whey and soy protein addition on bread rheological property of wheat flour.

Since it is known that the gluten network is responsible for viscoelastic properties in wheat dough and for dough structure strength and gas retention, most studies reported that enrichment of foreign proteins interfered with gluten development and therefore, had negative effects on bread quality. This study compared the effects of whey and soy proteins on the thermomechanical, dynamic rheological and microstructural properties of wheat dough and bread-making quality in a relatively wide range of protein addition (0-30%). The results suggested that selection of the protein source and amount with appropriate functionalities significantly affected the structure of the dough and quality of the bread. Our study is essential for product development and process control when considering the popularity of protein fortified bakery products.

Effects of cellulose fiber with different fiber length on rheological properties of wheat dough and quality of baked rolls.

Powdered cellulose is often used in cereal processing industry. The effects of partial replacement (0.5%, 1%, 2% and 5%) of wheat flour by cellulose fiber with different fiber length (80, 120 and 220 µm) on rheological properties of wheat dough and qualitative parameters of baked rolls were studied. Sensory evaluation of baked products was also performed. Mixing and pasting properties of dough were determined by Mixolab. Generally, cellulose-enriched dough was characterized with higher water absorption, dough stability and parameters C2 and C3. Moreover, it was found that parameters C4 and C5 increased with increasing cellulose fiber length. From the results, it was also concluded that the physical parameters of baked rolls containing cellulose were reduced. It was also observed that the incorporation of cellulose fiber with shorter fiber length concluded in lower rolls volume compared to cellulose fiber with long fiber length. Texture analyses showed that the firmness of rolls containing cellulose at the substitution level 5% was significantly higher than those of the control, whereas the springiness of wheat rolls was not significantly affected. It was also recorded that the firmness and cohesiveness of baked rolls were higher after the addition of cellulose fiber with shorter fiber length. Sensory evaluation indicated that baked rolls with cellulose addition up to 1% were comparable with control rolls. Results also showed that higher levels of cellulose significantly decreased crust, taste, color and porosity of rolls.

The effect of enzyme preparations with different direction action on rheological properties of wheat dough

The effect of enzyme preparations with different direction action on rheological properties of wheat dough

Effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on pasting, thermo-mechanical and rheological properties of wheat dough

Partially hydrolyzed guar gum was prepared using enzymatic hydrolysis of native guar gum that can be utilized as soluble fiber source. The effect of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) on pasting, thermo-mechanical and rheological properties of wheat flour was investigated using rapid visco-analyzer, Mixolab and Microdoughlab. Wheat flour was replaced with 1–5g PHGG per 100g of wheat flour on weight basis. PHGG addition decreased the peak, trough, breakdown, setback and final viscosity of wheat flour. Water absorption and amylase activity of wheat dough were increased whereas starch gelatinization and protein weakening of wheat dough were reduced as a result of PHGG addition to wheat flour. PHGG addition also increased the peak dough height, arrival time, dough development time, dough stability and peak energy of wheat dough system. However, dough softening was decreased after PHGG addition to wheat flour dough. Overall, it can be assumed that PHGG has influenced the properties of wheat flour dough system by decreasing the RVA viscosities and increasing the water absorption and starch gelatinization of wheat dough system.

Influence of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit composition at Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 loci on secondary and micro structures of gluten in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

As one of critical gluten proteins, high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) mainly affect the rheological behaviour of wheat dough. The influence of HMW-GS variations at the Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 loci on both secondary and micro structures of gluten and rheological properties of wheat dough was investigated in this study. Results showed that the Amide I bands of the three near-isogenic lines (NILs) shifted slightly, but the secondary structures differed significantly. The micro structure of gluten in NIL 4 (Ax null) showed bigger apertures and less connection, compared to that in Xinong 1330 (Ax1). The micro structure of gluten in NIL 5 (Dx5+Dy10) showed more compact than that in Xinong 1330 (Dx2+Dy12). Correlation analysis demonstrated that the content of β-sheets and disulfide bonds in gluten has a significant relationship with dough properties. The secondary structures of native gluten are suggested to be used as predictors of wheat quality.

Development and quality evaluation of lacto-fermented product based on hulled and not hulled hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.)

The fatty acids composition, L(+)-lactic acid and biogenic amines (BAs) contents, and microbial profile of hulled and not hulled hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) fermented by Pediococcus acidilactici KTU05-7 and Pediococcus pentosaceus KTU05-8 were investigated. Additionally, the impact of hempseed (HS) fermented product made by submerged (SMF) and solid state (SSF) fermentation on the wheat dough rheological properties and bread quality was evaluated. Dehulling of HS, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) type and fermentation conditions significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) the pH, total titratable acidity and L(+)-lactate formation, and reduced the growth of fungi and enterobacteria. The putrescine and spermidine were predominant BAs in hulled (9.51 ± 0.18 and 21.61 ± 0.13 mg/kg, respectively) and not hulled HS (0.59 ± 0.10 and 0.9 ± 0.10 mg/kg, respectively). Fermentation of HS increased total BAs contents on average by 48.9% (SMF) and 18.3% (SSF). The interaction of analysed factors had the significant influence (p ≤ 0.05) on C18:3 trans, C20:0, C20:1, C18:3α and C22 fatty acids composition of HS. The characterization of these biochemical features could help to better understand the nutritional quality of fermented HS product and its use for bread quality improvement.

Influence of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit composition at Glu-B1 locus on secondary and micro structures of gluten in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Glutenin is one of the critical gluten proteins that affect the processing quality of wheat dough. High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) affect rheological behavior of wheat dough. This research demonstrated the effects of four variations of HMW-GS composition at the Glu-B1 locus on secondary and micro structures of gluten and rheological properties of wheat dough, using the bread wheat Xinong 1330 and its three near-isogenic lines (NILs). Results indicated that the Amide I bands of the four wheat lines shifted slightly, but the secondary structure, such as content of α-helices, β-sheets, disulfide bands, tryptophan bands and tyrosine bands, differed significantly among the four NILs. The micro structure of gluten in NIL 2 (Bx14+By15) and NIL 3 (Bx17+By18) showed more cross linkage, with two contrasting patterns. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the content of β-sheets and disulfide bonds has a significant relationship with dough stability, which suggests that the secondary structures could be used as predictors of wheat quality.

Effect of partially gelatinized corn starch on the rheological properties of wheat dough

Ten, twenty and thirty percent (g/100 g) of wheat flour was substituted with partially gelatinized corn starch or ungelatinized corn starch and the rheological properties of the resultant dough samples were investigated. The apparent viscosity of dough increased with the increase in the concentration and degree of gelatinization of partially gelatinized starch samples except in the case of dough substituted with starch sample with high gelatinization degree (96.78%) at 30 g/100 g concentration. The presence of partially gelatinized starch increased the storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli values and decreased the frequency sensitivity of dough samples. The dough prepared from wheat flour alone (control) showed the highest creep compliance and the lowest elastic recovery. In brief, the rheological properties of dough were influenced by the degree of substitution more than by the degree of gelatinization of substitutes.

Detection of cysteine residue numbers in wheat gluten proteins by MALDI-TOF

The wheat seed storage protein plays a key role in determining the processing quality. The disulfide bonds formed between cysteine residues in these proteins are critical in the formation of the unique rheological properties of wheat dough, which is the physical basis of bread making. Determining the number of cysteine residues in a particular protein, especially in high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), is an important task in evaluating wheat glutenin effects on end-product quality. In the current study, we established a fast method to accurately measure the number of cysteine residues in the HMW-GS. An alkylation reagent, 4-vinylpyridine (4-vp), was used to treat the proteins during extraction. For every cysteine residue in a protein, this treatment increases its molecular mass value by 105.14Da, which can be accurately determined by MALDI-TOF equipment. Based on the changes of the molecular mass value caused by 4-vp treatment, the number of cysteine residues in a protein can be reliably determined. This method is also confirmed to be useful in studying non-glutenin proteins such as lupin seed storage proteins. It is expected that this method will speed up the process of selecting desirable HMW-GS in wheat breeding.

Bread Supplementation with Hemp Seed Cake: A By‐Product of Hemp Oil Processing

AbstractHemp seed cake remaining after oil pressing was processed in the laboratory conditions to obtain hemp flour that influence the rheological properties of wheat dough, and the quality of bread was studied. The obtained hemp flour was mixed with wheat flour at different hemp/wheat flour ratios (0/100, 5/95, 10/90 and 20/80). The obtained results indicated that hemp flour affected water absorption and dough development time, and consequently bread volume, color and structural and textural properties of bread crumb regardless of the level of substitution. However, the presence of hemp flour in formulation, as being nongluten flour, did not necessarily distort all rheological properties. In this context, dough stability and dough strength were not significantly affected by the addition of hemp flour up to 10%, whereas substitution level of 20% resulted in the decrease (P < 0.05) of these parameters. Bread supplemented with hemp flour had higher nutritional value and provided elevated intake of important nutrients such as proteins and macro‐ and microelements, especially iron.Practical ApplicationsRecent scientific research indicated that hemp seed is a source of valuable nutrients, so it is recognized as one of nature's perfect balanced foods. In order to fulfill the requirements of sustainable food processing, the reutilization of food waste is a common issue especially due to the fact that food waste is rich in proteins, dietary fibers, antioxidants, colorants and other nutrients. In that sense, oilseed meals that remain after oil cold pressing have been recognized as one of the most valuable sources of proteins. One of the promising but not widely investigated cold‐pressed seed meals is that which remains after cold pressing of hemp seeds known as hemp flour. Obtained results showed that the breads supplemented with hemp flour had higher nutritional value providing elevated intake of important nutrients such as proteins and macro‐ and microelements, especially iron, while reducing the metabolizable energy from carbohydrates.

Wheat Flour Dough Rheological Properties Measurement: Effects of the Target Values on the Attained Results

Lubricated squeezing flow experiments on wheat flour dough have been performed in constant plate speed and constant extension rate modes. The objective of this work was to assess the effects of the target values on the attained results obtained during wheat dough rheological properties measurement. Different rheometers were used to allow these operations. In both cases, each constant target speed used increases with the increasing time before reaching its stability. These increasing effects versus time are higher with greater speeds. It was obtained 20.1–41.5% of increasing time ratio between the two modes from the lower to higher speeds and for each given speed (0.005–1.5 [mm·s−1 or s−1]). The target speed increasing in order to reach the attained value caused sample dough deformation. These strain effects of dough are more important for high initial thickness of dough. Whatever the types of dough strain needed and target speed level used, the limit force measurable in many cases was 40 N (newton). It was a constrain factor for measured values. The data processing to obtain dough rheological properties remains too long and difficult with both measurement methods. Practical Applications In search of viable ways to study dough rheological properties, the uses of empirical and fundamental methods are of appropriate possibility. Several methods are further able to be used to measure and record dough rheological properties under conditions of unsteady flow. They are used to assess flour ability and provide dough with good breadmaking performance, to mimic dough stretching and to measure its resistance to rupture. Consequently, efficient and versatile methods have opened new possibilities for studying viscoelasticity behaviors related to cereals science and processing. These benefit effects make basic new methods used in breadmaking process, a powerful tool for monitoring the consistency and structural changes in dough and final bread. Because of their major importance in breadmaking process, it is essential in this study to assess the effects of the target values on the attained results in dough rheological properties measurement methods. They can help understand their implications on the data processing of these tests for reliable research on dough rheology.

Effect of addition of protein concentrates from natural and yeast fermented rice bran on the rheological and technological properties of wheat bread

The effect of substituting wheat flour with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% protein concentrates from natural and yeast fermented rice bran on the rheological properties of their dough and bread properties was studied. Rheological properties of wheat dough were influenced by addition of rice bran protein concentrates. Overall acceptability score and specific loaf volume of 100% wheat bread were not significantly different from composite bread up to 10% rice bran protein substitution, and therefore, the optimised level of substitution was established. The optimised composite bread contained higher total amino acid content, radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing ability power (43.04–48.87 g/100 g, 182.77–201.65 mmol TEAC/100 g and 613.29–637.81 mmol TE/100 g) than control (33.86 g/100 g, 109.43 mmol TEAC/100 g and 540.13 mmol TE/100 g). Springiness, cohesiveness and resilience values of wheat bread were not significantly different from composite bread. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that composite bread had surfaces with embedded granules like protein deposits with small spores.

Effect of Mixed Strain Starter Culture on Rheological Properties of Wheat Dough and Quality of Steamed Bread

AbstractIn this study, a mixed strain (MS) starter culture was prepared by fed batch fermentation method and its effect on wheat dough and steamed bread quality was investigated. The MS had higher leavening ability and more viable yeast counts than traditional mixed strain (TMS) starter culture made by static fermentation method. A slight decrease was observed in the extensibility of dough fermented by yeast, TMS and MS as resting time increased. The extensibility leavened by MS was higher than that by yeast but similar to TMS during the overall fermenting process. No significant differences could be observed between the resistance to extension of dough fermented by MS and yeast at all three tested times. The specific volume of the steamed bread prepared by MS was higher than that made by TMS, and MS significantly increased the sensory score of steamed bread when compared with yeast.Practical ApplicationsMixed strain (MS) starter culture was prepared by rice wine fed batch fermentation method and had higher leavening ability than TMS starter culture. Application of MS in steamed bread making could improve dough and steamed bread properties on specific volume and sensory quality. The research provided useful information for production of steamed bread.

Effect of Incorporated Surimi on the Wheat Dough Rheological Properties and Noodle Quality

Effect of Incorporated Surimi on the Wheat Dough Rheological Properties and Noodle Quality

Alveograph and Bread Making Quality of Wheat Dough as Affected by Added Glucose Oxidase

Although there is considerable interest in glucose oxidase, little is known about its activity on rheological characteristics of wheat dough and with bread making quality. Influence that the glucose oxidase exerts on rheological properties of the wheat dough is investigated on the basic of rheological determinations obtained with alveograph. Influence of glucose oxidase on bread making properties is determined on the basic of result obtained from the laboratory scale baking tests. In order to clearly establish relations between added dose of glucose oxidase (0.002; 0.004; 0.006 %) and rheological properties of wheat dough, as well as with bread making quality, analysis of dough with and without glucose oxidase (control sample) is performed and results are discussed with comparison with L-ascorbic acid as the most commonly used oxidative improver. Results show that glucose oxidase cause greatest increase of dough tenacity and causal reduction of extensibility. This leads to a negative effect on specific volume. Glucose oxidase cause increase of crumb hardness in smaller extent than L-ascorbic acid.

EFFECT OF ADDING CARROT POWDER ON THE RHEOLOGICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF PAN BREAD

The objective of this study was to determine chemical composition and hydration properties of dietary fiber rich carrot powder (CP). The impact supplementation of CP at different levels (replacing of fine wheat flour with 2, 4, 6 and 8% of CP) on rheological properties of wheat dough and qualitative and sensory characteristics of pan bread were also evaluated. CP was found as good source of total dietary fiber and showed high values of hydration properties. Incorporation CP to wheat dough influences farinographic characteristics (increasing of water absorption, dough development time and dough stability, decreasing of mixing tolerance index) of dough and qualitative parameters of final products from the sensory evaluation resulted that loaves incorporated with CP up to 4% were the most acceptable for assessors.

Effects of Water-Soluble Dietary Fiber to Wheat Dough Rheological Properties

Objective: In this study, wheat dough rheological property changes caused by water-soluble dietary fiber were investigated. Methods: Capillary Rheometer and Extensional Rheometer were used to detect dough samples with water-soluble dietary fiber in different concentrations. Results: Water-soluble dietary fiber affects dough rheological properties both in strength and resistance. Conclusion: When water-soluble dietary fiber concentration increased, dough became softer but stability and stir tolerance decreased.

Rheological properties of wheat dough supplemented with functional by-products of food processing: Brewer’s spent grain and apple pomace

The physicochemical properties of brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and apple pomace (AP), and their effect on dough rheological properties were investigated. BSG had high protein content and both by-products were found to be high in dietary fibre. The rheological and the pasting properties of dough were significantly altered by the addition of by-products, with the main effects being due to the presence of dietary fibre. The biaxial extensional viscosity was significantly higher for the supplemented doughs; the strain hardening index decreased with increasing the levels of flour substitution. The replacement of wheat flour with the by-products significantly reduced the uniaxial extensibility, while the storage modulus, G″, was found to increase, indicating changes in the structural properties of dough. These changes were reflected in the ability of dough to rise during proofing.

Predicting Rheological Properties of Wheat Dough Based on Wheat Characteristics

The objective of this study is to find the relationship between rheological properties of wheat dough and some easily measured kernel properties. Hard red winter wheat samples (449) from four crop years were collected at grain elevators throughout the U.S.A. state of Oklahoma. The effects of single kernel characterization, test weight, and kernel protein content on dough Farinograph properties are analyzed. Both a four-year pooled model and single-year models are estimated. Across the Farinograph variables (absorption, peak time, and stability), the most reliable measures for predicting the dough properties were wheat protein and kernel hardness. Test weight was often significant, but test weight had negative effects in some years and positive effects in others. Kernel hardness is a measure that could be added to the current industry use of test weight and protein.

Impact of sodium chloride on wheat flour dough for yeast‐leavened products. I. Rheological attributes

The rheological properties of wheat dough for yeast-leavened products were tested at different levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) addition ranging from 0 to 40 g NaCl kg⁻¹ wheat flour. Rheological tests carried out to make this evaluation included (1) empirical rheological methods of the Farinograph, load extension and a dough stickiness test and (2) fundamental rheological methods of creep recovery and dynamic rheometry. Modifications to the gluten matrix microstructure by NaCl were examined by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Highly significant (P⩽0.001) differences due to NaCl addition could be determined in particular by the stickiness test as well as by examination of the creep test with the Burger model. Rheological changes measured in the creep test probably depend on protein charge shielding due to NaCl interaction, resulting in an improvement in gluten network formation. An increase in dough stickiness was measured when using NaCl. The present result for stickiness is contrary to the common subjective results. Therefore the theory proposed here for increased stickiness suggests that it is based on more non-protein-bound water in the dough system due to NaCl interaction and thus more viscous dough behaviour, which leads to higher stickiness as measured with the stickiness test. This may also suggest that the objectively measured 'stickiness' in this case does not properly indicate the subjectively measured stickiness it was designed to represent.