Blood Rheological Parameters Research Articles

The relationship of hemorheological blood values and blood velocity of microcirculatory bloodstream in rats` skin vessels

Non-invasive study of blood rheology is relevant, but quite complex issue. When systemic blood viscosity and hematocrit levels deviate, blood flow indicators in different parts of microvasculature change. Purpose of the study – research of blood flow characteristics in skin microcirculatory bloodstream of rats obtained by high-frequency ultrasound Dopplerography (HFUD) with given changes in rheological blood indicators. The studies were carried out on pubescent male Wistar rats. 3 experimental groups were formed. Group 1 (n = 21) “Hemodilution” – viscosity 1.99 ± 0.02 mPa*s, hematocrit 31.48 ± 0.31%. Group 2 (n = 32) “Reference values” – animals with unchanged blood levels – viscosity 2.84 ± 0.03 mPa*s, hematocrit 41.60 ± 0.3%. Group 3 (n = 32) “Erythrocytosis” – viscosity 3.95 ± 0.04 mPa*s, hematocrit 54.56 ± 0.23%. Dynamic blood viscosity in vitro studies were carried out on oscillatory viscometer. In order to evaluate hematocrit level heparinized whole blood was centrifuged in glass capillaries using; hematocrit values were assessed taking into account sedimentation of formed elements column using a hematocrit reader card. Blood flow in skin microcirculatory bloodstream of rats` left thigh area was estimated by HFUD method using Minimax-Doppler-K hardware and software system, with ultrasound transducer (frequency 20 MHz). Statistical analysis showed the models are correct. Blood indicators of the animals in three experimental groups differed statistically and significantly in terms of blood viscosity and hematocrit. Discriminant analysis was used to determine the relations between rheological blood parameters and characteristics of blood velocity in microcirculatory bloodstream which made it possible to identify the most significant characteristics of blood flow that tend to change depending on altered blood composition. These include: mean systolic velocity Vas (p 0.01), mean velocity Vam (p 0.001), mean volume velocity Qam (p 0.001), vascular resistance index RI (p 0.01) and the percentage of blood cells moving in low-speed H' (p = 0.03). The reliability of selected characteristics was checked with one-way analysis of variance; and their significance in determining membership in “Hemodilution”, “Reference values” or “Erythrocytosis” groups according to HFUD data was confirmed. Based on this analysis classification functions were generated for non-invasive dynamic blood viscosity determination according to ultrasound Dopplerography data.

Physical-Matched Nanoplatelets Boost Heterogeneous Thrombi Targeting Through Self-Adaptive Deformation for Thrombolysis and Endothelial Repairing.

The heterogeneity of thrombi in terms of composition, structure, and blood rheology parameters presents a challenge for effective thrombus-targeting drug delivery. To address this, a self-adaptive nano-delivery system, termed D-PLT, is developed. It consists of platelet membrane-cloaked deformable mesoporous organic silicon dioxide nanocomposite, enabling it to respond to the challenge of the heterogeneity of thrombi in arteries and veins. The system exhibits progressive targeting, with the ability to target arterial and venous thrombosis and damaged blood vessels. D-PLT physically matches the pore structure of the thrombus by undergoing varied deformation, leading to advanced targeting and enrichment of arterial and venous thrombus. When co-loaded with the thrombolytic drug urokinase (UK) and the endothelium-protecting agent atorvastatin calcium (AT), the system improves rapid vascular opening of arterial and venous thrombosis in 90 min and provides up to 7 days of durable thrombolysis and recovery from endothelial dysfunction in vivo. This self-adaptive delivery system offers a promising strategy to overcome thrombus heterogeneity.

Unraveling the complex interplay between abnormal hemorheology and shape asymmetry in flow through stenotic arteries

Background and Objective:Stenosis or narrowing of arteries due to the buildup of plaque is a common occurrence in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD), limiting blood flow to the heart and posing substantial cardiovascular risk. While the role of geometric irregularities in arterial stenosis is well-documented, the complex interplay between the abnormal hemorheology and asymmetric shape in flow characteristics remains unexplored. Methods:This study investigates the influence of varying hematocrit (Hct) levels, often caused by conditions such as diabetes and anemia, on flow patterns in an idealized eccentric stenotic artery using computational fluid dynamics simulations. We consider three physiological levels of Hct, 25%, 45%, and 65%, representing anemia, healthy, and diabetic conditions, respectively. The numerical simulations are performed for different combinations of shape eccentricity and blood rheological parameters, and hemodynamic indicators such as wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), are relative residence time (RRT) are calculated to assess the arterial health. Results:Our results reveal the significant influence of Hct level on stenosis progression. CAD patients with anemia are exposed to lower WSS and higher OSI, which may increase the propensity for plaque progression and rupture. However, for CAD patients with high Hct level—as is often the case in diabetes—the WSS at the minimal lumen area increases rapidly, which may also lead to plaque rupture and cause adverse events such as heart attacks. These disturbances promote endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and thrombus formation, thereby intensifying cardiovascular risk. Conclusions:Our findings underscore the significance of incorporating hemorheological parameters, such as Hct, into computational models for accurate assessment of flow dynamics. We envision that insights gained from this study will inform the development of tailored treatment strategies and interventions in CAD patients with common comorbidities such as diabetes and anemia, thus mitigating the adverse effects of abnormal hemorheology and reducing the ever-growing burden of cardiovascular diseases.

Dynamics of rheological and biochemical blood parameters of patients with an intermediate stage of the dry form of age-related macular degeneration before and after serum cascade filtration

BACKGROUND: One of the socially significant ophthalmic diseases is the dry form of the age-related macular degeneration, the key feature of which consists in a slowly progressing damage to the pigment epithelium and the formation of drusen. However, the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis are still not completely clear nowadays. AIM: The aim is, using the data of OCT, OCT-angiography and visometry, to study the dynamics of structural and functional parameters of the macular area, as well as the dynamics of rheological and biochemical blood parameters in patients with an intermediate stage of the dry form of age-related macular degeneration before and after the use of serum cascade filtration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 63 patients (94 eyes) with an intermediate stage of the dry form of age-related macular degeneration. Patients were randomly separated into two groups. The first (main) group consisted of 34 patients (52 eyes), in whom serum cascade filtration was performed; the second group (control) group included 29 patients (42 eyes) who did not receive any specific treatment. In patients of the main group, before and after the serum cascade filtration course (1 month after the start of follow-up), in 6 and 12 months, in addition to standard ophthalmological examination, as an indicator of the efficacy of performed serum cascade filtration, the ultrasound triplex scanning in color Doppler mapping mode with an assessment of blood flow velocity in the posterior short ciliary arteries, Fourier IR spectroscopy, and the testing of the serum and blood viscosity were performed. Patients in the control group also underwent a similar examination at 1, 6, 12 months after the start of follow-up. RESULTS: According to optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography-angiography and visometry data, we found a positive dynamics of structural and functional parameters of the macular retina and an improvement in blood rheological parameters with an increase in microcirculation indices against the background of the serum cascade filtration use in treatment of patients with an intermediate stage of the dry form of age-related macular degeneration. At the same time, a statistically significant difference between the two groups begins at 1 month and persists for 12 months of follow-up, being an evidence of the stabilization of the pathological process. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that after the serum cascade filtration in patients with an intermediate stage of the dry form of age-related macular degeneration, against the background of an improvement in blood rheological and biochemical parameters, there was an improvement in structural and functional parameters of the macular area, which consisted in a decrease of the volume of the drusenoid retinal pigment epithelium detachment and in a visual acuity amelioration.

Rheological properties of blood in multiple myeloma patients.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is considered to be one of the hematological malignancies formed by excessive and abnormal proliferation of plasmocytes. Among other parameters, several blood tests are used to diagnose multiple myeloma. The hemorheological profile in multiple myeloma is not widely studied. Hemorheology includes the study of measuring the deformability and aggregation of erythrocytes, blood viscosity, and sedimentation rate. The degree of deformability of blood cells is necessary to maintain proper vital functions. Proper deformability of red blood cells ensures proper blood circulation, tissue oxidation and carbon dioxide uptake. The aim of the study was to compare morphology and blood rheology parameters in patients with MM and healthy individuals. The study included 33 patients with MM, and 33 healthy subjects of the same age. The hematological blood parameters were evaluated using ABX MICROS 60 hematology analyzer. The LORCA Analyzer to study erythrocyte aggregation and deformability. Patients with MM had lower red blood cells count (RBC) (9.11%) (p < 0.001) and half time of total aggregation (T1/2) (94.29%) (p < 0.001) values and higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (5.50%) (p < 0.001), aggregation index (AI) (68.60%) (p < 0.001), total extent of aggregation (AMP) (87.92%) (p < 0.001) values than the healthy control group. Aggregation in patients with MM is different compared to healthy individuals. It was observed that the percentage of cell aggregation is almost 50% higher than in the control group. The study of morphology, aggregation and deformability of erythrocytes in patients with suspected MM may be helpful in making clinical decisions.

The Influence of Interval Training Combined With Occlusion and Cooling on Selected Hemorheological Blood Parameters in Young Healthy People

Introduction: Changes in blood morphological and rheological parameters and the related mechanisms in the human body are still not fully understood. They should be subjected to constant revisions and analyses, not only specific, but also modified by external factors.Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate and compare hemorheological parameters of blood during interval training combined with occlusion and cooling in young healthy people.Material and methods: 30 students of the University of Physical Education in Krakow were examined. The VASPER training system was used, offering the possibility of using occlusion factors and local cryotherapy with HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training) training at the same time. Blood from people participating in the project was collected six times (2 weeks before the start of training, immediately before the start of training, after the first training, after 10th training sessions, after 20th training sessions and two weeks after the end of training sessions). The subjects were divided into 3 groups: with occlusion and local cryotherapy, with occlusion and a control group (exercises only). Each person performed the same HIIT training routine, modified by factors depending on the assigned group.Results: In all groups, positive changes in hematological and rheological parameters were observed, occurring at a similar time and pace, regardless of the occlusion and local cryotherapy modifications used.Conclusions: The use of HIIT training using occlusion and cooling, occlusion alone and without additional modifications, can have a positive effect on hematological and rheological parameters in young healthy people and can be used to improve health and well-being. Further research is necessary to confirm the obtained results.

Changes in rheological parameters of blood, microcirculation, and accumulation of antibiotic in the focus of acute inflammation of patients with maxillofacial phlegmon

BACKGROUND: Despite the modern development of dentistry, the frequency of purulent inflammatory diseases of complicated caries tends to increase. Up to 60%–70% of patients had odontogenic phlegmon in maxillofacial hospitals. With the spread of the process to the neck and mediastinum, mortality reaches 60%, and with the generalization of infection leading to septic shock, it increases to 90%. This study aimed to examine the state of rheological parameters and blood microcirculation in cases of acute purulent inflammation in patients with maxillofacial phlegmon based on blood viscosity, analysis of the microcirculatory bed according to laser Doppler flowmetry, and concentration of the antibiotics in the blood. This study will allow us to analyze pathophysiological changes and coordinate adequate drug therapy.&#x0D; AIM: To examine the state and rheological properties of blood in the microcirculation and antibiotic concentration in cases acute purulent inflammation in patients with maxillofacial phlegmon to improve the effectiveness of treatment.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 20 patients. Their age ranged from 28 to 62 years, and there were 13 (65%) men and 7 (35%) women. The average body weight of the patients in the study group was 79–95 kg. All patients under endotracheal anesthesia underwent phlegmon dissection. During the operation and treatment, microcirculation, blood viscosity, and laser Doppler flowmetry were evaluated, and the antibiotic concentration in the inflammation area was assessed.&#x0D; RESULTS: The results of the study of 20 patients were analyzed. As a result of studying the rheological parameters of blood obtained from the peripheral vein in patients with phlegmon of the maxillofacial region of various localization, changes in blood viscosity towards thickening compared with normal values were revealed.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: With acute purulent inflammation of the maxillofacial region, pathophysiological changes occur in the microcirculatory bed, which must be considered when prescribing adequate antibacterial therapy.

Study of blood rheological parameters and NO in coronary artery disease patients with and without collaterals.

In coronary artery disease (CAD), an alternative way of improvement of blood circulation in the ischemic area of the myocardium is coronary collateral circulation. Our study aimed to investigate the rheological parameters of blood and nitric oxide (NO) content in patients with various degrees of collateral development and the likelihood of the influence of blood fluidity on collateral angiogenesis. We studied patients with stable CAD who underwent elective coronary angiography and a control group with the same mean age. We investigated patients with different degrees of developing collaterals and those without them. In studied patients, the blood plasma viscosity, aggregability, and deformability of erythrocytes, as the main indicators of blood rheology. We recorded content of stable metabolic end products of nitric oxide (NOx). Results of the studies showed that in the blood of studied patients with CAD erythrocyte aggregation was increased and NO content decreased compared to the control level; NO content was as lower, as less was the number of developed collaterals was recorded. In this work, the role of the aggregation ability of erythrocytes and the endothelial origin of NO in the direct and feedback regulatory mechanism of angiogenesis in patients with CAD are discussed.

The effect of sulfur baths on hemorheological properties of blood in patients with osteoarthritis

Balneotherapy is an effective treatment method in various diseases and commonly used treatment modality among patients with musculoskeletal disorders. Sulfur baths are known for healing properties however effect on rheological properties is unstudied. Thus the aim of our study was to determine the effect of sulfur balneotherapy on hemorheological blood indices. A total of 48 patients with osteoarthritis were enrolled to the study. Blood samples were collected twice, before and after 3-week time period. We evaluated complete blood count, fibrinogen, hs-CRP and blood rheology parameters such as elongation index (EI), half-time of total aggregation (T1/2) and aggregation index (AI) analyzed with the Lorrca Maxis. Mean age of studied cohort was 67 ± 5 years. After sulfur baths WBC count was significantly decreased is studied group (p = 0.021) as well as neutrophile count (p = 0.036). Red blood cell EIs were statistically higher after sulfur baths in shear stress ranging from 8.24 to 60.30 Pa. T1/2 was significantly higher (p = 0.031) and AI lower (p = 0.003) compared to baseline. No significant changes in fibrinogen and hs-CRP were observed. It is the first study that evaluate effect of sulfur balneotherapy on rheologic properties of blood. Sulfur water baths may improve erythrocyte deformability and aggregation parameters.

Pharmacodynamics, metabolomics and pathological studies on mechanisms of traditional benefits of Angelica sinensis in blood circulation

Angelica sinensis is a rich source of medically important active molecules that need in-depth understanding on its action mechanisms. Therefore, through pharmacodynamics, metabolomics, and network pharmacology, the traditional benefits of A. sinensis in blood circulation was studied using 24 randomly selected Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Measurement of the blood rheological parameters for whole blood viscosity (WBV) and plasma viscosity (PV), and inspection of the heart and lung tissues pathological changes were undertaken using molecular and bioinformatic techniques. Multivariate statistical analysis and establishment of the model of the relationship between metabolite expression and sample categories to test the prediction of sample categories were performed. Screening was undertaken to find the potential metabolites for A. sinensis to treat blood stasis syndrome and find related metabolic pathways. Active ingredients of A. sinensis and targets and building of an “effect component-target” network was undertaken, A. sinensis was confirmed to improve blood stasis syndrome in rats and improve heart and lung pathology to varying degrees. Compared with the blood stasis model group, A. sinensis significantly reduced WBV and PV in hemorheology (p<0.05, p<0.01) and regulated blood stasis-induced changes in 22 metabolites including alpha-D-glucose, L-isoleucine, creatine and acetylcarnitine, which are involved in the metabolism of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, phenylalanine, ascorbic acid and uronic acid. Using the network pharmacology to build a "component-target-pathway" network of A. sinensis, 62 active ingredients, 169 active proteins and 18 metabolic pathways were obtained, among which linoleic acid metabolism, ascorbic acid and uronic acid metabolism were consistent with the metabolic pathways obtained by metabolomics.

Effect of a Dexamethasone Implant on Rheological Blood Parameters in Patients Treated for Retinal Vein Thrombosis.

PurposeTo assess the effect of the prolonged-release dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) in patients with retinal venous thrombosis on blood rheological parameters and evaluate the impact on morphological and functional parameters.MethodsProspective cross-sectional study involved 35 subjects treated with central retinal vein and vein branch occlusion with intravitreal dexamethasone implant and 35 healthy subjects in control group. Hematocrit, blood and plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation amplitude (EAA), index (EAI), aggregation half-life time (EAT1/2), and erythrocyte deformability (ED) were evaluated. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT) and visual field (VF) were examined. All the parameters were examined at the baseline, 7 and 30 days after the treatment. The results were analyzed with correlation and regression and compared to the baseline values.ResultsIn the studied group, three hemorheological parameters improved as early as on the 7th day after the drug administration, and this improvement remained at a similar level on the 30th day. The EAA increased by 21.26% on day 7 and by 19.78% on day 30, the EAI decreased by 10.55% on day 7 and by 9.14% on day 30 and the EAT1/2 time increased by 38.50% on day 7 and by 31.02% on day 30. On day 7, the BCVA was improved by 1 row, CRT was reduced by 170.77 µm (24.49%), and the VF was improved by 9.8 dB (49.92%) compared to baseline parameters. On day 30, the BCVA was improved by three rows, CRT reduced by 244.68 µm (35.09%), and VF improved by 12.09 dB (61.59%).ConclusionThe intravitreal dexamethasone implant used in treating macular oedema in patients with RVO has a statistically significant effect on some rheological parameters of blood, reduction of CRT and clinical improvement in BCVA and VF.

Hemorheological and microvascular disturbances in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

In the blood vessels the impaired hemorheological parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could lead to elevated flow resistance, increased forces at the endothelial wall and to microvascular disturbances. The aim of the study is to investigate the hemorheological variables and the changes of the skin blood flow responses to cold stress in T2DM patients. The basic hemorheological parameters: hematocrit (Ht), fibrinogen (Fib), whole blood viscosity (WBV) and plasma viscosity (PV) were examined in 20 patients with T2DM and a control group of 10 healthy age and sex matched controls. The mechanisms of vascular tone regulation were investigated using the wavelet analysis of the skin temperature oscillations (WAST). The degrees of the microvascular tone changes were determined during a cold test in the endothelial (0.02-0.0095 Hz), neurogenic (0.05- 0.02 Hz) and myogenic (0.05- 0.14 Hz) frequency ranges. Significant increase of Fib and WBV in the patients in comparison to controls was found. The mean values of the amplitudes of the skin temperature (ST) pulsations decreased significantly during the cold stress only in the endothelial frequency range for the diabetic patients. The results of our study reveal parallel impairment of the blood rheological parameters and the cutaneous microcirculation in T2DM patients.

10.6-\u03bcm infrared laser as adjuvant therapy for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: study protocol for a double-blind, randomized controlled trial

BackgroundDiabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common chronic neurological complication. It is the main cause of disability in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Pharmacological treatments always associate with limited efficacy and adverse effects. Moxibustion has been recommended to treat DPN as an adjuvant therapy to conventional medical treatment to accelerate alleviation of the symptoms of DPN. 10.6-μm laser moxibustion (LM), whose wavelength is close to the peak of infrared radiation spectrum of the traditional moxibustion as well as human acupoints, produces the thermal effect similar with moxibustion but with no smoke or smell. The purpose of this sham controlled clinical trial is to determine the effect and safety of 10.6-μm LM as adjuvant therapy in patients with DPN.MethodsThis is a protocol for a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. One hundred fourteen patients meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be recruited and randomly assigned to the LM group or the sham LM group with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Patients in both groups will receive a basic integrated treatment of Chinese and Western medicine and a total of 12 sessions of true or sham LM treatments over 4 weeks with 3 sessions a week. The primary outcome is nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and the secondary outcomes include Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) scores, Diabetes-Specific Quality of Life (DSQL) scores, blood rheology parameters, and assessments of safety and blinding. Outcome measures will be collected at baseline, 2 weeks after treatment, the end of LM treatments (4 weeks), and 4, 8 weeks after the end of LM treatment (8, 12weeks).DiscussionThis study will be conducted to compare the efficacy of LM versus sham LM combined with medical treatment. 10.6-μm LM may alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce the dosage of drugs as well as avoid causing serious side effects.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000029329. Registered on 25 January 2020.

Squid fat as a promising source of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) are substances that play an important role in human metabolism. They are essential nutritional factors and can improve the functioning of individual systems and the body as a whole. The main source of ω-3 PUFA has long been fish fat, which contains PUFA in the triglyceride form. A fairly new and promising alternative to fish fat is the liver fat of the Commander squid (Berryteuthis magister), which additionally contains alkylglycerols, contains PUFA in the phospholipid form and can be obtained from squid fishery waste. The objective of the research was to carry out an analysis of scientific data, including the results of studies of the biological activity of squid fat, as well as its components that are part of other similar raw materials, and evaluate the prospects for its use in medical practice. Material and methods. During the study, various sources were analyzed, including scientific literature from electronic databases eLibrary, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and electronic search engines Google Academy from 2000 to 2022. Results. It is noted that squid fat has a pronounced biological activity. Its components increase innate immunity, have antitumor potential, improve the state of the body under stress, have hypolipidemiс and hypotensive effect, improve memory and attention, and also positively affect the composition and rheological parameters of blood. In addition to these effects, a positive effect of ω-3 PUFA and alkylglycerols on spermatogenesis, sperm quality and the female reproductive system has been noted. In a number of studies, alkylglycerol esters increased the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and, due to their structure, are able to form vesicles, therefore, they can be considered as raw materials for the production of new dosage forms for targeted therapy of brain tumors. In the available literature, in the case of the use of squid fat and its components, undesirable side effects have not been identified. Conclusion. Squid fat is a complete source of ω-3 PUFA and alkylglycerols, therefore it can be recommended as a dietary supplement, especially in a diet low in ω-3 PUFA.

Numerical simulation of electroosmotic force on micropolar pulsatile bloodstream through aneurysm and stenosis of carotid

Smoking and hypertension are significant risk factors for atherosclerotic carotid artery disease, but also for intracranial aneurysms. The medical results suggest incidental intracranial aneurysms in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis arteries. Which led to a study of the comparison between stenosis and aneurysm segments through the artery. A mathematical and numerical model for blood solidification and its rupture in a diseased artery is described in this paper. The interaction between the blood flow and a diseased arterial wall was formulated. The blood flow is formulated as a micropolar incompressible fluid with heat and mass transfer under the control of electro-osmotic and electromagnetic forces through an artery that contains stenosis and aneurysms. The approximation of mild stenosis is used to derive the governing flow equation, which is then solved using a method of finite difference. Particular attention is paid to the impact on axial velocity, flow rate, resistance impedance, and wall shear stress of geometrical parameters of the arterial wall and rheological blood parameters. In the instantaneous pattern of streamlines, the global behavior of blood is also investigated. Finally, the effect of all parameters on the blood flow through artery whose stenosis and aneurysm are investigated as a comparison of both segments.

Integration of traditional Chinese medicine and nibble debridement and dressing method reduces thrombosis and inflammatory response in the treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans.

BackgroundThromboangiitis obliterans (TAO), also known as Buerger’s disease, is an occlusive arterial disease; however, the pathogenesis of TAO is still unclear. Research has shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has significant advantages in the treatment of TAO. Our purpose was to explore the underlying roles of TCM in combination with nibble debridement and dressing method (NDDM) in a TAO rat model.MethodsWe administered rats with 10 mg/mL sodium laurate to establish a TAO model, and then the TAO model rats were treated with notoginseng powder (NP), maifusheng (MFS), or the combination of NP or MFS and NDDM. Gangrene classification and blood rheology were evaluated; the pathological characteristics of rat limbs were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Masson staining; and cluster of differentiation 3+ (CD3+) and cluster of differentiation 20+ (CD20+) levels were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry. In addition, inflammation-associated cytokines were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsIntegration of NP or MFS and NDDM dramatically reduced the gangrene classification and affected blood rheology parameters of TAO model rats compared with NP and MFS alone. Meanwhile, NP or MFS in combination with NDDM decreased CD3+CD20+ T cells, reduced thrombosis and inflammatory cell infiltration, and dramatically decreased the levels of inflammation-associated cytokines.ConclusionsOur results suggested that integration of NP or MFS and NDDM could relieve the symptoms of TAO model rats induced by sodium laurate, which might provide a new management strategy for TAO.

ЖАНУАРЛАРДА ҰЙҚЫ БЕЗІ ҚЫЗМЕТІНІҢ БҰЗЫЛУЫ КЕЗІНДЕГІ ҚАН АҒЫСЫНДАҒЫ ӨЗГЕРІСТЕР

the article examines the blood supply of tissues and organs during pancreatic disorders, changes in blood flow. When modeling acute pancreatitis, the functions of blood circulation and blood indicators are considered. In acute pancreatitis in the blood, there was an increase in the indicators of total amylase, lipase, alkaline phosphatase, ALT, AST, and a decrease in the indicators of total protein and cholesterol. With pancreatitis in experimental animals, the rheological parameters of blood changed, the viscosity increased, the blood clotting time was shortened, the number of blood platelets increased, which worsened the fluidity of both blood and lymph and showed the phenomenon of a chronic inflammatory process. In pancreatitis, changes in the ionic composition of blood, lymph, and urine are noted. A decrease in Na+, K+, Ca+2 in blood and urine, a decrease in K+, Ca+2 in lymph, and an increase in Na+ indicate changes in ion exchange in the body. With a violation of the pancreas, characterized by a lack of cell activity in it, there is a violation of the balance system, cellular and humoral components of the blood, accompanied by changes in metabolism and the presence of endogenous poisoning. The circulatory system consists in maintaining the stability of the body in the environment during the destruction of internal organs and tissues. There was a blood clot in the small blood vessels of the pancreas, which in the future will lead to a violation of the blood supply to the microcirculatory core of the pancreas. The rate of blood flow in the trunk vein in acute pancreatitis decreased compared to the control group. The resistance Index RI in the trunk root decreased by 35% due to the fact that it is accompanied by an increase in the diameter of the trunk root. In acute pancreatitis, an increase in the rate of blood flow in the upper secondary artery was recorded, and in the case of posture, the rate of blood flow was 28±0.02 cm/s. As a result of a decrease in the tone of blood vessels after pancreatic disorders, the blood supply to the abdominal cavity and pancreas decreased. As a result of a decrease in the functional properties of the arteries and veins, which led to a decrease in blood flow in the pancreas, which, in turn, is manifested as a result of the preservation of microcirculatory disorders.

Nattokinase atherothrombotic prevention study: A randomized controlled trial.

Described to be antithrombotic and antihypertensive, nattokinase is consumed for putative cardiovascular benefit. However, no large-scale, long-term cardiovascular study has been conducted with nattokinase supplementation. To determine the effect of nattokinase on subclinical atherosclerosis progression and atherothrombotic biomarkers. In this double-blinded trial, 265 individuals of median age 65.3 years, without clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) were randomized to oral nattokinase 2,000 fibrinolytic units or matching placebo. Primary outcome was rate of change in subclinical atherosclerosis measured by serial carotid ultrasound every 6 months as carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid arterial stiffness (CAS). Additional outcomes determined at least every 6 months were clinical parameters including blood pressure and laboratory measures including metabolic factors, blood rheology parameters, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis factors, inflammatory markers and monocyte/macrophage cellular activation markers. After median 3 years of randomized treatment, annualized rate of change in CIMT and CAS did not significantly differ between nattokinase supplementation and placebo. Additionally, there was no significant effect of nattokinase supplementation on blood pressure or any laboratory determination. Results of this trial show that nattokinase supplementation has a null effect on subclinical atherosclerosis progression in healthy individuals at low risk for CVD.

Effect of the combined administration of metoprolol and dihydroquercetin on the rheological properties of blood in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs)

Introduction. Hyperviscosity syndrome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension and its complications associated with impaired microcirculation in target organs. Therefore, along with the use of antihypertensive drugs, it is important to pay attention to the correction of the hyperviscosity syndrome with means of hemorheological agents.The aimis to study the effect of metoprolol and its combined use with dihydroquercetin (DHQ) on the rheological parameters of blood in rats with spontaneous arterial hypertension.Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on normotensive male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). SHRs of the experimental groups received metoprolol (50 mg/kg) or metoprolol and DHQ (50 mg/kg each) daily intragastrically for 6 weeks in 1 % starch mucus; SHRs of the control group and normotensive rats received 1 % starch mucus according to the same scheme. Systemic blood pressure was registered in awake animals. Blood was sampled from the catheterized right common carotid artery. Blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, erythrocyte aggregation and deformability were studied.Results. Compared with the parameters in normotensive rats, SHRs showed significant increase of blood viscosity, hematocrit, erythrocyte aggregation, and decrease of erythrocyte deformability. The course administration of metoprolol induced to a further increase in blood viscosity at low shear rates (15–45 s–1); plasma viscosity, hematocrit and micro-rheological parameters in rats of this group did not significantly differ from those in the control. With the combined administration of metoprolol and DHQ, blood viscosity at shear rates of 300 and 450 s–1and erythrocyte aggregation were significantly lower than in the control SHRs.Conclusions. The course administration of metoprolol increases the severity of the hyperviscosity syndrome in SHRs. The use of DHQ together with metoprolol partially eliminates adverse effects of the beta blocker on blood rheology parameters.

Ex vivo assessment of erythrocyte tolerance to the HeartWare ventricular assist device operated in three discrete configurations.

Despite technological advances in ventricular assist devices (VADs) to treat end-stage heart failure, hemocompatibility remains a constant concern, with supraphysiological shear stresses an unavoidable reality with clinical use. Given that impeller rotational speed is related to the instantaneous shear within the pump housing, it is plausible that the modulation of pump speed may regulate peak mechanical shear stresses and thus ameliorate blood damage. The present study investigated the hemocompatibility of the HeartWare HVAD in three configurations typical of clinical applications: standard systemic support left VAD (LVAD), pediatric support LVAD, and pulmonary support right VAD (RVAD) conditions. Two ex vivo mock circulation blood loops were constructed using explanted HVADs, in which pump speed and external loop resistance were manipulated to reflect the flow rates and differential pressures reported in configurations for standard adult LVAD (at 3150rev⸱min-1 ), pediatric LVAD (at 2400 rev⸱min-1 ), and adult RVAD (at 1900 rev⸱min-1 ). Using bovine blood, the mock circulation blood loops were tested at 37°C over a period of 6hours (consistent with ASTM F1841-97) and compared with static control. Hemocompatibility assessments were conducted for each test condition, examining hematology, hemolysis (absolute and normalized index), osmotic fragility, and blood viscosity. Regardless of configuration, continuous exposure of blood to the VAD over the 6-hour period significantly altered hematological and rheological blood parameters, and induced increased hemolysis when compared with a static control sample. Comparison of the three operational VAD configurations identified that the adult LVAD condition-associated with the highest pump speed, flow rate, and differential pressure across the pump-resulted in increased normalized hemolysis index (NIH; 0.07) when compared with the lower pump speed "off-label" counterparts (NIH of 0.04 in pediatric LVAD and 0.01 in adult RVAD configurations). After normalizing blood residence times between configurations, pump speed was identified as the primary determinant of accumulated blood damage; plausibly, blood damage could be limited by restricting pump speed to the minimum required to support matched cardiac output, but not beyond.