Rheological Index Research Articles

A Study on the Application of Recycled Concrete Powder in an Alkali-Activated Cementitious System

In this paper, recycled concrete powder (RCP) was used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in an alkali-activation system. The contents of RCP in the cementitious materials were 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%, respectively. The fluidity, rheological properties and mechanical properties were tested, while the effects of RCP on the hydration properties of the alkali-activated system were studied by XRD, SEM-EDS, thermogravimetric analysis and the heat of hydration. The results show that the addition of RCP improves the fluidity of alkali-activated slag cementitious materials and changes the rheological index of paste. The change is greatest when the RCP content is 30%, which is 8.5% higher than that without RCP. With the increase in RCP content, the compressive strength of alkali-activated slag cementitious materials first increases and then decreases. The optimum compressive strength was attained with an RCP of 10%. The addition of RCP has little effect on the types of alkali-activated hydration products, but increases the quantity of hydration products. Further, the inactive particles in RCP combine with hydration products to form a dense microstructure. The addition of RCP reduces the early and total hydration heat of alkali-activated slag cementitious material, and delays the emergence of the second exothermic peak after the first peak.

Non-Newtonian natural-convection cooling of a heat source of variable length and position placed at the bottom of a square cavity

Natural-convection cooling of a heat source placed at the bottom wall of a square cavity filled with non-Newtonian fluid was investigated numerically. Two thermal conditions were assumed at the source (imposed temperature or flux density). The effects of Rayleigh number, rheological index, n, source length, SL, its position, D, and Prandtl number, were analyzed. For a centered source. The three first parameters were varied. The results show an increase in dynamic and thermal fields? perturbations when Rayleigh number increases and/or source length increases and/or n decreases. These observations are clearer in the first heating type compared to the second. Mean Nusselt number increase is recorded when Rayleigh number increases and/or n decreases, while it decreases with source length increase until SL = 1.0 where a new increase is recorded. For a non-centered source, the previous observations still valid, noting the loss of symmetry. The highest mean rate of heat exchange is recorded when D = 0.0 with decreasing amounts when moving towards the center. Finally, Prandtl number effect is analyzed. Results show a better diffusion of heat when increases for low n. Consequently, a marked increase in the mean Nusselt number for n < 1.0, weak for n = 1.0 and almost absent for n > 1.0 are recorded with a clearer effect for the first type of heating.

Retracted: Effect of Electroacupuncture Combined with Guizhi Gegen Decoction on Cervical Vertigo and Its Influence on TCD of Vertebrobasilar Artery, Blood Rheology Indexes, and Quality of Life.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/2676485.].

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY OF BOILED SAUSAGES ENRICHED WITH SPELT FLOUR

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY OF BOILED SAUSAGES ENRICHED WITH SPELT FLOUR

Study on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cement-Based Grout Containing Coal-Fly Ash.

To study the physical and chemical properties of grout containing fly ash, Class II fly ash was used as a mineral admixture and mixed with silicate cement to produce grout, and the rheological properties, strength properties, hydration properties, and microscopic mechanism were studied. The results of the study showed the following. The incorporation of fly ash reduced the thixotropic area of the composite cement slurry, which facilitated pumping in the pipeline conveying process. The inclusion of fly ash reduced the yield stress and plastic viscosity of the cement paste, but the rheological index increased and then decreased with the increase in fly ash, and the composite paste had the lowest degree of shear thinning at 30% fly ash inclusion. The incorporation of fly ash reduced the hydration exothermic rate and total hydration exothermic amount of the composite slurry and prolonged the hydration induction period, but the promotion effect of fly ash on the hydration rate of cement was obvious at 10% fly ash admixture. The admixture of fly ash increased the empty volume of the composite slurry, but the effect on the most probable aperture was not significant, and the porosity of the system increased, resulting in a decrease in compressive strength. The effect of adding fly ash on the hydration products was reflected mainly by the C-S-H gel produced by cement hydration and the change in calcium alumina and Ca(OH)2. Fly ash does not directly participate in the hydration reaction of cement, but it can promote cement hydration and increase the reaction rate of cement. By analyzing the rheological properties, mechanical properties, and hydration properties of fly ash composite cement paste, the comprehensive analysis found that the rheological properties are excellent when the fly ash admixture is 20-30%, and the water-cement ratio can be reduced to improve the strength without affecting the pumping demand.

Preparing coal slurry from organic wastewater to achieve resource utilization: Slurrying performance and dispersant suitability

Organic wastewater has a complex composition and contains various pollutants. Coal-water slurry is a cost-effective new technology to treat organic wastewater and recycle the organic matter in wastewater. In this paper, we prepared a slurry with various dispersants for ammonium-forming wastewater, desulfurization wastewater, pharmaceutical manufacturing wastewater, and deionized water. We studied the slurrying performance of organic wastewater and the suitability of dispersants in the preparation of the coal-wastewater slurry. We found that the incorporation of the desulfurization wastewater and the pharmaceutical manufacturing wastewater benefits slurrying while incorporating ammonium-forming wastewater will increase the apparent viscosity of the slurry. The prepared coal-wastewater slurries all had good pseudoplasticity, and showed shear-thinning fluid characteristics at higher solid concentrations. The consistency coefficient of the coal-wastewater slurry was larger than that of the coal-water slurry, and the rheological index was smaller. This means that the addition of wastewater can improve the pseudoplasticity of the coal-water slurry, which is beneficial to industrial applications. The coal slurry that was prepared with ammonium-forming wastewater was the most stable. The incorporation of other wastewater types will reduce the stability of the slurry leading to easy agglomeration. The difference in the slurrying effect of the different dispersants is not obvious in the wastewater environment, but the effect of the wastewater is dominant. The slurry that was prepared with ligninesulfonic acid sodium salt was the most stable. Here, the functional groups in its molecular structure easily form hydrogen bonds, preventing the agglomeration of the coal particles.

Rheology of oil-based nitrogen foam at shallow reservoir conditions: Experiment and evaluation

Exhibiting as a combination of viscous, elastic, and plastic behavior, rheology is a branch of physics and is majorly concerned with continuum mechanics for flow characterizations, particularly non-Newtonian flow like foam. However, most existing studies of foam rheology are primarily focused on water-based foam, while oil-based foam rheology lacks adequate understanding, plus few comprehensive experimental analyses have been done. This study, for the first time, investigates the rheological behavior of oil-based nitrogen foam with full foam quality and shallow reservoir conditions through a newly-designed visualized capillary rheometer. Basically, the effects of foam quality and shear rate on foam morphology and apparent viscosity were elucidated, and the foam rheology at different temperatures and pressures was evaluated. More specifically, with increasing shear rate, the apparent viscosity of nitrogen foam decreases in a concave-down parabola pattern. With the foam quality of 86 %, the apparent viscosity of the foam flow is found to reach its maximum value, 58.4 mPa·s, at the flow rate of 4 mL/min, temperature of 25 °C and pressure of 5 MPa. The foam flow gradually becomes uniform and dense and the apparent viscosity elevates with increasing foam quality up to 86 %. After that, the foam flow tends to be slug flow and its stability becomes worse with linearly-decreasing apparent viscosity. With increasing pressure, the apparent viscosity and consistency coefficient increase, which result in the increase of rheological index and decrease of non-Newtonian property. The temperature effects on the foam flow are absolutely opposite but stronger in comparison to pressure effects as aforementioned. In addition, the rheological equations of nitrogen foam are determined by fitting the consistency coefficient and rheological index with foam quality. Overall, thorough investigations of the rheology of oil-based nitrogen foam would be of great importance for foam theory and practice.

Investigation of the Thermal Degradation of SBS Polymer in Long-Term Aged Asphalt Binder Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)

Styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer is extensively employed for asphalt pavement construction, and its degradation significantly damages the durability of asphalt concrete. However, the effect of aging protocols on the degradation of SBS polymer in asphalt binder has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was applied to characterize the change in morphology with SBS polymer degradation. Various aging protocols were considered, including accelerated aging processes in laboratory- and field-aged samples from three highway sections with different in-service periods. Scanned images of the polymer phase in the 2D plane at different depths were processed and further reconstructed in three dimensions. Furthermore, the three-dimensional polymer morphology indices derived from the semi-quantitative analysis of the images were correlated with the rheological indices. The results show that the polymer particles change from a relatively large ellipsoidal shape to a relatively small spherical shape as aging proceeds. The increase in aging temperature appears to accelerate the degradation of the polymer at the same rheological level. The effect of the laboratory aging method on the polymer was more pronounced during the early stages of aging compared to that in the field aging process.

Clinical Efficacy of Western Medicine Combined with Chinese Medicine for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Damp-Heat and Stasis Type)

Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Western medicine combined with Chinese medicine for pelvic inflammatory disease (damp-heat and stasis type). Methods: Seventy-four patients who were diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease (damp-heat and stasis type) by our hospital during July 2021 to July 2022 were randomized into two groups: the participants in the control group received conventional Western medicine treatment, and the participants in the study group received Western medicine combined with Chinese medicine. Results: After treatment, the total effectiveness of the control group (72.98%) was significantly lower than that of the study group (94.59%), (P < 0.05); the whole blood viscosity high cut, whole blood viscosity low cut, fibrinogen and plasma viscosity of the control group were all lower than those of the study group (P < 0.05); the levels of CRP, IL-6, and TNF-? in the control group were higher and IL-2 levels in the control group were lower than those in the study group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Western medicine combined with Chinese medicine is more effective in curing damp-heat and stasis-type pelvic inflammatory disease by improving the blood rheological indexes and lowering the level of inflammatory factors.

Study on the flow and bonding-reinforcement characteristics of composite foam slurry material used to block mine leakage

To study the fluidity and bonding-reinforcement characteristics of composite foam slurry material (CFSM) on broken coal mass, the hydration mechanism, the rheological law, and the process of bonding-reinforcement were analyzed systematically. The results revealed that the Herschel-Bulkely model could describe the rheological properties of CFSM accurately by fitting the shear stress-shear rate curve (fitting coefficient>0.99), indicating that CFSM was a pseudoplastic fluid with yield stress. Based on the rheological model of CFSM, the diffusion equation of the material in the fissure channel was theoretically deduced, and it was obtained that the material rheological index, viscosity and crack width were the key factors affecting the diffusion performance. Moreover, the surface morphology and functional groups of the CFSM-coal contact interface showed that the active groups on the CFSM and coal molecules exhibited chemical bonding and physical coating at the interface. An interface bonding model of CFSM-coal composed of a weak effect layer, an enrichment layer, a contact layer and an etching penetration layer was established.

Effects of the combination of loxoprofen sodium and sodium hyaluronate on osteoarthritis and knee function

Purpose: To determine the treatment efficacy of the combination of loxoprofen sodium and sodium hyaluronate in osteoarthritis (OA), and its role in knee joint function.
 Methods: 98 patients with OA admitted to Guang'an People's Hospital, Sichuan, China were allocated into control group (CNG, given loxoprofen sodium n, = 51) and study group (SG, given loxoprofen sodium and sodium hyaluronate, n = 47). Both groups were compared in terms of the levels of inflammatory factor, Lysholm, VAS, WOMAC scores, treatment effects, serum MDA, NO, SOD levels, adverse effects, and blood rheology indices.
 Results: The study group had higher SOD levels, and higher BALP and BGP than CNG (p < 0.05). SG had lower TRACP-5b and blood rheological indices than CNG (p < 0.05). The difference in the incidence of adverse reactions was not statistically significant between the two groups (p > 0.05).
 Conclusion: The combination of loxoprofen sodium and sodium hyaluronate effectively improves the function and blood rheological indices of knee joints. It reduces the occurrence of adverse reactions and the level of pain in patients with OA, and improves OA prognosis. However further clinical trials are required prior to application in clinical practice.

Structure and rheology of foams stabilized by different soybean varieties deficient in β-conglycinin subunits trimers

The need to replace animal protein with plant-based protein for foam formation is growing rapidly based on a variety of factors including sustainable environmental development, biosecurity, and limited option for vegetarians, which decreases the overall status of foam. The structure and rheology of foams made from soy protein isolate (SPI) deficient in β-conglycinin subunits (α′-lack SPI, α-lack SPI, and (α+α′)-lack) were explored in this study. Comparison of microstructure and the foaming characteristics of α′-lack SPI with those of Wild, α-lack SPI, and (α+α′)-lack SPI. Similarly, the microstructure demonstrated that different compositions of β-conglycinin subunits have potential influence on the secondary structure and density of SPI. The α′-lack SPI structure was closest and orderly arranged. The microstructure and foaming properties of α′-lack SPI were better than other SPI, which indicated that the α subunit in α′-lack SPI could generate fine bubbles with high stability. The interfacial shear rheological index of α′-lack SPI was also highest, so subunits may be related to the firmness of the air-water interface, foam rheology was shown to correlate not only to interfacial tension but also to the protein solutions' interfacial elasticity. (α+α′)-lack SPI has the lowest subunit content, foaming ability, and foam stability. This work was helpful to understand the air-liquid behavior of different subunit deficient SPI in β-conglycinin. It lays the foundation for the production of “plant active agents” with superior foaming properties based on soy protein.

The role of starch granule-associated proteins in enhancing the strength of indica rice starch gels

The gel properties of indica rice starch strongly influence the quality of foods in which it is used. This study investigated the effects of chymotrypsin treatment on the rheological and pasting properties of starch prepared by different treatment methods. The results demonstrated that all the starches contained starch granule-associated proteins (SGAPs). Specifically, chymotrypsin-treated fermented extracted starch (E-FS) and chymotrypsin-treated alkali extracted starch (E-AS) exhibited a storage modulus (Gʹ) about 4 times higher than that of fermented extracted starch (FS) and alkali-extracted starch (AS). The flow consistency coefficients (K), loss moduli (Gʺ) and setback values tended to increase, while the characteristic rheological indices (n) and loss tangent (tan δ) tended to decrease after chymotrypsin treatment. This suggested that the starch gel was significantly enhanced by the proteinase modification. The protein composition of AS and E-AS only contained the 66 kDa of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) subunit. Therefore, the significant increase in gel strength was attributed to the exclusive modification effects of GBSS I. Microstructural analysis also confirmed that the three-dimensional gel network of indica rice starch was formed by a backbone of SGAP polymers filled with starch granules. The mechanism underlying GBSS I-enhanced gel was also elucidated based on the sequence and structure of GBSS I. The gel network formed by SGAP polymers of FS and AS was mainly caused by disulfide bonds between GBSS Is, while that of E-FS and E-AS was mainly caused by hydrophobic interactions. • The gel properties of indica starch treated by different methods were studied. • Enzymatic modification of starch granule-associated proteins (SGAPs) increased the starch gel strength significantly. • The SGAPs were mainly composed of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I). • Gel formation driving force changed from disulfide bonds to hydrophobic interactions. • The gel structure comprised a polymerized SGAP network filled with starch granules.

Influences of polyanionic celluloses and temperature on the rheological property of seawater slurries

As an increasing number of submarine tunnels are being constructed by the slurry shield tunnelling method, seawater intrusion into slurries and variations in strata temperature are inevitably encountered during construction. They will lead to obvious deterioration in rheological properties of slurries, which can be adverse for the filter cake formation and even cause tunnel face instability. Considering the design of the slurry parameters and the actual slurry support effect, it is essential to select a suitable slurry ingredient and investigate the rheological properties of seawater slurries under different temperature environments. Using polyanionic celluloses (PAC) as the additive to seawater slurries was proposed in this paper. The influence of PAC contents on the rheology and physical stability of seawater slurries was investigated through laboratory experiments, with PAC contents varying from 0 to 0.4%. The rheology enhancement mechanism of PAC was also analyzed. Furthermore, the flow pattern and constitution relationship of seawater slurries with 0.4% PAC were studied at different temperatures from 2℃ to 30℃. The results show the presence of PAC can significantly enhance the viscosity and physical stability of seawater slurries. The seawater slurries incorporating 0.4% PAC and 12% Na-bentonite can maintain an excellent colloidal rate with 97.5% and a high viscosity, which was recommended to be a prospective mixing proportion used in slurry projects. Additionally, the flow characteristic of seawater slurries with different PAC contents can be described by the power law model very well. Moreover, with the increase in temperature, the rheological index showed an increasing trend, but the consistency coefficient gradually decreased. The constitutive equation of seawater slurries considering the effect of temperature was proposed. This research will provide significant guidance for the selection of slurry parameters and the establishment of seawater slurry infiltration theories during the construction of submarine tunnels.

Study on the Properties of Waste Oil-Activated Crumb Rubber-Modified Asphalt Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Rheology

To investigate the effect of activated crumb rubber content on the molecular interactions and the properties of crumb rubber-modified asphalt (CRMA) with waste oil, six models of asphalt with various rubber dosages were developed using Materials Studio software, and the molecular dynamics performance of the system was further examined. Then, the fatigue and high- and low-temperature performances of the CRMA binders were characterized by dynamic mechanical experiments in the laboratory. The mean square displacement and diffusion coefficient were used to quantify the migration of molecules. The aggregation state of the components was evaluated using a radial distribution function. The bulk modulus of the CRMA models was calculated to study the mechanical properties. Dynamic shear and bending beam rheometer tests were implemented to evaluate the road performances of the CRMA binders. The results show that increasing the amount of powder could improve the mechanical properties of the asphalt, that is, the modulus of 70% of the asphalt was improved by 57.5%. The rubber and waste oil were evenly dispersed in the system, and the distribution of asphalt components was in accordance with the colloid theory. The temperature-sensitive properties of the rubber led to the improvement of road properties of the CRMA binders with the increase of the admixture. Combined with the distribution of molecules in the asphalt model, the results of rheological indexes show that the waste oil could improve the rheology and stability of binders. This will provide theoretical support for upgrading the content of crumb rubber in CRMA binders.

Experimental characterization of the oxidative kinetic aging behavior of rejuvenated asphalt binder

• Rejuvenated binders were subjected to over-aging at various temperature and time. • The effect of temperature, duration and rejuvenator dosage on the oxidative aging mechanisms of rejuvenated binders were revealed. • Oxidative aging increased the viscoelastic behavior of rejuvenated binders while rejuvenator reduced. • The effect of rejuvenator on viscoelastic behavior of rejuvenated binders weakened gradually during oxidative aging. Rejuvenator is commonly used in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) to improve the properties of the blended binder. However, the rejuvenated binder would experience aging again and cause the rejuvenated asphalt mixture prone to durability issues. This study focused on evaluating the impact of oxidative aging on the chemical and rheological properties of rejuvenated binder (RB) by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Dynamic Shear Rheometer. First, the aged binders blended with waste engine oil used as the rejuvenator at 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% by total weight of binder. Then, laboratory oven aging procedures were employed to the RB binders at different aging temperatures and periods. Carbonyl content were determined to understand the effect of temperature and duration on the oxidative aging mechanisms of RB binders. Each RB binder had its specific fast and constant oxidative rates. With the increase of rejuvenator dosage, the temperature sensitivity of RB binders decreased in the constant rate stage and increased in the fast rate stage. The high-temperature true performance grade (HTPG) of RB binders increased with the aging time and temperature, and the effect of rejuvenator dosage on HTPG decreased gradually with aging duration. Based on the master curves of complex modulus and phase angle, the aging time and aging temperature increased the viscoelastic behavior of RB binders, and rejuvenator reduced the viscoelastic behavior, but the effect of rejuvenator lowered gradually during oxidative aging. The crossover frequency, rheological index and Cole-Cole plot demonstrated the aging decreased the viscous components and increased the elastic behavior of the RB binders. As the rejuvenator dosage increased, the viscous component of the aged RB binders increased, and the elastic behavior decreased as well as more transition behavior from viscous to elastic.

Machine Learning Reveals a General Understanding of Printability in Formulations Based on Rheology Additives.

Hydrogel ink formulations based on rheology additives are becoming increasingly popular as they enable 3‐dimensional (3D) printing of non‐printable but biologically relevant materials. Despite the widespread use, a generalized understanding of how these hydrogel formulations become printable is still missing, mainly due to their variety and diversity. Employing an interpretable machine learning approach allows the authors to explain the process of rendering printability through bulk rheological indices, with no bias toward the composition of formulations and the type of rheology additives. Based on an extensive library of rheological data and printability scores for 180 different formulations, 13 critical rheological measures that describe the printability of hydrogel formulations, are identified. Using advanced statistical methods, it is demonstrated that even though unique criteria to predict printability on a global scale are highly unlikely, the accretive and collaborative nature of rheological measures provides a qualitative and physically interpretable guideline for designing new printable materials.

Drainage of power-law fluids from fractured or porous finite domains

We develop a sharp-interface model that captures the coupled effect of spatial heterogeneity and fluid rheology on one-dimensional Newtonian and non-Newtonian buoyancy-driven flow spreading in fractured and porous media over a horizontal impermeable bed. We study the flow in three different geometries: (i) a constant uniform aperture, (ii) an aperture variable along the vertical axis, i.e. perpendicular to the direction of propagation and (iii) an aperture variable along the horizontal axis, i.e. parallel to the direction of propagation. The non-Newtonian rheology is described by the power-law equation of rheological index n and the aperture variation in both directions by a positive number r . The self-similar solutions of the flow obtained at late times allow the transformation of the nonlinear PDEs governing the spreading into nonlinear ODEs. The current shape is affected by the interplay between the rheological index and the spatial variability of the aperture. The residual liquid mass that remains in the fracture at any given time is computed from the current profiles, obtaining a negative power-law behavior in the time of exponent dependent on n and r . In addition, sensitivity analysis is performed to highlight the impact of the model parameters on the current profile and residual mass. The dimensionless analysis outcomes are compared to two real examples of flow within a uniform and a wedge-shaped aperture along the flow direction. The numerical results of the examples confirm that the proposed model can successfully capture the propagation of the gravity current, its profile, and drainage flow rate. • Drainage of one-dimensional non-Newtonian gravity-driven currents from an edge of a fractured finite domain is investigated. • Late-time similarity solutions are derived for different geometrical variations of fracture aperture. • The analogy between Hele-Shaw non-Newtonian flow in fractures and porous media flow is discussed. • Two realistic case studies illustrating the applicability of our results are extensively discussed.

IGST Combined with Conventional Drug Therapy and TCM Therapy for Treatment of Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction.

Objective To investigate the effects of intensive gaze stability training (IGST) combined with conventional drug therapy and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy on hearing recovery and quality of life (QOL) in patients with bilateral vestibular dysfunction. Materials and Methods A total of 120 patients with bilateral vestibular dysfunction admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 were recruited and assigned to group A (n = 60) and group B (n = 60) based on the order of admission. Group B received conventional medication and TCM therapy, and group A received IGST plus conventional medication and TCM therapy. The serum biochemical indexes, blood rheology indexes, symptoms disappearance time, hearing recovery time, pure-tone hearing threshold, vestibular symptom index (VSI), and QOL of the two groups were compared. Results The serum biochemical indexes and blood rheology indexes in group A were lower than those in group B after treatment (P < 0.001). Patients in group A had a shorter time lapse before symptoms disappearance and hearing recovery than those in group B (P < 0.001). Group A had lower results of the pure-tone hearing threshold (P < 0.001) and of VSI (P < 0.05) than group B. Patients in group A had higher QOL scores than those in group B after treatment (P < 0.001). Conclusion IGST plus conventional drug therapy effectively improves the serum biochemical indexes and blood rheological indexes of patients with bilateral vestibular hypofunction, accelerates their hearing recovery process, and alleviates their clinical symptoms, thereby improving their QOL, which shows good potential in clinical application.

An Average Flow Model Considering Non-Newtonian Characteristics With Application to Grease Behavior

Abstract In this paper, the application scope of the average flow model is extended to grease lubrication considering the non-Newtonian characteristics. First, flow factor expressions applicable to both Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids are derived. Then, a model problem is established by coupling the Reynolds governing equation, film thickness function, and boundary conditions and solved for the flow factor. Fit the result into empirical relations for conveniently using in the grease lubrication analysis. Finally, the influence of several parameters on the flow factor is studied. The results demonstrate that the film thickness ratio, rheological index, and surface elastic deformation have a significant effect on the flow factor, and the influence law is affected by the orientation of the surface roughness.