Razi Research Articles

The Concept of Wasatiyyah in The Views of al-Zamakhshari and Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī

Bombings in the name of Islam, such as in Turkey, Indonesia, and the French have damaged the integrity of Islam. These acts of extremism are ubiquitous and lead to Islamophobia especially in western countries. While in fact, Islam has taught and promoted the concept of moderation (wasatiyyah) since its emergence in order to avoid extremism among humankind. One of the main underpinning verses in the Qur’an that talks about the concept of wasatiyyah is Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 143. This paper explores two different views of theological schools, namely Al-Zamakhshari, who represents the Mu‘tazilites and Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, who represents the Ash’arites in dealing with the verse and its interpretations. In its analysis, the paper applied a theological approach to analyze the primary materials. It is expected that the findings will help in the implementation of the concept of moderation (Wasatiyyah) in the contemporary era. Finally, it will also serve as a guide on the ideal way of practicing Islam in order to eliminate and reduce extremism and foster peaceful co-existence between Muslims and adherents of other religions in the world.Pemboman atas nama Islam, seperti di Turki, Indonesia, dan Prancis telah merusak integritas Islam. Tindakan ekstremisme ini ada di mana-mana dan mengarah ke Islamofobia terutama di negara-negara barat. Padahal sebenarnya, Islam telah mengajarkan dan mempromosikan konsep moderasi (wasatiyyah) sejak kemunculannya untuk menghindari ekstremisme di antara umat manusia. Salah satu ayat utama yang mendasari dalam Al-Qur'an yang berbicara tentang konsep wasatiyyah adalah Surah Al-Baqarah, Ayat 143. Makalah ini mengeksplorasi dua pandangan yang berbeda dari sekolah-sekolah teologis, yaitu Al-Zamakhshari, yang mewakili Mu'tazilah dan Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, yang mewakili kaum Ash'ari dalam kaitannya dengan ayat dan interpretasinya. Dalam analisisnya, makalah ini menerapkan pendekatan teologis untuk menganalisis bahan-bahan primer. Diharapkan temuan ini akan membantu dalam penerapan konsep moderasi (wasatiyyah) di era kontemporer. Akhirnya, itu juga akan berfungsi sebagai panduan tentang cara ideal mempraktikkan Islam untuk menghilangkan dan mengurangi ekstrimisme dan menumbuhkan ko-eksistensi damai antara Muslim dan penganut agama lain di dunia.

Basis for the Use of Substitutes for Medicinal Flora and Harmonization of Rational Use

Background: Non-availability, indefinite identity, and adulteration of medicinal plants are key worrying areas in herbal or natural product-based industry/market. In this regard, the approach of ancient physicians does not seem to be hypothetical or haphazard. They had applied their mind and laid down certain principles and also evolved a methodology to identify and adopt substitutes. Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (865–925 AD), a leading physician of Unani System of Medicine and Persian scholar of the early Islamic world compiled an exclusive monograph entitled as “Maqala Fi Abdal al-Adwiya al-Mustamala Fi al-Tibb wa al-Ilaj” popularly known as “Kitab al-Abdal” which is the first and foremost unique book on substitutes of Drugs in Unani Medicine. Aims and objective: This review aims to explore the rationality for substitution of the drugs mentioned by Rhazes in view of fundamental principles of Ayurveda. Materials and methods: All the 223 substitutes of 122 original drugs mentioned in the transcript of “Kitab al-Abdal” have been thoroughly scrutinized and categorized accordingly as per the adopted fixed criteria (i.e., Category I: Single substitutes for an original drug, Category II: Double substitutes for an original drug, Category III: Triple substitutes for an original drug, Category IV: Tetrad/four substitutes for an original drug). Any drugs or substitutes, which are not available in Ayurveda texts, were excluded from the analysis. Result and discussion: Analyzed data highlight that about 76% substitutions are having similarity with fundamentals of Ayurveda (Rasapañcaka) and Unani Medicine (Yaksaniyat-e-mizaj). Although the maximum substitutes mentioned in “Kitab al-Abdal” are not practiced or directly mentioned in the texts of Ayurveda as a source of substitute/alternative source of the particular original drug, but the rationales behind the substitution are often similar with the fundamental concept of Ayurveda (Rasapañcaka). The review may serve as ready references for the researcher, physicians, as well as industry of both Ayurveda and Unani system of medicine in order to find the appropriate substitution of a rare raw drug. This may also confess the scope of multidimensional research for harmonization of unique substitution and their inclusion in the National Pharmacopeia.

Comparison of Computed Tomographic Hounsfield Numbers with Ultrasonographic Categorization of the Fatty Liver Disease

Material and Methods: It was a Cross sectional analytical study. By Purposive sampling 227 Patients of FLD were sampled from Radiology Department AL Razi Healthcare MM Alam Road Lahore and Radiology Department Shalamar Hospital Shalamar Road Lahore. The data was collected for 9 months. Patients of both gender of age between 20-80 years, who underwent both CT and USG scans of abdomen and with Ultrasonographic diagnosis of diffuse FLD was included. The USG categories of FLD were compared with mean Liver CTHFN. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA; p value of CTHFN was found significant for each Ultrasonographic category of FLD.

Fahreddîn er-Râzî’nin Enfâl Sûresi 67-68. Âyetlere Dair Yorumları Eleştirisi

The Battle of Badr is the first battle of Muslim’s in which they fought under the leadership of Prophet Mohammad and they took prisoners and get plunder. The details about this battle take part in the all Surah al-Anfal. The events occuring in the pre-war, during war and after the war take over in the cited surah in detail. The main issue that concern to our study is taking prisoner and getting plunders. The mentioned status has been taken in the 67-68 th verses of Surah. Many of the commentators say that Prophet Mohammad is the interlocutor of 67 th verse because of taking prisoners. Likewise according to most commentators, 68 th verse must interprete aiming that the plunders will be allowed and that that if this judgement had not been given, a torment for Muslims’ would be sent because of taking plunders. Fahraddin er-Râzi handled and criticized two cited comments and similar comments in his tafseer. According to him, The Prophet did not take any prisoners and did not command others to take prisoners. On account of this, he isn’t the interlocutor of the 67 th verse. The interlocutors of the verse are some of the companions who took prisoners while the battle was going on. Likewise, the comment Muslims would get punished if it isn’t plunders would be allowed judgement open the criticism. Because an act cannot be punished before it is prohibited. There isn’t any divine or mind-based evidence about taking ransom from prisoner is forbidden by religion. The article aims to examine and analyze the other comments put into words and criticized by Fahreddin al-Râzi about the two mentioned verses.

Increasing knowledge and community attitude in doing Swamedication through extension

Based on various field studies it is known that many members of the community still lack sufficient knowledge and attitudes to carry out swamedications. Self-medication or self-medication is defined as the use of drugs without professional supervision, to treat health problems with symptoms that are self-identified, recurrent illnesses or minor health problems. Community service is aimed at increasing public knowledge and attitudes about self -ication through counseling. Counseling is addressed to administrators, employees, teachers, and students of the Al Razi Sinar Harapan Education Foundation, having its address at Jl. Eka Rasmi, Melinjo I No. 19 Medan. The counseling activities involved 50 participants, starting with the provision of knowledge materials and attitudes about self-medication, demonstration of various markings on pharmaceutical preparations, introduction of pharmacist figures as community guides in various drug-related problems and their proper use, closed with a question and answer session with prizes. To find out the benefits of counseling in increasing knowledge and attitudes about self-medication, before and after counseling, participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire. Based on the evaluation of filling out the questionnaire before and after counseling, it is known that in general there was an increase in the average points (criteria) of knowledge and attitudes from the previous 44.71 and 41.76 (less) to 56.47 and 52.94 (enough). In more detail, the increase in the mean points (criteria) of knowledge and attitudes of the foundation management group and teachers increased from points 57.14 and 40 (less) to 77.14 (good) and 62.86 (sufficient). From the group of high school students increased from 31.11 and 42.22 points (less) to 60.00 and 64.44 (enough). And from the group of junior high school students increased from 44.71 and 41.76 points (less) to 56.47 and 52.94 (enough). From the results of the evaluation it can be concluded that the extension activities are proven to be able to increase the knowledge and attitudes of the community in conducting self-authentication.

Demographic and epidemiologic evaluation of mushroompoisoning: a retrospective study in 4-year admissions of Razi Hospital (Qaemshahr, Mazandaran, Iran).

Aim Wild mushroom intoxication is a public health problem, which causes a wide range of symptoms: from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to multiple organ failure and death. The present study aims to evaluate the epidemiology of mushroom intoxication in 4-year admissions of Razi Hospital, Qaemshahr, Mazandaran, Iran. Methods Medical records of all identified cases of mushroom poisoning admitted during the period between 2015 and 2018 were extracted and patients' demographic data including age, sex, latency period, season of poisoning, clinical presentations, laboratory findings, prognosis, duration of hospitalization and therapeutic interventions were recorded. Results A total of 65 mushroom poisoning cases were identified (mean age of 35.68 years), of which 32 (49.2%) were females. Latency of ≤ 6 hours was seen in 63 (96.4%) cases. The most prevalent season of intoxication was spring (60.7%). The most frequent symptoms were nausea and vomiting (86.5%) and abdominal pain (51.2%). No case required intensive care unit (ICU) care or mechanical ventilation. Mean hospital stay was 1.89 days without any mortality. Mean aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was 21.89 (±9.55), but the disturbance of liver function tests (LFTs), coagulopathy, elevated level of bilirubin and/or platelet was not noted. In 93% of patients ranitidine, in 7% Penicillin G, and in 3.6% cefaclor and ceftriaxone was administrated. Conclusion People and health care providers must be educated about mushroom poisoning. Prompt transfer of suspicious cases with history of wild mushroom ingestion to the emergency department is crucial since patients showing toxicity symptoms after 6 hours might have worse and mortal prognosis despite treatment.

Rasionalitas Kenabian Menurut Fakhrudin al-Razi

This paper discusses the prophetic rationality according to Fakhruddin al-Razi. al-Razi seeks to prove the prophetic truth of the mind to oppose the assumption that prophetic is a matter that is not necessarily believed to be true. This assumption due to the prophetic is not considered something that could be resourceful and intangible. It was conceptualized by Muhammad Ahmad ibn al-Ruwandi (late 3rd century H) and Abu Bakar Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (865-925 A.D.). According to both view the Prophet’s position can be substituted human sense as long as it is true and be able to develop human's knowledge. Thus the Prophet with all his functions as a messenger of God is no longer needed in life. It is certainly contrary to that of Islamic taught. For this reason al-Razi rejected the concept and proved that the prophetic was true in Revelation and reason. In his study, al-Razi used two elements of revelation and philosophy to prove the prophetic concept. It is because revelation is the source of everything and philosophy as a tool of thinking with reason. Systematically, the concept of the prophetic rationality of al-Razi is able to demonstrate that the prophetic is not only the dogma of religion, but it is also an obligatory truth.

(The poetic grammatical reference and its role in the lexical dictionary - Descriptive Analytical Study in (Mokhtar Al Sahah: الشّاهد النّحويّ الشّعريّ ودوره في المعجم – دراسة وصفيّة تحليليّة في مختار الصّحاح –

The aim of this paper is to highlight the poetic reference from a linguistic viewpoint, and to describe the way linguists have used poetic references in dictionaries using a certain dictionary ( Mokhtar Al Sahah) as a model. The research has therefore presented some models based on the above mentioned model showing the method which Al Razi used to describe places of reference and its relation to the translated lexical terms used , taking into account other linguists view on the reference matter. An analytical view is then presented for various aspects of poetic referencing in dictionaries, such as the relation between referencing and the subject matter in the dictionary and its importance. The research has come to several conclusions which have unveiled that Al Razi has used linguistic poetic referencing when translating lexical terms following in the footsteps of his predecessors in this area, and realizing the importance of linguistic poetic referencing in reinforcing the functions of dictionaries which needs pointers for meaning and lexical organizing to the best linguistic levels. He has also realized that there are some pointers which are inhibited by pronunciation and is not shown except through linguistic compounding which is used as a link for lexical terms. The paper also highlights the importance of linguistic poetic referencing which distinguishes the proper usage of lexicons in both prose and poetry.

<em>Falsafa versus ‛Arabiyya</em>: al-Rāzī

Los falāsifa no se mantuvieron tan imparciales en el tema de la Šu‛ūbiyya como sugiere Goldziher, pues, al menos, en el caso del médico y filósofo al-Rāzī (m. 932?) ataca éste el núcleo más genuinamente árabe al polemizar contra la ‛arabiyya, adab, zarf, naḥw, ši‛r ... y al situar por encima de las ciencias filológicas árabes a las ciencias filosofico-científicas características del Helenismo. Por ello puede considerarse este ataque de Al-Rāzī como un capítulo más de la polémica de la Šu‛übiyya. Todo esto lo expone al-Rāzī en el capítulo cinco de su tratado Fī l-ṭibb al-rūḥānī, que es el que se presenta y traduce en este trabajo.

Del Guadalquivir al Nilo : el testamento de Andrea de Razi, 1477, y la comunidad veneciana de Sevilla a finales del siglo XV.

Among the Italian merchant communities settled in the Crown of Castile Venetiansare the least known. It seems clear that in the last decades of the 15thcenturythey were only a few acting from Seville. To approach this group, scholars have mainlystudied the information held in Castilian archives –notarial deeds, royal and municipaldocuments–which are limited both in number and chronology. The discoveryof the testament of Andrea de Razi (1477), which we publish and study for the firsttime, sheds new light on the reality of the Venetian Nation in the Iberian Peninsulaand allows to enlarge our knowledge of the mercantile network and the commercialstrategies developed. At the same time, it reveals more solid connections of Sevillewith the Eastern Mediterranean, related to the exports of oil (Venice), and antimonysulphate (Alexandria).

Identification of Luteolin in Henna (Lawsonia inermis) Oil, a Persion Medicine Product, by HPTLC and Evaluating Its Antimicrobial Effects

Background and objectivesPersian scholars such as Avicenna and Zakariya al-Razi have pointed out many uses for henna oil. The present study aimed to propose a method for standardization of this oil.MethodsThe luteolin content has been evaluated quantitively by HPTLC method to standardize the henna oil. The oil sample was applied on silicagel plate and the bands were developed using CHCl3-MeOH (95:5). The plate was scanned at λ 254 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined through the broth macrodilution test to examine the antibacterial activity of the oil.ResultsThe retention factor of the sample zone of luteolin standard was 0.6±0.01. The concentration of luteolin in henna oil was 56.57±0.66 μg/mL. MICof Henna oil against Gardnerella vaginalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae was 87 μg/mL and against Streptococcus was 870 μg/mL.ConclusionAccording to the results of this study, henna oil contains the luteolin. Further studies are needed to identify other henna oil compounds and their effects. Gardnerella vaginalis, N. gonorrhoeae, Group B streptococcus are among the pathogenic agents of cervicitis. The application of henna oil for treatment of uterus diseases in Persian medicine can be justified given the antimicrobial effects of henna oil on these three species of bacteria.

First Report of a Disease by Rhazes 10 Centuries Ago.

Introduction:Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Al-Razi (865–925 CE), who was known as “Rhazes” in the west, was a famous scientist of medieval ages. He has more than 200 books and treatises. His masterpiece on medicine “Kitab Al-Hawi Fi Al-Tibb” contains around 900 case reports. Some of the diseases which seem to be recently reported have been stated previously, but not well described. Considering symptoms of the patient described at that time, differential diagnosis will be discussed.Case presentation:Rhazes described a patient with bilious fever. He had developed bloody urine and stool on the fourth day and fatigue. Subsequently, the patient's urine and stool color turned into dark and black, respectively, and died the following day. According to Rhazes attitude, it was malignant measles. Meyerhof in his book has referred to post-measles acute glomerulonephritis, but more appropriate differential diagnoses are compatible with this patient.Discussion:One of the best diagnoses for this case can be Weil's syndrome. Presence of fever, icterus, hemorrhage and renal injury, all suggest Weil's syndrome without pulmonary involvement. The other probable diagnosis is thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Meningococcal sepsis is the other possible diagnosis.Conclusion:To sum up, as three compatible diseases with the case; have been described more than a thousand years after Rhazes (Weil's syndrome 1886, TTP 1925 and meningococcemia 1805); if the case is either Weil's or TTP or meningococcal sepsis, it is the first report of the disease in the world by Rhazes.

Radiolabeling the Peptides extracted from Scorpion venom (ICD-85) with 99mTc as treatment and imaging agent for cancer

Introduction: Venoms are a mixture of proteins and peptides which can be used for fighting cancers. They can affect the exposed fibers and the muscles directly or through motor nerves, causing neuromuscular intoxication. ICD-85 is a combination of three poly-peptides derived from the venoms of an Iranian brown snake and a yellow scorpion. Materials and Methods: Technetium-99m was obtained from a 99Mo/99mTc generator. Venom (ICD-85) was provided by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute of Iran. Labeling of this venom was achieved with Technetium-99m. Labeled ICD-85 was injected into mice to determine the organ targets and excretion pathway. Results: Results show that the radiolabeling yield of the radio-venom is acceptable. The biodistribution study shows that the organs of liver, kidney and tumor are the targets of ICD venom. Also moderate clearance of the complex from blood was seen. Conclusion: The results suggest that 99mTc radiolabeling of venom (ICD-85) may be a good tool for in-vivo studies and is an excellent approach to follow the process of biodistribution and kinetics of toxins for cancer imaging and treatment.

Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi and the First Psychiatric Ward

Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi and the First Psychiatric Ward

Retracted: The relationship between multiple sclerosis and recombinant hepatitis B vaccine

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disease, a demyelinating inflammation that can be caused by complex genetic conditions and environmental factors (infection with viruses such as hepatitis B) or other foreign illnesses. But there is the question of whether hepatitis vaccination can be linked to the disease. The purpose of this case-control study was to investigate the relationship between hepatitis B vaccine and multiple sclerosis Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, multiple sclerosis patients referred to the neurology clinic and neurology part of Imam Reza Hospital and Razi Tabriz were enrolled during the period from April 2014 to April 2012. In this study, 125 patients were considered as patients and 125 were considered as healthy. Serum HBs Ab and HBc Ab tests were performed and data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 17. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: In this study, 125 patients with multiple sclerosis and 125 healthy subjects were compared. In each study group, 50 (40) patients were male and 75 (60) were female. In the study, no significant difference was found between the two groups in the HBs - Ab (p = 0.73) and HBc - Ab (p = 0.066) headings. Conclusion: Vaccination does not seem to have an effect on multiple sclerosis, or the effect on the immunization of the disease is not caused by the disease.

The Effect of Various Stabilizers on Preserving Immunogenicity of Lyophilized Mumps Vaccines.

Chemical stabilizers are added to live attenuated vaccines for enhancing the virus stability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of various stabilizers on preserving immunogenicity of lyophilized mumps vaccines. An experimental study. Three mumps vaccines with different formulations were inoculated to three groups of Guinea pigs. Sterile water was injected to eight Guinea pigs as a control group. Blood samples were collected before inoculation and on 14, 28 and 42 d after vaccine injection. Mumps antibodies in the sera were measured using hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI). All three formulated mumps vaccines induced antibody in Guinea pigs after two weeks. Formulation 1 containing trehalose dihydrate and formulation 2 comprised human serum albumin stimulated antibodies in the higher level than Razi routine formulation. Various stabilizers have different preservation potencies that differently affect immune response against virus. More stable and more immunogenic vaccines can be produced using stabilizers containing trehalose dihydrate.

The issue of similarity or difference between Al-Hāwi Fi al-Tibb and Al-Jāmi' Al-Kabir of Muhammad ibn Zakariya Al-Razi: An Evidence based study

محمدبن زکریای رازی از جمله مشهورترین پزشکان تمدن اسلامی است که آراء و آثارش جایگاه مهمی در تاریخ پزشکی دارد. کتاب الحاوی فی الطب مشهورترین اثر وی در علم پزشکی است که گاه به عنوان اثری متفاوت از کتاب مفقود او به نام الجامع الکبیر تلقی می شود. اهمیت زیاد این کتاب در مطالعات تاریخ پزشکی دوره اسلامی، بررسی یکسان یا متمایز بودن آن را با الجامع ضروری می سازد. ابن ابی اصیبعه و قفطی (از بین نویسندگان کلاسیک) و آلبرت اسکندر، مهرناز کاتوزیان و سامی حمارنه (از میان محققان جدید) قائل به تمایز این دو اثر رازی هستند. با وجود این، شواهد موجود در آثار رازی، آثار پزشکی دوران بعد از او و کتاب های فهارس و تراجم اسلامی عمدتا دال بر یگانگی این دو اثر است. بعید به نظر می رسد که رازی با توجه به عمر نه چندان طولانی خود، دست به نگارش دو اثر سترگ در علم پزشکی زده باشد. همچنین با توجه به اینکه قائلین به تفاوت این دو کتاب، نسخه ای از الجامع را ندیده اند و بنا بر حدس و گمان آن را اثری جدا از الحاوی پنداشته اند و نیز با عنایت به اطلاعات آنلاین موجود از نسخه های موجود در کتابخانه بادلیان آکسفورد که عنوان الجامع دارد ولی به لحاظ محتوا بخشی از کتاب الحاوی است، باید گفت که دیدگاه مبنی بر یگانگی این دو اثر قابل قبول تر است.

The Contribution of Muslims and Islamic Concepts: Rethinking and Establishing the Actual Origin of Concepts and Thought in Psychology

The paper deals with contribution of Muslim philosophers, scholars, scientists and psychologists for psychology in the early development period of psychology. One of the major aim of this paper is to re-evaluate the real and factual origin of concepts about the treatments, theories, psycho-therapies, meditation etc. Today the western countries are ruling over the psychology development. The paper explains and establishes the argument that the Concepts and theories are formed with the contribution of Muslim thoughts and ideas. Islamic approaches and interpretation play a role in the advancement of psychology. The paper focuses on several Muslim scholars like Imam Ghazali, Ashraf Ali Yhanvi, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, Abu-Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdalah ibn-Sina,etc. whose contributions are not mentioned in any academic discussion or textbooks of psychology or related publication. So the paper will be a thoughtful work for the psychologists to rethink about the contribution and the role of Islam and Muslims in psychology. Prophet Muhammed (pbuh) is one of the best person who lived in this world to lead the humans toward well- being in all perspectives of life. The paper concludes with the argument that the Islamic concepts and Muslim scholars have a great role in the advancement of psychology.

The relationship between oral lichen planus and gastrointestinal symptoms

Background: Gastrointestinal complications, followed by involvement of gastrointestinal tract with oral lichen planus, are one of the problems of the patients with oral lichen planus. Gastrointestinal symptoms should be evaluated to reject malignancy probability (1-5%). Given lack of information and different reported frequencies in Iran and other countries, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the relationship between oral lichen planus and gastrointestinal symptoms in Razi hospital in Tehran. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 50 patients with oral lichen planus and 50 controls by observation, clinical examination and biopsy, if necessary. Both groups were similar in sex, age, smoking, alcohol abuse and lack of systemic diseases. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms such as dysphagia, odynophagia, hunger pain, heartburn, flatus, etc. Were evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software using chi–square, Exact Fisher and T-student tests. Results: Of 50 cases (OLP), 32(64%) patients and among 50 controls, 16 (32%) patients were found to have GI symptoms. Hunger pain (18%) and heartburn (18%) were the most common symptoms. Also, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms between the two groups (P<0.005), Conclusion: Gastrointestinal complications can be a part of mifestations of lichen planus and OLP. Knowledge of gastrointestinal symptoms in OLP patients can be helpful in preventing the G.I tract obstruction and malignancy by on time treatment.

Medical repatriation from Razi Hospital in Tunisia

Introduction Travel might represent a stressful adventure that can influence mental state to a considerable extent. Some of the travellers experience psychiatric emergencies that require medical attention, during the course of their travel, leading to admission to psychiatric hospital and then repatriation. Aims Identify the number and clinical characteristics of foreign patients needing medical repatriation due to psychiatric disorders. Methods This is a retrospective and descriptive study on patients with nationalities other than Tunisian that were admitted to Razi Psychiatric Hospital in Tunis/Tunisia for a psychiatric condition from January 2000 to January 2015. Medical records were analyzed and patients requiring medical repatriation were identified. Results A total number of 157 hospitalizations of patients with foreign nationalities were recorded during the last fifteen years. Among those hospital admissions, 100 patient files were examined. Twenty-nine percent of patients were repatriated to their home countries, most of them to Europe (72.4%, n =21). The majority of patients were female and single. Fifteen out of these 29 patients (51.7%) were diagnosed with bipolar disorder, 34.4% with chronic psychotic disorders, and 6.8% with acute transient psychotic disorders. The majority of patients were visiting Tunisia as part of a pathological journey (55.1%, n =16), 24.1% of patients ( n =7) were tourists and 13.7% ( n =4) were resident in Tunisia. Conclusion The majority of repatriated patients was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and was visiting Tunisia in the context of a pathological journey. Other patients could have been repatriated without being hospitalized. Further studies must be conducted to refine results.