Rh Blood Type Research Articles

Potential Relationship between ABO Blood Group and COVID-19 Susceptibility

Numerous research have looked into the potential relationship between blood group systems and the severity of COVID-19, with varying degrees of success. However, depending on how common the Rh and ABO blood types are in a given community, their correlations with COVID-19 may also vary. Thus, in order to explore this relationship more thoroughly and give population-based data to the global scientific community, we carried out this study on Iraqi people. Methodology: Every patient who arrived at Al-Shatra General Hospital in the province of Thi-Qar between December 2022 and June 2023 had their data examined. One hundred participants, ranging in age from eighty to eighty, made up the study. Their hospital medical records were used to determine their ABO, Rh type, and COVID-19 positive. Result: The total number of patients was 100, and males constituted 56% of this population. Among the 100 patients, 19% were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus while 34% had hypertension. From the findings, it was noted that A+, B+, and O+ blood types had more occurrences of COVID-19 positive cases. Interestingly, the percentage of individuals testing positive for COVID-19 was higher at 58% among those with hypertension and lower at 42% among those with diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: The relationship between blood types and COVID-19 infection is a multifaceted dynamic that encompasses various factors, including comorbidities, age, sex, and the distribution of blood groups within a population. It has been observed that individuals with hypertension are more prone to experiencing elevated rates of COVID-19.

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION WITH ABO AND RHD BLOOD GROUPS

Background: ABO and Rh blood types are associated with a higher risk of disease and are essential for clinical practice and blood transfusion safety. The findings of earlier research on the relationship between blood types and HBV infection are still up for debate. There is no study conducted on the study population to reveal the relationship between ABO and RhD blood groups and infection with hepatitis B virus. Aims: This study aimed to identify the relationship between blood types and hepatitis B virus infection in blood donors at Jiblah University Hospital in Jiblah town, Yemen Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Venous blood samples were drawn from 120 blood donors and tested for hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) using commercial kits (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, United Kingdom). ABO and Rh blood groups were determined by the cell pooling method. The results were analyzed using SPSS v.20. Results: This study reported that the most frequent blood types were O positive and A positive 57 (47.5%) and 28 (23.3%) respectively, followed by B positive 14 (11.67%) and O negative 13 (10.83%). The overall phenotypic frequencies of ABO and RhD blood groups were O+>A+>B+>O->A->AB+>B->AB-. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus was 12 (10%). No statistical association was detected between ABO and RhD blood groups and hepatitis B infection. Conclusions: High prevalence rates of hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors were identified in this study. There was no statistical association between ABO and RhD blood groups and hepatitis B infection. Peer Review History: Received 25 March 2024; Revised 3 May 2024; Accepted 22 June; Available online 15 July 2024 Academic Editor: Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, conyeji@oauife.edu.ng Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Leyla Açık, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, leylaacik@gmail.com Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, shmahe@yemen.net.ye

Frequency of ABO and RhD Blood Groups in Patients with Celiac Disease

Celiac disease (CD) is a popular autoimmune disorder induced by gluten-containing foods and other environmental, and genetic factors. Every individual's red blood cell expresses over two million ABO blood-type antigens. Furthermore, the stomach and small intestine are major expression sites for the ABH antigens. This study was intended to assess the distribution of ABO and Rh blood types in Libyan patients with celiac disease as well as compare between CD and healthy control groups regarding complete blood count parameters. Samples from 250 CD patients and 45 healthy control groups represented by 80 males (27.1%) and 215 females (72.9%) were enrolled in the study. The samples of CD were collected from patients who attended the gastroenterology outpatient clinic at Tripoli University Hospital (TUH) for follow-up. Two hundred and fifty blood samples were serologically screened for ABO, and Rh antigens using a tube agglutination test. Another group of healthy subjects (n = 45) and CD patients (n = 45) were analyzed for CBC test. The findings showed that the most observed ABO blood group among celiac patients was blood group O 129 (51.6%), followed by blood group A 80 (32%), and Rh-positive 222 (88.8%). Furthermore, the heritable proportion was 33%, with 21% classified as first-degree and 12% as second-degree hereditary. Additionally, the result of the independent Sample (T) test to compare RBCs, HGB, HCT, and NUT levels in blood between CD patients and healthy control showed that there were significant differences in the RBCs, HGB, and HCT counts with p-value = 0.034, <0.001, and <0.001 respectively. In contrast, Mann-Whitney U test results revealed significant differences in the PLT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC counts with p-value = <0.001, and for LYM with p-value = 0.003. Future studies on these simple inflammatory markers can guide us in predicting the diagnosis and prognosis.

Emergency transfusion of different rhesus blood type: Will there be complications?

Objective: Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal mortality worldwide, complicating 2–4% of pregnancies. Considering the probability of blood transfusion, blood testing and cross-matching are essential for the anesthesiologist during perioperative management. Rhesus (Rh) is the second most significant blood group system after ABO. Hence, this blood type system needs to be taken into consideration. Furthermore, in Indonesia, Rh-negative blood types are rare. Case Presentation: A 39-year-old woman with Gravida IV, three term pregnancies, no preterm pregnancies, no abortions, and three living children (GIVP3003) and gestational age 26 to 27 weeks arrived at the hospital with massive bleeding from the birth canal three hours before admission. The bleeding was fresh red, and the patient had changed diapers twice before arriving at the hospital. She presented hypovolemic shock, a blood pressure of 71/39 mm Hg, and anemic conjunctivas, with a history of B Rh (-) blood type, ongoing HIV therapy, and completed pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) treatment. The hospital’s and PMI’s (Indonesian Red Cross) blood bank had no Rh (-) bloodstock. An emergency cesarean section under general anesthesia was performed, and a 900 g neonate was delivered. The patient received a total of four stored whole blood (SWB) bags of type B Rh (+) blood products, one SWB bag during surgery, and three SWB bags during recovery in the intensive care unit (ICU). Conclusion: Rh (+) transfusion in patients with Rh (-) should be the last option in an emergency. The transfusion reaction did not occur right away in the initial transfusion. Under prompt management, the transfusion response and the life-threatening condition were then successfully managed.

Distribution of ABO/Rhesus Blood Groups Among Hepatitis B and C Virus (HBV Ag, HCV Ab) Positive Patients in Anbar Providence, Iraq

This study aimed to retrospectively investigate the prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infections among blood donors at Anbar Blood Bank in Iraq. The study also explored the correlation between ABO and Rh blood groups with Transfusion-Transmissible Infections (TTIs) and sociodemographic factors and cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on 100 blood donors at Anbar Blood Bank from March 24, 2023, to June 21, 2023. Inclusion criteria encompassed HBV and HCV-positive patients who provided consent, while exclusion criteria included individuals without HBV and HCV infections. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected, and tests for TTI markers (HBV, HCV) and ABO and Rh blood grouping were performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and slide method, respectively. Sociodemographic data, TTI marker results, and ABO and Rh blood types were recorded for analysis. Descriptive analysis of sociodemographic data was performed, and a chi-square test was employed to assess the correlation between ABO and Rh blood groups with TTI markers and sociodemographic factors (Age, sex, and living area). Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. The results revealed a male predominance (71%), with the majority aged between 20-30 years (39%) and residing in rural areas (52%). The most common blood group was O+ (39%), while AB- was the least prevalent (0%). In terms of viral infections, 80% of participants were found to be infected with HBs Ag, and 20% with HCV Ab. Notably, blood group O+ exhibited the highest infection rates for both HBs (28%) and HCV (11%), while blood group A- demonstrated the lowest HBs infection rate (3%) and no HCV infection. The study provides valuable insights into the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among blood donors in Anbar, Iraq. Additionally, correlations between ABO and Rh blood groups, TTI markers, and sociodemographic factors were explored. The findings contribute to the understanding of transfusion safety and may inform blood screening and donor selection protocols.

Distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in gynecological cancer cases

Aims: To investigate the relationship between blood type and gynecological cancers (ovarian, endometrial, and cervical). Methods: In the study, between 2017 and 2022, 457 patient files who underwent surgery for gynecological cancer at İstanbul Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşçıoğlu City Hospital were reviewed. Seventy-eight of these files were excluded from the study due to missing data. Out of the remaining files, 379 were considered suitable for the study. Twenty-five of these were further excluded due to being cases of other gynecological cancers. A total of 354 patients were included in the study (n=354). Participants' sociodemographic data such as age and gender, cancer type, and blood groups (ABO-Rh) were retrospectively collected from patient records and the hospital automation system. Cases with missing data or inaccessible sociodemographic records were excluded from the study. The study was planned retrospectively and observationally. Gynecological cancers were examined in the three most common groups: ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer. The patients' blood group, Rh status, and pathology reports were analyzed. Based on the pathological diagnosis, three groups were initially formed, and below them, Rh and blood group status were noted. The blood group and Rh status in cancer groups were first presented in numbers and then calculated as percentages. Results: The AB+ ratio in cervical cancers was statistically significantly higher compared to the reference article and endometrial cancers (p=0.021, p=0.049). Conclusion: There are studies indicating a significant relationship between blood groups and various diseases. The expression of blood group antigens on blood cells and other epithelial surfaces acting as receptors or signal transducers contributes to these findings. The possibility of ABO antigens serving as receptors in tumor structures caused by infections, such as cervical cancer, should not be overlooked. In this regard, the significantly higher prevalence of cervical cancer in individuals with AB Rh (+) blood type, carrying A, B, and Rh antigens, can be explained concerning the population.

ABO and Rh Blood Group Association with Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: ABO and Rh blood types are known to have associations with health and disease, but studies on their relationship to pregnancy outcomes have been largely inconclusive. We aimed to examine the associations between ABO and Rh blood groups in pregnant women with maternal–neonatal characteristics and outcomes including hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes, cesarean section rate, preterm birth, postpartum quantitative blood loss, birth weight, and appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration scores. Methods: At the time of delivery, 2497 consecutive patients were tested for ABO and Rh blood groups. Only those who delivered singleton infants were included in the analysis (2392 patients, 95.8%). Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the electronic medical record. Associations between blood groups and maternal–neonatal characteristics and outcomes were assessed using logistic regression models. A significance threshold of 0.05 was used for all comparisons. Results: Of the 2392 delivering patients, 46.9% were blood group O, 37.5% were blood group A, 12.2% were blood group B, and 3.4% were blood group AB. In addition, 85.9% were Rh-positive and 14.1% Rh-negative. A total of 2127 (88.9%) women delivered at term. The cesarean section rate was 32.4%, 183 (7.7%) had chronic hypertension, 275 (11.5%) had gestational diabetes, and 396 (16.6%) had a postpartum hemorrhage. The median birth weight was 3330 g (interquartile range 2940–3640). No blood groups were significantly associated with these characteristic and outcome measures. Conclusion: At the time of delivery, no significant associations were identified between ABO and Rh blood groups and maternal–neonatal characteristics and outcomes in this delivery cohort of over 2000 women.

Association Between Rhesus and ABO Blood Group Types and Their Impact on Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Multi-Center Investigation.

There is increasing evidence suggesting that ABO blood type may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 infection. In addition to ABO blood type, the Rhesus (Rh) factor has also been implicated in various disease processes. Therefore, our study aimed to assess the association between both ABO and Rh blood types in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and their clinical outcomes. A multicenter retrospective cohort study conducted in Saudi Arabia between March 1, 2020, and July 31, 2021, involving adult COVID-19 patients admitted to Intensive Care Units, aimed to explore potential associations between rhesus blood group types (Positive versus Negative) and clinical outcomes. The primary endpoint assessed was the hospital length of stay (LOS). Other endpoints were considered secondary. After propensity score matching (3:1 ratio), 212 patients were included in the final analysis. The hospital length of stay was longer in a negative Rh blood group compared with patients in the Rh-positive group (beta coefficient 0.26 (0.02, 0.51), p = 0.03). However, neither 30-day mortality (HR 0.28; 95% CI 0.47, 1.25, p = 0.28) nor in-hospital mortality (HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.48, 1.14, p = 0.17) reached statistical significance. Additionally, among the different ABO types, the A+ blood group exhibited a higher proportion of thrombosis/infarction and in-hospital mortality (28.1% and 31.2%, respectively). This study highlights the potential impact of blood group type on the prognosis of critically ill patients with COVID-19. It has been observed that patients with a negative Rh blood group type tend to have a longer hospital stay, while their mortality rates and complications during ICU stay are similar to the patients with a Rh-positive group.

Relationship of ABO blood groups and Rh factor with diabetes mellitus among the human population of district Swabi, Pakistan

Diabetes mellitus is a biochemical condition with various genetic and environmental aspects described by persistently high glucose levels with aggravation of fat, sugar, and protein metabolic activity due to flaws in insulin release, insulin activity, or both. All humans and several other species have four major blood types, i.e. A, B, AB, and O. The study seeks to ascertain the existence of a link between ABO blood types, Rh factor and diabetes mellitus in district Swabi of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A six-month survey was conducted from July 2022 to December 2022. Individuals’ sociodemographic data was collected at random using self-administered questionnaires. Clinical data was collected in the laboratory. The information was then entered and analysed using the 2020 edition of SPSS. The Chi-Square test was implemented to calculate the results. Blood type B and Rh positive are more common, with a p-value for their link with diabetes less than 0.05 in the control group. The higher frequency and lower p-values indicate that diabetes mellitus and blood group B and Rh positive are positively correlated. It is suggested that this topic be expanded in other districts to comprehend the relationship of Rh and ABO blood types with diabetes mellitus.

Investigation of Antigen and Gene Frequency of Kell(K) and Rh(D) Blood Groups in Xinjiang

To investigate the phenotypes and gene frequencies of Kell blood group system K antigen and Rh blood group system D antigen in Xinjiang, and summarize and understand the distribution of Kell(K) blood type and Rh(D) blood type in this area. A total of 12 840 patients who met the inclusion criteria during physical examination and treatment in our hospital and 18 medical institutions in our district from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 were collected for identification of Kell blood group system K antigen and Rh blood group System D antigen, and the distribution of K and D blood groups in different regions, genders and nationalities were investigated and statistically analyzed. The proportion of K positive in the samples was 1.39%, the highest was 1.91% in southern Xinjiang, and the lowest was 1.03% in northern Xinjiang(P<0.01). The proportion of Rh(D) negative samples was 2.75% and the gene frequency was 16.64%. The proportion of Rh(D) negative samples was 4.03% and the gene frequency was 20.10% in southern Xinjiang, followed by eastern Xinjiang and the lowest in northern Xinjiang (P<0.01). The frequency of K antigen in Uygur nationality was the highest, reaching 2.16%, Kirgiz 1.54%, and the distribution trend of D/d antigen was similar to that of K antigen. Among women, the K positive frequency of Kazak nationality was slightly higher than that of Mongolian nationality. The highest proportion of K positive in Uygur women was 2.38%, which was higher than that in Uygur men (1.86%). The frequency of d phenotype in Kazak women was 3.15%, which was higher than that in Kirgiz （2.89%） (P<0.01). The distributions of Kell(K) and Rh(D) blood groups in northern and southern Xinjiang and eastern Xinjiang had its own unique characteristics and differences. There are significant differences in blood group distribution among different ethnic groups and gender groups. In the future, k antigen detection can be included to further improve the investigation on the distribution of Kell blood group system in this region.

#5 : Associated Factors with Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Among Female Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background and Aims: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are two premenstrual disorders that have been reported in many countries and have gradually become predominant concerns The study aimed to determine potential risk factors associated with PMS and PMDD Method: Three hundred two female student participants who were 18 – 45 years old completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and a Vietnamese Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool (PSST). We then followed up participants during at least two menstrual cycles using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP). The PMS and PMDD diagnosis were established using The Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System (C-PASS), based on the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Results: According to the C-PASS, 35 out of 302 students (11.6%; 95%CI: 8.2-15.7%) met the diagnosis of PMS (31 students) or PMDD (4 students). We found that age at menarche (PR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.63 - 0.96), having negative Rh blood type (PR=4.43, 95%CI: 1.95 to 10.08), being moderately depressed or higher (PR=2.81, 95%CI: 1.24 to 6.36), and consuming caffeine more than three times per week were statistically associated with having PMS/PMDD after adjusting for other variables. Conclusion: The prominent risk factors for PMS and PMDD were negative Rhesus blood type, menarche age, caffeine consumption, and self-reported depression.

P‐IG‐44 | The Relationship Between ABO RH Blood Type and SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection in a Single‐State Multicenter Cohort

P‐IG‐44 | The Relationship Between ABO RH Blood Type and SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection in a Single‐State Multicenter Cohort

The relationship between AB0 and Rh blood types and common physical complaints during pregnancy

Aim: This research aimed to determine the relationship between AB0 and Rh blood types and the ordinary physical conditions in pregnancy. Materials and methods: The research was carried out with 600 pregnant women in the third trimester between 01/10/2021 and 01/10/2022. Results: It was determined that pregnant women of different blood types experienced different complaints and the results were significant (p&amp;lt;0.05). Similarly, when the results regarding the Rh factor were examined, it was determined that Rh(+) and Rh(-) were protective against some complaints and cause a risk for others. Conclusion: The significant correlation between blood types and ordinary complaints during pregnancy and that women of different blood types experience different complaints can be a guide for follow-up and care according to blood types.

The Relationship Between ABO-Rh Blood Types and Disease Severity in Children with COVID-19 Infection

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate correlation between ABO, Rhesus (Rh) blood type and the disease severity status, pneumonia status in children with COVID-19.&#x0D; Material and Methods: This is a multicenter study of all children 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions: In our study with pediatric population, no difference was detected between blood types and/or Rhesus condition and COVID-19 severity.

Study of the Relationship betweenABO Blood Group Typesand Breast Cancer and Cervix Cancerin Khuzestan Province, Iran.

Background:Breast cancer and cervix cancer are the prevalent and deadly types of solid tumors around the world. According to the importance of cancer, it is necessary to understand predisposing factors that affect cancer risk. In this regard, previous studies suggest that blood types particularly ABO and Rh-Hr Blood-Group System could play roles in the risk and different features of cancers. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of ABO and Rh blood groups as risk factors for breast cancer and cervix cancer. Materials and Methods:A retrospective study included 109 and 14 patients diagnosed with breast cancer and cervix cancer, respectively with known ABO and Rh blood types, between 2018 and 2020 in Khuzestan province, Iran. For compression of ABO blood groups distribution between the cancer patients group and the healthy population, we used data from a large-scale study that report the distribution of ABO blood groups in 29,922 blood donors in Khuzestan province. Results:Based on obtained results the most frequent blood group is O followed by B, A, and AB in breast cancer and followed by A, B, and AB in cervix cancer. Results showed no significant association between ABO and Rh and the risk of breast and cervix cancer. Moreover, there is no relationship between blood types and clinic pathological features of breast cancer. Conclusion: Based on our data, ABO and in this regard, previous studies suggest that blood types particularly ABO and Rh-Hr Blood-Group System could play roles in the risk and different features of cancers. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of ABO and Rh blood groups as risk factors for breast cancer and cervix cancer do have not any association with the risk of breast and cervix cancer and their characteristics.

Transfusion management of Africans with RHD variants in China.

The presence of D variant among minorities could produce a higher rate of alloimmunization observed in patients from this group. This is partly due to the ethnic and racial specificity of RHD variants and the limited availability of Rh-matched blood donors. Approximately half a million African migrants in China carrying distinct Rh blood type composition have presented to the health care system with an imperative safety requirement of blood transfusion among 1.3 billion Chinese individuals. We depict the clinically significant RHD alleles among African migrants living in China and identify the genetic similarities and disparities to Chinese. We discussed practical strategies to manage the unique transfusion needs of African migrants in China.

Occurrence of anti D alloantibodies among weak D and D negative patients.

Objective: To estimate the frequency of anti-D alloantibodies in patients with weak or negative D. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Under CIP/IRB/1111 in the Blood Bank of CHUGHTAI Institute of Pathology. Period: May 2022 to October 2022. Material &amp; Methods: Patients who booked their blood group testing at this laboratory were tested for their ABO RH blood type. The EDTA and yellow top serum samples were taken from patients. Blood group was identified using tube method. Patients with Rh-D negative blood type and weak D were included in this study. Those patients were screened for alloantibodies by screening cell (Bio-Rad), and those patients whose screening came out positive were tested for antibody identification using an extended 11cell panel (Bio-Rad). The Statistics calculator was used to determine the sample size. Software SPSS version 23 was used to conduct all statistical analyses. Results: 14103 blood groups were tested. The age of patients on average was 51±22 years. The males and females were 44% and 56%, respectively. Out of n=14103, 9.5% came out Rh-negative blood type. The blood group distribution was as follows, B negative 46% O negative 23% A negative 20% AB negative 11%, and weak D 0.02% only. Total 7.1% participants with negative RH-D blood type had Rh alloantibodies detected. Patients with weak D had no Rh alloantibody. Conclusion: Blood group O RH-D negative was the most prevalent with positive anti D-alloantibodies. Prevalence of positive antibody was 7.1%.

Association between Rhesus Blood Groups and Malaria Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

In the literature, there was inconsistency in the risk of malaria between individuals with Rhesus blood group positive (Rh+) and negative (Rh-). The systematic review aimed to investigate the risk of malaria among participants with different Rh blood types. All observational studies that reported the occurrence of Plasmodium infection and investigation of the Rh blood group were searched in five databases (Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Ovid). Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology was used to assess the reporting quality in the included studies. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled log OR and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Database searches yielded a total of 879 articles, of which 36 were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. The majority of the included studies (44.4%) revealed that Rh+ individuals had a lower proportion of malaria than Rh- individuals; however, the remaining studies revealed a higher or no difference in the proportion of malaria between Rh+ and Rh- individuals. Overall, with moderate heterogeneity, the pooled results showed no difference in malaria risk between patients with Rh+ and Rh- (p = 0.85, pooled log OR: 0.02, 95% CI: -0.20-0.25, I2: 65.1%, 32 studies). The current study found no link between the Rh blood group and malaria, even though there was a moderate amount of heterogeneity. Further studies using prospective designs and a definitive method for Plasmodium identification are needed to investigate the risk of Plasmodium infection in Rh+ individuals and increase the reliability and quality of these studies.

Associated factors with Premenstrual syndrome and Premenstrual dysphoric disorder among female medical students: A cross-sectional study.

The study aimed to determine potential risk factors associated with Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Three hundred two female student participants who were 18-45 years old completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and a Vietnamese Premenstrual Syndrome Screening Tool. We then followed up participants during at least two menstrual cycles using the Daily Record of Severity of Problems. The Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder diagnosis was established using The Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System, based on the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. According to the Carolina Premenstrual Assessment Scoring System, 35 out of 302 students (11.6%; 95%CI: 8.2-15.7%) met the diagnosis of PMS (31 students) or PMDD (4 students). We found that age at menarche (PR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.63-0.96), having negative Rh blood type (PR = 4.43, 95%CI: 1.95 to 10.08), being moderately depressed or higher (PR = 2.81, 95%CI: 1.24 to 6.36), and consuming caffeine more than three times per week were statistically associated with having Premenstrual Syndrome or Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder after adjusting for other variables. The prominent risk factors for Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder were negative Rhesus blood type, menarche age, caffeine consumption, and self-reported depression.

Association between ABO blood group and COVID-19-positive patients in institutional-based hospital, Coimbatore – A cross-sectional study

Objective: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread globally and caused 6.5 million death as of October 2022. Risk factors for COVID-19 morbidity and mortality include age, sex, smoking, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory disease, and diabetes mellitus. Association between ABO blood groups and number of other infections or disease severity following infections such as SARS-COV-1 and hepatitis B virus has been reported. Rh(D) phenotype (positive and negative Rh blood types) is associated with very few diseases compared to ABO blood group. Various articles have reported the association of ABO blood group and COVID-19. Our aim was to investigate if any association exists in between ABO blood group with Rh phenotype and COVID-19 infection in Coimbatore and with the result an awareness among the public should be created to hasten the preventive measure from further encounter of the infection and help the government in taking a proactive approach to fight COVID-19 in the area. Thus, we conducted a study to find out the association between ABO blood group and COVID-19-positive (SARS-COV-2) patients in institutional-based hospital – Coimbatore which was one of the most affected districts in Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective, observational, and cross-sectional study conducted in a private institutional-based hospital in Coimbatore. The data were collected from around 437 patients’ medical records, who were tested COVID-19-positive between October 2020 and November 2021 whose blood grouping was available as part of investigation. Data were analyzed statistically to correlate the association of ABO blood group, Rh phenotype, and COVID-19 infection. Results: In 437 COVID-19-infected patients, the ABO blood group displayed a percentage distribution for A, B, AB, and O at 19% (83), 35% (153), 8.5% (37), and 37.5% (164), respectively and 409 (93.6%) were Rh +ve. Among the patients, blood group O 164 (37.5%), followed by blood group B153 (35%) is observed to be significantly associated with COVID-19 susceptibility, whereas blood group A83 (19%) and AB 37(8.5%) showed lower susceptibility for COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: This study did not show any statistically significant association of ABO blood group and Rh phenotype seen in relation to COVID-19 infection.