Rh Blood Group Research Articles

Fatal graft versus host hemolytic reaction from Rhesus compatible mismatched liver transplantation.

Matching for Rhesus (Rh) blood group is not part of organ allocation systems. The principle concern expressed in the literature is that Rh-negative recipients might become sensitized and produce anti-D antibody which would have consequences for them if transfusion with Rh-positive blood or a pregnancy were to occur later.

English

Knowledge of distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups is helpful for effective management of blood banks and safe blood transfusion services. The prevalence of these blood groups varies worldwide and may not be found in equal numbers even among ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to find out the distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups among students attending high schools in Bote town, Ethiopia from March–April 2017. Blood samples were taken from 392 (N = 775) volunteer students from finger-pricks and blood groups were determined on open slide by haemagglutination method using commercially available anti-sera A, B, and Rh (D). Descriptive statistics was used to calculate percentage frequencies of blood phenotype. The genotypic and allelic frequencies of the blood groups were calculated from the observed phenotypes under the assumption of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. In the ABO system, type O was the most prevalent (41.3%) followed by A (31.9%), B (21.4%) and AB the least (5.4%), in the pattern O > A > B > AB. Most of the students were found to be Rh+ (92.86%). Regarding the combined ABO/Rh blood groups, O+ was the most prevalent (38%), A+ (30%), B+ (20%) and AB+ (5%) and O- was also the most frequent (3%) among Rh-negative (Rh-) students. The allelic frequencies of O (r), A (p) and B (q), D and d were 0.64, 0.21, 0.15, 0.73 and 0.27, respectively. Genotypic frequency of IOIO was the most (0.413) frequent while that of IBIB was the least (0.021) while DD and dd were 53.3 and 7.3, respectively. The observed and expected frequencies of individuals having ABO and Rh blood were not significantly different in both blood systems (goodness-of-fit χ2 for ABO = 0.4729, df = 3 and χ2 for Rh = 0.0145, df = 1; P < 0.05). The present study gives vital information regarding the management of blood bank and transfusion services in the community. Key words: Blood alleles, agglutination, blood bank, blood transfusion, prevalence, Rhesus factor.

ABO and Rhesus Types of Blood Group Distribution in Blood Donors in Blood Bank, Government Medical College and Hospital-Suryapet, Telangana: A Tertiary Care Centre Study

Aims and objectives: To study the distribution and frequencies of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups among blood donors, who participated in indoor and outdoor blood donation camps organized by suryapet blood bank, Government medical college-suryapet, Telangana. ABO and Rh typing is very important for proper functioning and safe blood banking. Materials and Methods: A Three-year retrospective study was carried out at suryapet blood bank, Telangana, during 3-year period from January 2016 to December 2018 and the total number of blood units collected was 7,035. The donors were screened and who are medically fit are accepted for blood donation. Blood group of the blood donors was determined by forward grouping and reverse grouping methods with the help of commercially available standard monoclonal antisera. Results: The most common blood group among donors was “O” (43.90%) followed by “ B” (32.50%), “A” (17.95%) and the least prevalent blood group was “AB” (05.62%). Maximum number of blood donors were Rh positive (95.72%) while Rh negative were only (04.27%). There was a higher rate of male donors than female donors. Conclusion: The present study concludes that most common blood group was “O” positive and the least common is “AB”. This data helps in appropriate maintenance of inventory in the blood bank and also plays important role in patients health care.

PREVALENCE OF ABO AND RHESUS BLOOD GROUPS IN BLOOD DONORS. A STUDY FROM A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL S.V.R.R.GOVT. GENERAL HOSPITAL IN RAYALASEEMA REGION OF ANDHRA PRADESH, TIRUPATI.

Back ground: The ABO and Rhesus –D blood group are the major blood group systems. The frequency of four main blood group systems varies in population throughout the world and even in different parts of the country. ABO &amp; Rh blood group antigens play a Vital role in immunologic safety of whole blood and blood component transfusion and also useful in population genetic studies, in resolving medico legal issues.&#x0D; Aim: This study is aimed to document the frequency and distribution pattern of ABO and Rh among blood donors in S.V.R.R.Govt. General Hospital, Tirupati.&#x0D; Study Design: It is a retrospective record based study carried out at Model blood bank S.V.R.R.Govt. General Hospital Tirupati from January 2014 to December 2015.&#x0D; Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 13,040 donors. ABO and Rh typing was done by using slide agglutination method with antisera ABO and Rh (tulip Diag). Doubtful cases were confirmed by tube agglutination method and reverse grouping by using pooled A&amp; B cells. The age group and sex of donors and frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups were reported in simple percentages.&#x0D; Results: In the present study the most common blood group was ‘O’ 5505 (42.2%) and least common being AB 778 (5.96%). The prevalence of Rh positive and negative distribution in the study population is 12267(94.07%) and 773(5.93%) respectively. Predominant donors belonged to age group between 18-35 years (85.37 %).Male donors (97.88%) are common than female donors (2.12%) with ratio. Blood group frequency with respect to ABO and Rh was found to be O&gt;B&gt;A&gt;AB.&#x0D; Conclusion: O positive blood group is significantly high in our population while AB Iis least.. Blood donation by females appears to be low provably because of illiteracy, malnutrition and social taboo. So female donor need to be motivated for blood donation. Knowledge of frequencies of different blood groups is very important for blood banks and transfusion service polices for better use and good inventory of blood units.&#x0D; Key words: Blood groups ABO, Rh

ABO and Rh association to transfusion transmitted infections among healthy blood donors in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

Background: International society of blood transfusion has defined 33 blood group systems and 700 erythrocyte antigens of them some have direct association with infections. Aims & objectives: This study aims at investigating the seroprevalence, correlation between ABO and Rh groups and transfusion transmitted infection namely: HIV, HBV, HCV & syphilis. Methods: The serum samples of the donors were tested for the most common transfusion transmitted infections as mentioned above by Third generation ELISA for HBV and HCV, Fourth generation sandwich HIV -ELISA and RPR tests for syphilis. Blood grouping of the donors was done through standard tube agglutination technique with forward and reverse grouping. The results thus obtained were put for chi square analysis in order to determine statistical significance. Results: Total, 41909 serum samples were tested from January -2013 to March-2015, of which 317 were positive for transfusion transmitted infections. The seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis was 0.57%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.05% respectively. HCV infection were significantly associated with blood group of donors (P<0.05). Percentage of HCV was found to be higher in donors with blood group A. There was no significant association found between HIV, HBV and syphilis with blood group of donors. Conclusion: Prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections among blood donors of G. G. Hospital is relatively low as compared with different regions of India. From the study it was concluded that blood group type of an individual has got some association with HCV infection. Keywords: ABO Blood groups, Rhesus (Rh) blood group, transfusion transmitted infections

Frequency and Risk Factors of Red Blood Cell Alloimmunization in Thalassemia Major Patients in Markazi province

Background: Thalassemia is one of the most common genetic disorders throughout the world. Blood transfusion plays an important role in the treatment of thalassemia but it leads to numerous complications such as iron overload and alloimmunization. This study evaluated the frequency and risk factors associated with alloimmunization in thalassemia major patients living in Markazi province, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 48 thalassemia major patients who underwent blood transfusion at Amirkabir hospital were included. Patients' demographic data were recorded using a questionnaire. In order to perform alloimmunization screening and autoantibody assessment, patients were referred to Tehran Blood Transfusion Organization Laboratory. Results: The current study was performed on 48 patients with thalassemia major,. The mean age of patients was 12.5 ± 8.3 years. Among patients 26 (54.16%) were male and 22 (45.83%) were female, 13 patients (27.08%) had alloantibodies. Among 48 patients, 19 (39.58%) had undergone splenectomy. The patients' age of the first blood transfusion ranged from 1 month to 14 months and the mean age of the first blood transfusion was 9.5 ± 7.08 months. The blood transfusion intervals in patients were from 21 days to 40 days and the blood volume received at each transfusion session was 10-15 cc/kg of the body weight. In the current study, the data analysis indicated no significant correlation between alloantibodies and RH phenotype (P=0.43), patients' gender (P=0.9), or blood groups (P=0.4); whereas, a significant correlation was found between alloantibodies and splenectomy (P=0.02) as an increase in the prevalence of alloantibodies was reported in splenectomised patients. Conclusion: No significant difference was found between the patients with and without alloantibodies in terms of the prevalence of Rh phenotype, gender, and blood groups. However, there was a significant difference between the patients with and without alloantibodies in terms of splenectomy. Key words: Allo-immunization, Risk factors, Thalassemia major

Red Blood Cells Alloimmunization and Autoimmunization in Multi-transfused Thalassemia Patients in South of Iran

Background: Recurrent blood transfusion is a common treatment in patients with thalassemia. The development of antibodies against red blood cell (RBC) antigens complicates RBC cross-matching, enhances the in vivo destruction of transfused cells, accelerates tissue iron overloading, delays the provision of safe transfusion, and reduces health-related quality of life. Materials and Methods: In total, 516 thalassemia patients with a mean age of 18.5 years were included in this cross-sectional study in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, in cooperation with the Abu Rayhan Special Medical Center and Hormozgan Blood Transfusion Organization between June 2015 and May 2016. The detection and identification of alloantibodies were done using 3 screen cells and 11 panel cells, respectively. To detect autoantibodies, auto-control was performed using polyspecific Coombs (IgG + C3d) standard method. Results: Alloantibodies and autoantibodies were observed in 16 (3.1%) and 21 (4.1%) patients, respectively. Among patients with alloantibodies, 2 patients (12.5%) developed 3 antibodies (Anti-c,E,P1; Anti-c,E,K), 1 patient (6.25%) developed 2 antibodies (Anti-D,C), and 13 patients developed 1 antibody (4 patients Anti-D (25%); 3 Anti-K (18.75%); 2 Anti-E (12.5%); 2 Anti-C (12.5%); 1 Anti-Jka (6.25%); and 1 Anti-Jkb (6.25%)). A statistically significant correlation between patient age (P = 0.031), age of splenectomy (P = 0.006), Rh(D) (P = 0.001), leukoreduction of RBCs (P = 0.043), and type of disease (P = 0.006) with RBC alloimmunization was seen. Conclusions: This study emphasized the need for the determination of RBC minor antigens, especially for Rh, Kell, and Kidd blood group systems, before the first transfusion and transfusion of antigen-matched blood. In addition, transfusion of prestorage leukoreduced packed cells is recommended for these patients. Keywords: Alloimmunization, Autoimmunization, Blood Transfusion, Thalassemia

Association of ABO and RH blood group with transfusion transmitted infections (tti) among blood donors in North India

Background: The present study was conducted with the aim to determine the pattern of distribution and to detect any association of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) with ABO and Rh blood groups. Methods and Findings: A retrospective study was conducted at the blood bank of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital (JNMCH), Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, U.P., India over a period of two years. A total of 36,614 healthy donors were included in the study. All the donor blood bags were screened for HbsAg, HIV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria. The most common blood group was B positive (34.91%) while the least common was AB negative (0.61%). The total seroreactivity of TTI was 5.59%. Out of the total, 2.38% cases were reactive for HBsAg, 0.35% for HIV, 1.27% for anti HCV, 1.29% for syphilis and 0.29% for Malaria. Maximum seroreactivity was seen in bloodgroup B positive (1.79%) followed by O positive (1.54%) and then A positive (1.28%). A significant association was seen between Rh positive bloodgroup and HBsAg seropositivity (P value of 0.0459). In VDRL positive donors, there was significant association between VDRL infection and AB bloodgroup with a p value of 0.0331. Conclusion: This study provides the prevalence of ABO and Rh blood group and also their association with the transfusion transmitted infections (TTI). This study shows a significant association between Rh positive bloodgroup and HBsAg and also significant association was seen between AB positive bloodgroup and VDRL infection.

Frequencies of ABO and Rhesus (D) blood group phenotypes among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

Background: Pregnancy, though a physiological phenomenon, is sometimes associated with complications requiring blood transfusion. Effective and safe blood transfusion services require a working database of the frequencies and distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) (D) blood groups. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies and distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 210 pregnant women who presented to the booking section of the clinic were recruited for the study. Sociodemographic information of the patients was obtained using a semistructured interviewer-administered questionnaire. ABO and Rh (D) blood groups were determined by the agglutination method using potent monoclonal anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D reagents. Results: Blood groups O, B, A, and AB accounted for 98 (46.7%), 53 (25.2%), 45 (21.4%), and 14 (6.7%), respectively. Rh (D) positivity was 202 (96.2%) whereas Rh (D) negativity was 8 (3.8%). Conclusion: ABO phenotype O blood group is the most common among pregnant women in this environment with the majority being Rh (D) positive.

Dactylographic Pattern in Relation to ABO, Rh Blood Group and Gender among Medical Students in Navi Mumbai

Dactylographic Pattern in Relation to ABO, Rh Blood Group and Gender among Medical Students in Navi Mumbai

Prevalence of ABO and RH Blood Group and Sub-Group A1 and A2 in Blood Donors of Odisha - Experience of One Tertiary Centre

The paucity of report from Odisha regarding prevalence of ABO and Rh blood group promoted us to undertake the present retrospective study. Total number of subjects studied are 45,564. Prevalence rate of A, B and O are 9679 (21.24%), 13881 (30.46%) and 16662 (36.56%) respectively. The subgroup analysis showed of A1 and A2 has also been carried out in the present study. One case of A2 has been described which had antibody to A1 where there was difficulty in arranging the blood transfusion insisting there by the importance of subgroup analysis in the blood bank.

Evaluation of transfusion transmitted infections and distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in donors in Eastern Turkey

Evaluation of transfusion transmitted infections and distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in donors in Eastern Turkey

Investigation of blood groups in benign thyroid diseases in Turkey.

İt is known that there is a relationship between some diseases and blood groups. The objective of our study is to investigate how often ABO and Rh blood groups are seen in benign thyroid diseases, especially in autoimmune-mediated thyroid diseases, and hence whether there is an association between blood groups and thyroid diseases. A total of 958 patients who were followed due to any benign thyroid disease were included in the study. The study population comprised 958 patients, 550 with Hashimoto's hypothyroidism, 160 with non-Hashimoto's hypothyroidism, 103 with iatrogenic hypothyroidism, 93 with central hypothyroidism, and 28 with Graves' and 24 with non-Graves' hyperthyroidism. Of the patients, 47.1% belonged to the O blood group, 30% to the A blood group, 15.2% to the B blood group, and 7.7% to the AB blood group while 90% were Rh-positive. The ratio of those with the O blood group was determined to be significantly higher in the Hashimoto's hypothyroidism group compared to the other disease groups. In the non-Hashimoto's hypothyroidism group, however, the ratio of the AB blood group was statistically significantly higher. While autoimmune diseases were more common in those with the O blood group, they were significantly lower in the AB blood group (p < 0.001). In our study, we determined that the ratio of the O blood group was significantly higher among patients with hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. These findings imply that there might be a relation between O blood group and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Pre-Marital clinical Test among Intending couples in baghdad: clinical Findings Knowledge and Attitudes

Pre-marital clinical tests are essential part of every national health system. They provide proper medical care early to prevent unnecessary stress and burden during marriage. This study was set to investigate the clinical findings as well as knowledge and attitude toward these tests among intending couples (n=244 couples, age mean 25.7 years ranged from 15 to 75 years) in Al-Yarmuok Hospital, Baghdad-Iraq, during September 2016-December 2017. The results showed that the Rh incompatibility ratio was relatively high when 17.5% (37/244) of the couples have different Rh blood groups (Rh-/Rh+). A significant number (9.43%) of Rh-females who were intending to marry from Rh+ blood-types partners was identified in the present study. The result of HIV, HBV, HCV and VDRL viral screening showed a significant number of the intending couples (13.73%(67/488)) have serious viral infections. The awareness levels of the importance of premarital screening tests were 67% and 64.4% in males and females respectively. In terms of knowing the complications of blood group incompatibility during/after pregnancy, a similar positive attitude was shown by males and females toward this concept (64.92% and 65.87% respectively). While the vast majority (67.82%), of the investigated individuals, from both genders, do not know what precaution should be taken if a mother's blood is Rh negative. 70.3% of the marriages were between non-consanguineous couples.

ABO and Rh blood groups frequency in men, women and neonates in Diyarbakir province

Aim: In this study, our objective was to determine the distribution of the blood groups among females, males, and neonates along with the overall analysis of Rh and ABO blood group systems in Diyarbakir region and contribute particularly to the blood group database for neonates, as there is no other study focused on the blood groups in neonates in particular. Material and Methods: The data of 127,091 patients, who had applied for the determination of their blood groups or were hospitalized and needed the determination of their blood groups between January 2016 and July 2019, were analyzed in this retrospective study. Results: In our study, the distribution of subgroups of the ABO system without considering the Rh system was as follows: 39.69% A, 33.62% O, 18.63% B, and 8.06% AB. The same rates were 36.79% A, 34.6% O, 20.77% B, and 7.84% AB among neonates. The comparison of the general population (females and males) with the neonates showed that group A was 3 percent lower and group B was 2 percent higher among neonates. We believe our study is important, as it is the only single-center study focused on three groups (females, males, and neonates) and conducted in the Research and Training Hospital in Diyarbakir.Conclusion: We believe that the differentiation in the distribution of ABO blood subgroups among neonates will also contribute to the literature as an important finding, which may depend on the social events like the increased number of Syrian refugees and domestic migrations.

Study of fingerprints in relation to gender and blood group among medical students in Kerala region

Finger prints are considered as one of the best tools for identification. Due to the immense potential of fingerprints as an effective method for identification, the present work has attempted to analyse their correlation with gender and with the blood group of an individual. The objective of this study was to ascertain the distribution of finger print patterns in individuals with different ABO and Rh blood groups, along with an evaluation of the relationship between finger prints patterns and ABO blood groups in both males and females. This prospective study was carried out among medical students. Atotal of 200 students (100 male & 100 female) participated in the study. Majority of the subjects participating in the study belonged to the blood group O; followed by blood group B, A and AB respectively. Males were seen to have a higher incidence of whorls and whereas females had a higher incidence of loops. Loops are predominant in blood group A, B, AB and O in both Rh positive and Rh negative individuals with the exception of O negative where whorls are more common. We can conclude that there is an association between the distribution pattern of fingerprints, blood groups and gender and thus, prediction of gender and blood group of a person based on his fingerprint pattern is possible.

Distribution of ABO and Rh Blood Groups among Patients Admitted to a Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Children Hospital in Konya, Turkey

Distribution of ABO and Rh Blood Groups among Patients Admitted to a Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Children Hospital in Konya, Turkey

Dermatoglyphics and Their Relationship With Blood Group: An Exploration.

Introduction:Dermatoglyphics means the study of skin markings or patterns on fingers, hands, and feet. Dermatoglyphics is a heritable trait that is considered as a usual phenotype in criminology. Dermatoglyphics acts as a scientific method for identification of an individual and it is constant till demise.Objectives:This study was conducted to correlate the dermatoglyphics and blood grouping of 150 dental students.Materials and Methods:A pro forma was prepared on a durable white paper, rubber stamp ink pads were used for smearing each finger, imprints were taken, and each pattern of fingerprint was observed by powerful hand lens and recorded. Note was made of the sex, age, and ABO and Rh blood group for studying the relationship between types of fingerprints and relation to ABO and Rh blood type. Fingerprint was taken using the INK method as illustrated by Cummins and Mildo. Fingerprint patterns (loops, whorls, and arches) and blood data were collected.Results:In this study, 38% of subjects belonged to O blood group followed by A, B, and AB, and 96.77% of subjects were Rh-positive and 3.23% were Rh-negative.Conclusions:This study shows the association between distribution of dermatoglyphics, ABO, Rh blood group, and gender.

Antibody screening and identification in donors and general patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Western India.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:The aim of the blood transfusion service should be to provide effective blood and blood components, which are as safe as possible and adequate to meet patient's need. To achieve safe blood transfusion practice, many blood transfusion center in India follow routine type and screen protocol for all patient's and donor's blood samples to detect unexpected alloantibodies. The present study is aimed at assessing the frequency and type of unexpected red cell alloantibodies in general patient population and donors at a tertiary care teaching hospital in western India.MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this prospective study, samples of patients as well as blood donors were processed for ABO and Rh “D” grouping as well as antibody screening with three cell screening panel on fully automated immunohematology analyzer. Positive sample in three cell screening panel was further evaluated for identification of specific alloantibody with eleven cell identification panel by column agglutination technique. Results were recorded, and data were analyzed to calculate the frequency of unexpected alloantibody.RESULTS:A total of 74,214 patient samples and 80,173 donor samples were processed for type and screen. Out of which, 512 patients and 11 donors were identified with alloantibody. Most common alloantibody found in the present study is anti-D (0.075%), followed by anti-E (0.041%), anti-c (0.021%), anti-K (0.0205%) in Rh and Kell blood group system.CONCLUSION:Antibody screening and identification of specific alloantibody help in identifying most appropriate blood unit that lacks the corresponding antigen and prevent alloimmunization.

Comparative study of alloimmunization against red cell antigens in sickle cell disease &amp; thalassaemia major patients on regular red cell transfusion

Background & objectives:Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients require red cell transfusion during different clinical complications of the disease. Such patients are at a high risk for developing alloantibody against red cell antigens. From India, there are limited data available on alloantibody formation in multiply transfused SCD patients. The present study was thus undertaken to fill up this lacunae by looking at the development of red cell alloantibodies in SCD and β-thalassaemia patients on regular transfusion.Methods:All sickle cell disease patients undergoing red cell transfusion between 2008 and 2016, were included. During this period, a large number of β-thalassaemia major patients also underwent regular red cell transfusion. These thalassaemia patients were also included to compare the tendency of antibody formation between SCD and β-thalassaemia major patients. All patients before regular transfusion were regularly assessed for the development of red cell antibody. Red cell antigen, antibody screen crossmatch and antibody identification were done using the standard technique.Results:A total of 138 patients with SCD aged between 4 and 53 yr (mean 17.6 yr) consisting of 83 males and 55 females (male:female, 1.5:1) along with 333 transfusion-dependent β-thalassaemia patients were studied. Over the last eight years, 15 patients with SCD and four patients with thalassaemia developed alloantibody (P<0.001). Antibody specificity of their alloantibodies was against Rhc, RhE, Kell, Fya and Fyb only. Sickle cell disease patients with and without alloantibody required on the average 11.8 and 8.6 units of red cell concentrate, respectively (P<0.05).Interpretation & conclusions:About 11 per cent of the transfused sickle cells patients developed alloantibodies. The antibody specificity was restricted to Rh, Kell and Duffy blood group systems. Extended antigen matching involving Rh, Kell and Duffy antigens may prevent alloantibody in such patients.