RGB Color System Research Articles

Plotting Colors on Color Circle: Interconversion between XYZ Values and RGB Color System

Abstract A sensitive, precise and simple spectrophotometric method has been proposed and validated for the determination of oseltamivir (OSL) in pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method is based on the reaction between the OSL and 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-CL) at alkaline medium (pH 10) to form deep brown adduct, exhibiting maximum absorption (λmax) at 464 nm. Under optimized reaction condition, the method was linear in the concentration range 2-10 μg mL-1. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.84 μg mL-1, 2.66 μg mL-1, respectively. The method was applied successfully to the determination of OSL in pharmaceutical formulation. A proposal of the reaction pathway has been postulated. The method is useful for routine analysis of OSL in quality control laboratories.

Annatto-colored Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate): A Comprehensive Study on Photodegradation

Annatto natural colorant was extracted from annatto seeds (Bixa Orellana L.) by using ultrasound. Structural characterization of the extract was done by FTIR. The aim of the present work was the developement and characterization of biodegradable colored films based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by using annatto colorant. The annatto content in the films was varied from 0.2 to 3.0% (w/w). The lightfastness of colored films when exposed to UVA radiation was controlled by using RGB color system. In color image processing, a pixel is often defined by three values corresponding to the tristimuli R (Red), G (Green) and B (Blue). With the addition of the annatto colorant, photodegradation of films under UVA exposure seemed to be improved. The good thermal stability of the colored film with 3.0% (w/w) of annatto colorant was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. Surface morphology of the colored film with 3.0% (w/w) of annatto colorant was examined by SEM prior and after 240 h of UVA exposure. The SEM micrographs suggested that annatto colorant has acted as hiding agent, reducing the photodegradation processes.

Photometer-colorimeter based on integrating sphere with an internal screen and optoelectronic RGB-components

Subject of Research. The paper presents the laboratory colorimeter for determination of color parameters of objects with a diffuse reflection. We discuss design features, performance and metrological characteristics, calibration algorithm of the device in XYZ and RGB color systems. Findings for color parameters of aesthetic dentistry materials are given.Methods. The light-emitting diode and the RGB-photodiode were first used as an emitter and a photodetector in the colorimeter design. The integrating sphere with an internal baffle was also applied. Illumination distribution numerical modeling in the sphere with the internal baffle located near its center was carried out. Test samples of nanocomposites diffuse reflectors for aesthetic dentistry were examined.Main Results. The precision of measurements of color parameters determined with the use of photometer-colorimeter and the ones determined from reflection spectra within the reflection index range equal to 4-90 % was no worse than ∆X, Y, Z = 0.2. Thus, the presented colorimeter responses to the practical exploitation of the colorimetry.Practical Relevance. The presented device is being tested in Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University.

THE VISUAL SECRET SHARING SCHEME BASED ON THE RGB COLOR SYSTEM

The visual secret sharing (VSS) scheme is a method to maintain the confidentiality of a se-cret image by sharing it to some number participants. A (k, n) VSS divides the secret images into n parts, that are called shadows ; to recover the secret back, k shadows should be stacked. Some methods have been developed to implement VSS for color images. However, the methods are only suitable for images with limited number of colors. When more colors are used, the resulted stacked shadow image becomes unclear. Besides that, the size of the shadows becomes bigger as more colors are used. We develop a new method implementing the VSS using the RGB color system. Using our method, the problem related to the unclear stacked shadow image can be overcome.

TiConverter: A training image converting tool for multiple-point geostatistics

TiConverter is a tool developed to ease the application of multiple-point geostatistics whether by the open source Stanford Geostatistical Modeling Software (SGeMS) or other available commercial software. TiConverter has a user-friendly interface and it allows the conversion of 2D training images into numerical representations in four different file formats without the need for additional code writing. These are the ASCII (.txt), the geostatistical software library (GSLIB) (.txt), the Isatis (.dat), and the VTK formats. It performs the conversion based on the RGB color system. In addition, TiConverter offers several useful tools including image resizing, smoothing, and segmenting tools. The purpose of this study is to introduce the TiConverter, and to demonstrate its application and advantages with several examples from the literature.

EVALUATION OF COLOR SETTINGS IN AERIAL IMAGES WITH THE USE OF EYE-TRACKING USER STUDY

Abstract. The main aim of presented paper is to find the most realistic and preferred color settings for four different types of surfaces on the aerial images. This will be achieved through user study with the use of eye-movement recording. Aerial images taken by the unmanned aerial system were used as stimuli. From each image, squared crop area containing one of the studied types of surfaces (asphalt, concrete, water, soil, and grass) was selected. For each type of surface, the real value of reflectance was found with the use of precise spectroradiometer ASD HandHeld 2 which measures the reflectance. The device was used at the same time as aerial images were captured, so lighting conditions and state of vegetation were equal. The spectral resolution of the ASD device is better than 3.0 nm. For defining the RGB values of selected type of surface, the spectral reflectance values recorded by the device were merged into wider groups. Finally, we get three groups corresponding to RGB color system. Captured images were edited with the graphic editor Photoshop CS6. Contrast, clarity, and brightness were edited for all surface types on images. Finally, we get a set of 12 images of the same area with different color settings. These images were put into the grid and used as stimuli for the eye-tracking experiment. Eye-tracking is one of the methods of usability studies and it is considered as relatively objective. Eye-tracker SMI RED 250 with the sampling frequency 250 Hz was used in the study. As respondents, a group of 24 students of Geoinformatics and Geography was used. Their task was to select which image in the grid has the best color settings. The next task was to select which color settings they prefer. Respondents’ answers were evaluated and the most realistic and most preferable color settings were found. The advantage of the eye-tracking evaluation was that also the process of the selection of the answers was analyzed. Areas of Interest were marked around each image in the grid and the sequences of gaze movements were analyzed. Sequence chart was used for visualization and eye-tracking metrics were statistically tested. The presented paper shows the differences in the perception and preferences of aerial images with different color settings.

EVALUATION OF COLOR SETTINGS IN AERIAL IMAGES WITH THE USE OF EYE-TRACKING USER STUDY

The main aim of presented paper is to find the most realistic and preferred color settings for four different types of surfaces on the aerial images. This will be achieved through user study with the use of eye-movement recording. Aerial images taken by the unmanned aerial system were used as stimuli. From each image, squared crop area containing one of the studied types of surfaces (asphalt, concrete, water, soil, and grass) was selected. For each type of surface, the real value of reflectance was found with the use of precise spectroradiometer ASD HandHeld 2 which measures the reflectance. The device was used at the same time as aerial images were captured, so lighting conditions and state of vegetation were equal. The spectral resolution of the ASD device is better than 3.0 nm. For defining the RGB values of selected type of surface, the spectral reflectance values recorded by the device were merged into wider groups. Finally, we get three groups corresponding to RGB color system. Captured images were edited with the graphic editor Photoshop CS6. Contrast, clarity, and brightness were edited for all surface types on images. Finally, we get a set of 12 images of the same area with different color settings. These images were put into the grid and used as stimuli for the eye-tracking experiment. Eye-tracking is one of the methods of usability studies and it is considered as relatively objective. Eye-tracker SMI RED 250 with the sampling frequency 250 Hz was used in the study. As respondents, a group of 24 students of Geoinformatics and Geography was used. Their task was to select which image in the grid has the best color settings. The next task was to select which color settings they prefer. Respondents’ answers were evaluated and the most realistic and most preferable color settings were found. The advantage of the eye-tracking evaluation was that also the process of the selection of the answers was analyzed. Areas of Interest were marked around each image in the grid and the sequences of gaze movements were analyzed. Sequence chart was used for visualization and eye-tracking metrics were statistically tested. The presented paper shows the differences in the perception and preferences of aerial images with different color settings.

A METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING VIDEO PROCESSING SYSTEM

The data is exploding day by day in digital technology. Now a day’s multimedia data is also handled by the database, multimedia data contains data like images, text and video. The video processing plays a tremendous role in the multimedia but all the videos are not same, it can exists number of settings and different number of formats. By This video processing system the video is processed for enhancement, analysis, dividing the channels and binarization by using different image processing techniques. In this system different color system like YCBR, HSL, and RGB color systems are considered for processing any type of video. For this system, the input video can be from a stored file or continuous stream of video sequences from the web camera (or) any type of camera by this video processing system we can improve the quality of the video and we can also apply some special effects to the video by applying various image processing techniques and filters. The enhancement techniques considered in his system are filtering with correlation and convolution, adaptive smoothing, conservative smoothing and median filtering. The analysis techniques like edge detection, histogram and statistical analysis are considered for this system. Binarization methods implemented in this system are Custom Threshold, Order Dither. The Color filters like converting RGB to Grayscale, Grayscale to RGB ,Sepia, invert, rotate, Custom Color filter, Euclidean color filter, channel filter, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta and yellow, they are so many other filters are also implemented in this system.

Data mining in emotion color with affective computing

This research applies an innovative way to measure and identify user's emotion with different ingredient color. How to find an intuitive way to understand human emotion is the key point in this research. The RGB color system that is widely used of all forms computer system is an accumulative color system in which red, green, and blue light are added together showing entire color. This study was based on Thayer's emotion model which classifies the emotions with two vectors, valence and arousal, and gathers the emotion color with RGB as input for calculating and forecasting user's emotion. In this experiment, using 320 data divide to quarter into emotion groups to train the weight in the neural network and uses 160 data to prove the accuracy. The result reveals that this model can be valid reckon the emotion by reply color response from user. In other hand, this experiment found that trend of the different ingredient of color on Cartesian coordinate system figures out the distinguishing intensity in RGB color system. Via the foregoing detect emotion model is going to design an affective computing intelligence framework try to embed the emotion component in it.

Computer-aided diagnosis in hysteroscopic imaging.

The paper presents the development of a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) system for the early detection of endometrial cancer. The proposed CAD system supports reproducibility through texture feature standardization, standardized multifeature selection, and provides physicians with comparative distributions of the extracted texture features. The CAD system was validated using 516 regions of interest (ROIs) extracted from 52 subjects. The ROIs were equally distributed among normal and abnormal cases. To support reproducibility, the RGB images were first gamma corrected and then converted into HSV and YCrCb. From each channel of the gamma-corrected YCrCb, HSV, and RGB color systems, we extracted the following texture features: 1) statistical features (SFs), 2) spatial gray-level dependence matrices (SGLDM), and 3) gray-level difference statistics (GLDS). The texture features were then used as inputs with support vector machines (SVMs) and the probabilistic neural network (PNN) classifiers. After accounting for multiple comparisons, texture features extracted from abnormal ROIs were found to be significantly different than texture features extracted from normal ROIs. Compared to texture features extracted from normal ROIs, abnormal ROIs were characterized by lower image intensity, while variance, entropy, and contrast gave higher values. In terms of ROI classification, the best results were achieved by using SF and GLDS features with an SVM classifier. For this combination, the proposed CAD system achieved an 81% correct classification rate.

Using Distinctive Colour Signatures to Capture Team Behaviour During Matches

To capture team behaviour, kinematic variables, such as the surface area and the geometrical centre of the team, have been used. Although these variables have shown interesting results in capturing team behaviour, they reduce individual differences to a unique measure, losing the contribution of each player to the team. Using infrared (IR) dyes, it is possible for each player to have a distinctive colour signature to capture their behaviour online. The first stage of this study consisted in the selection of appropriate IR dyes with peak absorbance at different wavelengths (800nm, 910nm, 949nm and 1031nm) that were dissolved in solutions and diluted two times with a 1/5 ratio. To assess the contrast between the solutions, they were applied in a 6x4 chessboard. A unique colour signature was made composing an image from three different charge-coupled devices (CCDs) (one in the visible spectral region and two in the near IR) that were used like the RGB colour system. The IR markers absorbing at shorter wavelengths (800nm and 910nm) have a darker tone in the range 750-900nm and appear white between 900-1900nm. The markers with longer absorption wavelengths have a dark tone in both regions. We calibrated the images from the three CCDs and composed an image in which we give a different colour signature to each square. It is possible to create distinctive colour signatures using the coordinates from three different images.

Colorimetric UV sensors with tunable sensitivity from diacetylenes

A series of diacetylene compounds containing β-alanine ethyl ester and di-β-alanine ethyl ester groups were synthesized and dip-coated on paper for colorimetric UV sensing study. The white-to-blue-to-red colorimetric responses of the sensor strips were recorded by a photo scanner. The color images are analyzed based on the RGB color system to determine the color transition points and sensitivity. Coarse and fine tuning of the UV sensitivity was achieved by varying the head group and aliphatic chain length of the diacetylene lipids. Comparison of the UV sensitivity trends with the thermochromic sensitivity trends revealed that not only the photo-induced thermochromism but also photo-induced mechanical strain of the polydiacetylene backbone contributed to the color transition upon the UV irradiation.

Colour variation in the polymorphic common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis): An analysis using the RGB colour system

Intra-specific colour variation may either reflect a discrete polymorphism, potentially related to life-history strategies; a continuous signal, which may be related to individual quality; or a combination of both. Understanding the true nature of this colour variation may thus help to identify the possible selective mechanism producing it. The common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) exhibits polymorphic colouration, both sexes showing three pure morphs differing in throat and belly colouration (white, yellow and red) and three intermediate morphs (white-yellow, white-red, and yellow-red). In this study we used digital photography and image analysis (RGB system) to investigate colour variation among morphs, sexes and populations. We found that colouration of the six phenotypes results from the combination of three discrete colour tinges (white, red and yellow): pure morphs express a single colour, and no continuous variation exists among them. Similarly, ventral parts of the intermediate white-red and yellow-red morphs present a mixture of two discrete colours resulting from the concurrent expression in different scales of the same colours showed by the corresponding pure morphs. Finally, the white-yellow intermediates show the same colour tinge than pure yellow morph, but with a lower intensity. The finding that white-yellow lizards are smaller than all other ones suggests that they might be subadults not yet expressing the full yellow colouration. Morph colouration significantly varied among sexes, suggesting a possible role for hormone plasma levels in controlling colour expression. It is noteworthy that RGB values varied among sites, indicating that colour expression in this species holds some level of environmental plasticity. Therefore, our results confirmed the presence of discrete colour morphs, which may be genetically based in both sexes of common wall lizards. However, our findings also showed intra-individual variation in colour expression within a morph that is associated with habitat occupancy, which suggests phenotypic plasticity in morphs.

Low-cost system based on image analysis to determine solubility curves

Abstract This article reports the development of a simple, rapid, and low-cost method that uses image analysis to determine solubility curves. The detection system is composed of a webcam with a CCD sensor and software for processing and analyzing the digital images based on the RGB color system. Adipic acid was chosen as a case study to evaluate the performance of the image analysis method. The results of the quantitative analysis using the developed method were compared to the results obtained by ATR-FTIR and were found to be statistically equivalent. In order to check the applicability of the method for other substrates and solvents, the determination of the solubility curve of ibuprofen in ethyl acetate was also determined using the RGB image analysis method. These results were also validated by the FTIR data.

Super Hi-Vision Video Parameters for Next-Generation Television

The crux of the move to ultrahigh-definition television is to simply deliver a wider field of view, which only requires an increase in pixel count to 3840 × 2160 or 7680 × 4320 pixels, which are well accepted standards. However, this overlooks important factors such as color/tone rendition and motion portrayal, which could be crucial to delivering an enhanced visual experience with next-generation television (next-gen TV) systems. To this end, system parameters are proposed including colorimetry and frame frequency for next-gen TV. The proposed colorimetry system is based on the real RGB color system and has a color gamut covering 99.9% of real surface colors while using physically realizable RGB primaries. Further, a frame frequency of 120 Hz is proposed on the basis of subjective assessments of motion picture quality.

Visualization of Nematic Director Field With the RGB Color System

The two-dimensional presentation of the three-dimensional nematic liquid crystal structure can be visualized in various ways: by oriented rotational ellipsoids, bricks, cylinders, or sticks, representing either individual molecules or nematic director field. Here, we give a different approach: the three axes of Cartesian coordinate system are assigned with three colors (red for x-axis, green for y-axis and blue for z-axis). We use the proportional mixing of these colors for various directions of the nematic director. Using this technique, different structures of nematic liquid crystals can be visualized clearly, particularly when combined with representation of nematic director field with sticks.

Extracting, recognizing, and counting white blood cells from microscopic images by using complex-valued neural networks

In this paper a method related to extracting white blood cells (WBCs) from blood microscopic images and recognizing them and counting each kind of WBCs is presented. In medical science diagnosis by check the number of WBCs and compared with normal number of them is a new challenge and in this context has been discussed it. After reviewing the methods of extracting WBCs from hematology images, because of high applicability of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in classification we decided to use this effective method to classify WBCs, and because of high speed and stable convergence of complex-valued neural networks (CVNNs) compare to the real one, we used them to classification purpose. In the method that will be introduced, first the white blood cells are extracted by RGB color system's help. In continuance, by using the features of each kind of globules and their color scheme, a normalized feature vector is extracted, and for classifying, it is sent to a complex-valued back-propagation neural network. And at last, the results are sent to the output in the shape of the quantity of each of white blood cells. Despite the low quality of the used images, our method has high accuracy in extracting and recognizing WBCs by CVNNs, and because of this, certainly its result on high quality images will be acceptable. Learning time of complex-valued neural networks, that are used here, was significantly less than real-valued neural networks.

Measurement of colour brightness in the design of web-based courses

The colour brightness calculation of the RGB colour system used in electronic devices is an important research topic. According to the human eye’s perception of light, this paper proposes a new colour brightness calculation model, trying to find the coefficient of the variables through data collected from experiments. This model provides an intuitive colour brightness processing method for web-based course designers or interface designers. It enables the designers to easily get a precise brightness value of a colour. Also, the proper selection and use of colours based on this model has the potential to make web-based courses and other computer programmes more appealing to users.

Development of a new method based on scanner electrochemistry: applied for the speciation of Iron(ii) and Iron(iii)

A new, simple and inexpensive method was developed based on scanner electrochemistry as an appropriate alternative to visible spectroelectrochemistry. The electrochemical cell containing the sample solution was scanned by a flatbed scanner and color values were analyzed by software in the RGB color system. The validity of this new method was studied by speciation of iron(II) and (III). The speciation was performed by complexation of iron species with SCN−. Parameters, such as time and potential of electrolysis, which affect the system were optimized.

Generalized Color Face Hallucination with Linear Regression Model in MPCA

This paper proposes a novel hallucination technique for color face image reconstruction in the RGB, YCbCr, HSV and CIELAB color systems. Our hallucination method depends on multilinear principal component analysis (MPCA) with a linear regression model. In the hallucination framework, many color face images are expressed in color spaces. These images can be naturally described as tensors or multilinear arrays. This novel hallucination technique can perform feature extraction by determining a multilinear projection that captures most of the original tensorial input variation. In our experiments, we used facial images from the FERET database to test our hallucination approach which is demonstrated by extensive experiments with high-quality hallucinated color face images. The experimental results show that a correlation between the color channel and the proposed hallucination method can reduce the complexity in the color face hallucination process.