RFID Tag Reader Research Articles

Mobile RFID tag reading with non-overlapping tandem readers on a conveyor belt

Mobile RFID tag reading on conveyor belt represents a practical scenario used widely in the supply chain industry. Typically, in RFID tag reading MAC protocols, the time the protocol takes to complete the reading of all the tags is directly proportional to the number of tags. As a natural scalability problem, when the number of mobile tags is large, the protocol that is initiated and coordinated by a reader will not be able to read all the tags, as the tags move away from the reader’s range. In this paper, we tackle this problem, by showing how a large number of tags moving on a conveyor belt can be read using a tandem of communicating readers placed along the axis of the conveyor belt. The tags that are unread by a reader could be read by the reader next in the sequence. Rather than restarting the protocol at the next reader in the sequence to read the unread tags, it can use the information from the previous reader (we call it information sharing) to improve protocol performance and hence reduce the reading time. Thanks to the advanced RFID technologies offering enhanced tag persistent times. The tags can now preserve their states in ‘power-off’ conditions for significantly longer distances in the conveyor-belt.We show that this information sharing significantly enhances the tag reading performance (in terms of number of tag reads) as compared with the traditional tag reading protocols. In our experiments, we consider the tandem reader arrangement with information sharing for ALOHA, Tree, and two different combinations of ALOHA and Tree (a.k.a. hybrid) protocols. Our performance evaluation study corroborated with extensive simulation results show that the aforementioned protocols augmented with our novel information sharing frameworks outperform their respective primitive ‘as-is’ version counterparts.

A <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4 \times 4$</tex-math></inline-formula> Dual Polarized mm-Wave ACMPA Array for a Universal mm-Wave Chipless RFID Tag Reader

A 4 × 4 dual polarized (DP) aperture-coupled microstrip patch antenna (ACMPA) array for a universal millimeter (mm)-wave chipless RFID tag reader is presented. The mm-wave DP ACMPA array is capable of reading all types of frequency domain-based chipless RFID tags (linearly polarized, orientation insensitive, cross-polarized (CP), and DP) within its operating frequency bandwidth. The developed antenna is operating over the 22-26.5-GHz frequency band with 16-dBi realized gain and over 35-dB isolation. A systematic approach is followed up for designing the mm-wave antenna array where, first, a single antenna element is designed. Then, a 1-32-way corporate feed network for the dual offset feeding of cross slots is designed using multistage power dividers. After that, the 4 × 4 mm-wave DP ACMPA array is designed, optimized, fabricated, assembled, and tested. Simulation and measurement results for different development stages of the array are described in detail. Finally, the assembled antenna is used for measuring 10 orientation insensitive (OI) thermal printed mm-wave chipless RFID tags on a paper substrate to validate its functional accuracy. The developed mm-wave DP ACMPA array with high port-to-port isolation can be used in a universal commercial mm-wave chipless RFID tag reader due to its low cost, high gain, and low-profile structure.

An Approach towards Efficient and Secure RFID Mutual Authentication Protocol

The widespread distribution of RFID technologies may generate new threats to user privacy and security. The International Standards Organization (ISO) has incorporated the Electronic Product Code Class-1 Generation-2 (EPC C1G2) ultrahigh frequency (UHF) standard into its ISO/IEC 18000-6 as type C on UHF RFID for item management, and contributes using only very basic security tools using pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) and cyclic redundancy code (CRC). An authentication scheme was originally included as part of the EPC C1G2 industrial standard to secure RFID transactions. However, the EPC C1G2 specifications do not fully support privacy incursion and data security issues. The weakness can be alleviated by including a RFID tag-reader mutual authentication scheme. Here, a simple, cost-effective, light-weight RFID tag-reader mutual authentication scheme is proposed. Most importantly the proposed scheme does not demand the implementation of any cryptographic hash functions / keys with the tag and a center server / database, which in turn requires synchronization for security of key/hash values. The scheme utilizes only XOR operation, and tag‘s access password for achieving tag-reader mutual authentication. A specially designed pad generation (PadGen) function is employed to enhance security. The function PadGen is used to develop a cover-coding pad to mask the transponder‘s access password before data is transmitted. Therefore, in this proposed scheme, data between the tag and the reader is never exposed even to the stockholder‘s reader, and yet accomplish tag-reader mutual authentication. The proposed scheme based on XOR operation to generate PadGen function is an improvement over the weak one-way reader-to-tag authentication scheme proposed by the ISO 18000-6C protocol.

QoS(Quality of Service) 측정 모델을 참조한 스마트헬스케어서비스 소프트웨어 품질만족도 평가체계

Quality is the value that can be measured by observing the characteristics of the service quantity or quality. QoS is predictable service traffic to a minimum requirements what passed in network. In the course of Smart Medical Information System Development there exist some functional requirements to satisfy quality objectives. The functional smart domains of healthcare information systems consists of Patient Module, a smart sensing and communication domain, RFID Tag Readers and the behavior domain, Homecare Station Domain, Clinical Station. This study is performed on evaluation methodology of u-health service satisfaction quality of each domain. In this paper QoS metrics and the quality of medical information requirements, functional requirements are separated by. Quality parameters consists of six items and the functional requirements and quality requirements 20 details the five items and consist of 20 detailed items. On this study the quality evaluation methodology of Korean smart health information quality assessment matrix 2 - factor evaluation method is proposed. The overall framework of this paper is organizing the specific criteria of quality of medical information system and modeling quality evaluation process under all smart environment. 키워드 : QoS(Quality of Service), 측정모델, 스마트헬스케어서비스, 소프트웨어품질, 만족도측정 Key word : QoS(Quality of Service), Measurement Model, Smart Healthcare Services, Software Quality, Satisfaction Rating

2A2-Q02 多数のRFIDリーダとICタグテキスタイルを用いた移動ロボットのための自己位置同定(移動ロボットの自己位置推定と地図構築)

Accurate self-localization system is necessary for a mobile robot to work in a home environment. Studies of a indoor autonomous mobile robot often use vision sensors and laser range finders. It is difficult to estimate the exact global location if the environment has number of places that have similar shape boundaries or small number of landmarks to localize. Furthermore, it tends to take a long time to recover the self-localization estimation if it goes wrong at once. Self-localization system based on reading RFID-tags on floor is robust against changes of lighting condition, obstacles, furniture and doors conditions in the environment. This paper proposes a self-localization method based on multiple RFID readers and dense IC tag textile and shows its validity in a real environment.

Optimization Schemes for Protective Jamming

In this paper, we study strategies for allocating and managing friendly jammers, so as to create virtual barriers that would prevent hostile eavesdroppers from tapping sensitive wireless communication. Our scheme precludes the use of any encryption technique. Applications include domains such as (i) protecting the privacy of storage locations where RFID tags are used for item identification, (ii) secure reading of RFID tags embedded in credit cards, (iii) protecting data transmitted through wireless networks, sensor networks, etc. By carefully managing jammers to produce noise, we show how to reduce the SINR of eavesdroppers to below a threshold for successful reception, without jeopardizing network performance. In this paper, we present algorithms targeted towards optimizing power consumption and number of jammers needed in several settings. Experimental simulations back up our results.

Recent Advances in Wireless Localization Technologies

Most wireless devices manufactured today are equipped with a plurality of sensors and communication capabilities. Handheld devices can nowadays connect through multiple communication networks, such as 3G/LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, WiMax, UWB, etc. They are also capable of sensing the environment, taking still images or videos, finding their location, detecting hand movements via accelerometers, and reading RFID tags. These devices have advanced operating systems capable of sophisticated signal processing and wireless communications. Much research is needed to use the sensing and communication capabilities of the newest generation of wireless devices to build new applications such as real-time youtube or wikis that collect, process, and report live data to public for security, news, or entertainment purposes. Among the applications envisioned for the new technology are vehicular networks, assistive technologies, eHoming (smart home), and the entertainment industry. The powerful capabilities of new smart phones and PDAs motivate new directions in academic research that seek to fully harvest the potential of advanced features for the creation of new network services. Most such emerging services will need the user location, which is not usually trivial to obtain. Interesting applications where location is an important factor for service enabling are assistive technologies, especially for navigation of visually impaired, vehicular safety enhancement, event and situation-aware services, and so on. Despite much effort in recent years on location estimation both using active and passive methods, location estimation remains to be a challenging problem, especially in indoor environments where GPS signal is not available or the GPS location estimate is fairly inaccurate. This special issue tries to address some of the challenges in the location estimation and offer solutions where available. The annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) is one of the premier conferences in the wireless research arena and has a long history of bringing together academia, industry and regulatory bodies. Today, it has become one of the IEEE Communication Society’s flagship conferences in telecommunications. The 22nd IEEE PIMRC was held successfully in Toronto, Canada, from September 11 to 14, 2011, where over 600 researchers met to share their latest research results in wireless technologies. In this special issue, we have compiled the extended versions of the best papers on localization from this conference as well as a few invited papers from well-known experts in this field. The invited authors have done an excellent job in substantially extending the conference version of the papers, which significantly improved the quality of the manuscripts. The objective of this special issue is to provide the readers a timely perspective on the exciting new developments in the field of wireless localization technologies. The first paper, ‘‘A Comprehensive Tutorial on Localization: Algorithms and Performance Analysis Tools’’ by Davide Macagnano, Giuseppe Destino, and Giuseppe Abreu, was originally presented at PIMRC 2011 as a tutorial. The authors diligently converted the half-day tutorial presentation into a long tutorial article to provide a comprehensive view of technological solutions and theoretical fundamentals of localization and tracking (LT) systems for wireless S. Valaee Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada e-mail: valaee@comm.utoronto.ca

A Novel Reader Architecture Based on UWB Chirp Signal Interrogation for Multiresonator-Based Chipless RFID Tag Reading

A very low-cost RFID reader architecture comprised of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), a mixer, and a low-pass filter (LPF) for reading an ultra-wideband chipless RFID tag is proposed. The VCO generates a linear chirp (swept) frequency interrogation signal. The reader, which is a coherent frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar, interrogates a tag and decodes the tag's identification data in both amplitude and phase information. A signal-processing technique based on Hilbert transform (HT) is used and accurate detection of a 9-b tag is achieved. The new reader needs only one VCO and does not need any calibration tag to decode data as needed for its predecessors.

COMPACT PRINTABLE ORIENTATION INDEPENDENT CHIPLESS RFID TAG

A novel design concept of a compact printable orientation independent chipless RFID tag is presented. The tag consists of a circular patch loaded with multiple slot ring resonators. This symmetric frequency domain based tag has the advantage to be read from any orientation with the reader antennas. The tag can be read in close proximity by chipless RFID tag reader with waveguide(s) and also can be read in both near fleld and far-fleld of the RFID tag reader with antennas. This tag does not have a ground plane and has higher data density compared to the existing printable chipless tags. The usability of this single sided tag in close proximity is verifled by waveguide measurements for both proximity applications such as on ID access cards, item level tagging etc. and slot reading application such as on banknotes, credit cards etc.

Reducing reader collision for mobile RFID

Mobile RFID, the technology of a cellular phone equipped with a RFID reader, allows users to read RFID tags anywhere. However, signals from more than two readers can interfere with one another, i.e., reader collision problem; reliable tag reading is necessary. This paper proposes GENTLE protocol to use beacon messages and multi-channel for increasing throughput. GENTLE protocol can also put tag ID information into the beacon message and share it among close readers. In addition, we suggest LSWBT protocol that reduces reader collision without beacon messages. Simulation results show that GENTLE and LSWBT protocols outperform existing reader anti-collision protocols.

RFID 기반의 농산물 생산이력정보 제공 시스템

Agricultural products are one of the major food, But in recent years, It`s not easy for Consumers to buy them. Cause there are not sure about the quality of the cheap foreign agricultural product imported. There are not even sure where they have been produced, Some excessive use of domestic pesticides, And Environmental pollution caused by soil contamination of plantation, It`s not only matter with the conscience of the Sellers and producers. The government recommends agricultural producers to attach the mark to identify where the products are made originally. However, if producers do not comply with the recommendation, it become useless. Recently, because of the increased interest to health and food, Consumers want accurate and reliable information about The agricultural products, They buy. In this paper, Based on the RFID technology, RFID tags attached to agricultural products when consumers buy, Through the RFID reader to read RFID tags, Which make Easy to accurately convey Production of agricultural information and safety information to consumers. These features have been implemented with the traceability system.

Multi-field relations in designing for short-range RFID

Multi-field inputs are techniques driven by multiple short-range RFID-enabled artifacts like RFID-tags and RFID-tag readers. The technology is useful for designers so as to enable the construction ...

Lightweight Props on the Weak Security of EPC Class-1 Generation-2 Standard

In 2006 EPCglobal and the International Organization for Standards (ISO) ratified the EPC Class-1 Generation-2 (Gen-2) [1] and the ISO 18000-6C standards [2], respectively. These efforts represented major advancements in the direction of universal standardization for low-cost RFID tags. However, a cause for concern is that security issues do not seem to be properly addressed. In this paper, we propose a new lightweight RFID tag-reader mutual authentication scheme for use under the EPCglobal framework. The scheme is based on previous work by Konidala and Kim [3]. We attempt to mitigate the weaknesses observed in the original scheme and, at the same time, consider other possible adversarial threats as well as constraints on low-cost RFID tags requirements.

Practical attacks on a mutual authentication scheme under the EPC Class-1 Generation-2 standard

The EPC Class-1 Generation-2 RFID standard provides little security, as has been shown in previous works such as [S. Karthikeyan, M. Nesterenko, RFID security without extensive cryptography, in: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, 2005, pp. 63–67; D.N. Duc, J. Park, H. Lee, K. Kim, Enhancing security of EPCglobal Gen-2 RFID tag against traceability and cloning, in: The 2006 Symposium on Cryptography and Information Security, 2006; H.Y. Chien, C.H. Chen, Mutual authentication protocol for RFID conforming to EPC Class 1 Generation 2 standards, Computer Standards & Interfaces 29 (2007) 254–259; P. Peris-Lopez, J.C. Hernandez-Castro, J.M. Estevez-Tapiador, A. Ribagorda, Cryptanalysis of a novel authentication protocol conforming to EPC-C1G2 standard, in: Proceedings of Int’l Conference on RFID Security (RFIDSec)’07, Jul 2007; T.L. Lim, T. Li, Addressing the weakness in a lightweight RFID tag-reader mutual authentication scheme, in Proceedings of the IEEE Int’l Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM) 2007, Nov 2007, pp. 59–63]. In particular, the security of an RFID tag’s access and kill passwords is almost non-existent. Konidala and Kim recently proposed a new mutual authentication scheme [D.M. Konidala, Z. Kim, K. Kim, A simple and cost-effective RFID tag-reader mutual authentication scheme, in: Proceedings of Int’l Conference on RFID Security (RFIDSec)’07, Jul 2007, pp. 141–152] – an improved version of their first attempt [D.M. Konidala, K. Kim, RFID tag-reader mutual authentication scheme utilizing tag’s access password, Auto-ID Labs White Paper WP-HARDWARE-033, Jan 2007] – in which a tag’s access and kill passwords are used for authentication. In this paper, we show that the new scheme continues to present serious security flaws. The 16 least significant bits of the access password can be obtained with probability 2 - 2 , and the 16 most significant bits with a probability greater than 2 - 5 . Finally, we show how an attacker can recover the entire kill password with probability 2 - 2 .

A framework for fast RFID tag reading in static and mobile environments

A framework for reducing the average reading time of passive RFID tags in dense environments is introduced. The proposed framework termed Accelerated Frame Slotted ALOHA (AFSA) can be used in conjunction with almost all RFID tag reading protocols that are based on frame slotted ALOHA. It is shown that AFSA reduces the tag reading time by avoiding the wastage in bit times due to collisions and idle slots. The implementation of AFSA in conjunction with two different ALOHA protocols – one with unlimited frame sizes and the other with limited frame sizes is discussed. For both these protocols, extensions of AFSA to read passive tags in a mobile setting are described. Simulation results show that AFSA reduces the average tag reading time by up to 40% with respect to the stand alone ALOHA protocols under both static and mobile settings.

Mining spatio-temporal patterns in object mobility databases

With the increasing use of wireless communication devices and the ability to track people and objects cheaply and easily, the amount of spatio-temporal data is growing substantially. Many of these applications cannot easily locate the exact position of objects, but they can determine the region in which each object is contained. Furthermore, the regions are fixed and may vary greatly in size. Examples include mobile/cell phone networks, RFID tag readers and satellite tracking. This demands techniques to mine such data. These techniques must also correct for the bias produced by different sized regions. We provide a comprehensive definition of Spatio-Temporal Association Rules (STARs) that describe how objects move between regions over time. We also present other patterns that are useful for mobility data; stationary regions and high traffic regions. The latter consists of sources, sinks and thoroughfares. These patterns describe important temporal characteristics of regions and we show that they can be considered as special STARs. We define spatial support to effectively deal with the problem of different sized regions. We provide an efficient algorithm--STAR-Miner--to find these patterns by exploiting several pruning properties.

ＲＦＩＤタグを用いたコミュニケーションロボットによる科学館での展示案内

This paper reports about an interactive humanoid robots, Robovie, that work in a science museum where visitors are supposed to study and grow interests toward science. Each visitor wore an RFID tag, and looked around exhibits in the museum. Robovie has an implemented function for an autonomous interaction as free-play [1] . Moreover, it obtains its exact position, visitors' positions, and their moving history in the museum from ubiquitous sensor networks, including RFID tag readers, recording cameras and infrared cameras. It performs exhibits-guiding by moving around to several exhibits and explaining these exhibits based on the sensor information, in addition to the freeplay interaction. We compared the effect of the exhibits-guiding and the free-play interaction under three operating conditions. As a result, the free-play interaction and exhibits-guiding contributed to promote visitors' interests for science, while Robovie mostly received higher subjective impression, which is probably due to its novelty.

Field distributions and RFID reading within metallic roll cages

The performance of RFID tag reading is assessed within roll cages. The insertion loss of a cage side is simulated along with the field distribution within a complete cage and read measurements are taken and mapped for a horizontal plane inside a physical cage. Frequency diversity for multi-frequency tags is proposed as a method of reading within standing wave nulls.

Virtual product design case study: the Nokia RFID tag reader

Nokia used the Cybelius Maestro tool to build the virtual prototypes. It was already using Maestro for building simulations on Nokia's Series 60 mobile phone platform. For the RFID tag reader product, the Cybelius Maestro tool allowed Nokia to study usable product concepts given the RFID techniques and Series 60 application model. The basic idea of reading from and writing to an RFID tag is not detailed enough for conceptualizing a new product until it is put into the context of an actual implementation environment. Simulations with virtual prototypes offer this detail.