RF Transmitter Research Articles

Intelligent Bicycle Race Monitoring System Using IoT

Internet of Things (IoT) plays a pivotal role in easing the work of people. Internet of Things is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. The unique identifiers mentioned above are RF transmitters, which use electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. Using RF technology, we will decrease manually achieved workloads considerably and RF technology is universal, useful, and efficient. The microcontroller is used to extract information from the RF transmitter and send it to the system with the help of a Wi-Fi module. By incorporating these technologies, it helps us in tracking the bicycles and do the required analysis. This project is primarily designed to monitor bicycles in a bicycle club. It is used to identify the location of bicycles that are used within a particular area. The hardware architecture consists of a transmitter, RF receiver, microcontroller, Wi-Fi module, Web server, and database server. The web server and database server are located in the master station. The RF transmitters are distributed around an open area. They are programmed with a unique ID for each bicycle. The communication between the tag reader and the webserver is done via microcontroller and Wi-Fi modules.

Motion based message carrier for disabled people

We come across many disabled people in NGO’s and hospitals. These people find difficult to convey message as they cannot make full body movement like normal people. Looking at such condition we tried to make a system which can be used to convey messages on behalf of such people. This system give different messages by simple movement of hand of the person. The device is placed on person’s hand so the he can tilt it in particular direction. By tilting the device in different direction in a specified range of angle different messages are displayed. Here an accelerometer is used to measure the tilt. The data from the accelerometer is then passed to the microcontroller. The microcontroller takes the information, process the data and shows the particular message depending on the tilt by the person. The microcontroller send data to a LCD screen and desired message is displayed. On the receiver side along with LCD screen a buzzer is also present and in gets on as soon as it receives signal from the accelerometer. On person’s hand the device consists of an RF transmitter which is used to transfer the data signal in encoded form. On the receiving end the RF receiver gets the data from the transmitter and then decodes it and which is then passed to the microcontroller for reading the data, processing the data and responding to it.

A 2.5-nW Radio Platform With an Internal Wake-Up Receiver for Smart Contact Lens Using a Single Loop Antenna

The human eye has been considered to be a promising platform for real-time diagnosis of various biomarkers in tears. The smart contact lens (SCL), as a device which directly accesses surface of human eye, is a miniaturized autonomous system integrating all the required functions on the surface of a thin film. This article presents the first implementation of a set of radio including a wake-up receiver required for SCL. The system performs RF transmission upon wake-up call using a single loop antenna. The receiver path has a baseline-tracking offset control loop to successfully detect wakeup signal in the standby state under noisy environment. The operating frequencies for uplink and downlink are 346 and 433 MHz, respectively. A magnetic-coupled wireless charging of an OFF-chip battery is also provided through the same loop antenna. The designed IC is fabricated using 0.18- μm CMOS process, consuming a power of 2.5 nW in wakeup-ready standby state. The IC is also verified with a loop antenna and a thin-film battery integrated on a substrate of SCL.

Development of a smart walking stick for visually impaired people

One of the major issue faced by blind people are moving from one place to another. Also they get stress while walking along bad conditions of the road. All the time, they are alerted by others to avoid obstacles, staircases and wet terrain. This paper addresses the above issues of blind people with the intervention of technology. Also proffer the development of an electronic stick for blind person to assist them gain self-sufficiency. In the proposed model, an electronic stick was consolidated with an ultrasonic transducer, water circuit and RF transmitter and receiver module. The ultrasonic sensor will sense the obstacle within the span and notify the blind person with the help of buzzer. The water circuit when acquire with the water, it get short circuited and make buzzer to sound. Also, provides a way to find the misplaced stick in indoor. When the person presses the button in the remote, the stick will notify the blind person to realize the stick. Since this is simple, economical and not substantial, one can hold it easily. The prototype model was implemented and the entire setup functions were controlled by using the Arduino ATMEGA 328-PU microcontroller.

Design of a Compact Solar Cell Meshed Antenna for WLAN/WIMAX Application

Patch antenna is a low-profile antenna that has a number of advantages, low cost, light weight,easy to feed and their attractive radiation characteristics. For aWiMAX communication system, a microstrip patch antenna which operates at 2.76 GHz frequency band was presented in this work. The hybrid system solar cell antenna allows energy recovery as well as RF Transmission. A simulation process, withMATLAB, is used to determine the electrical power collected by the studied system as a photovoltaic cell. As a antenna, parameters such as gain, directivity, radiation pattern and radiated power were studied. Simulation results, showed a resonance frequency of the antenna at 2.76 GHz with an effective return loss of -18.64dB and a gain of 6.58dBi. Thereafter, an optical rectenna based on a solar cell antenna was proposed and studied.

An intensive approach to optimize capacitive type RF MEMS shunt switch

Optimization of the RF MEMS switch is essential to enhance its performance characteristics at high frequency Millimeterwave applications. Many optimization techniques have been proposed based on design factors and output responses but not confined with the resonant frequency of RF transmission signal. In this paper, a novel optimization technique is proposed using Multiphysics FEM simulations based on electromagnetic and electromechanical studies. A novel Capacitive type of RF MEMS shunt switch is designed by using iterative meander technique and optimized at the resonant frequency of 41 ​GHz which can efficiently used for millimeter wave applications up to 60 ​GHz. The proposed optimization model which is a novel bottom – up approach consists of intermediate steps for optimization of various layers of switch from substrate to beam. The CPW transmission line with 60/100/60 as G/S/G and having 0.5 ​μm as thickness is considered to allow the frequencies up to 60 ​GHz. The width of the suspended Beam of switch is optimized to obtain up-state capacitance of 37 ​fF which allows the RF signal at 41 ​GHz. Parametric analysis has been carried out to obtain optimized thickness of each layer. Two types of switches other than Fixed – Fixed beam are designed using meandering technique to reduce pull in voltage. Among these the proposed Iterative meander switch shows very low pull in voltage of 1.4 ​V and also shows good return loss of −48.9 ​dB at 41 ​GHz and high isolation of −48.42 ​dB at 38 ​GHz. The proposed switches which are optimized at 41 ​GHz does not contains the perforations and suffers from serious stiction problems at downstate. Hence, perforations are introduced in switch membrane and fabricated using surface micromachining technology. The optimized iterative meander switch shows low pull – in voltage of 1.85 ​V which is closely approximated to the simulated value.

Design of ECU for Automatic Headlight Beam Control during City Driving

Automating the task of high beam switching will significantly reduce glare from oncoming vehicles and thus improving night time driving safety. To avoid temporary blindness and glare from oncoming vehicles, automatic high beam controller is developed by using an RF transmitter and receiver to control the high beam of the vehicle to low beam automatically while entering cities. This can be achieved by fixing RF transmitter at starting points of cities. Once a vehicle enters the city, the light beam control ECU in the vehicles receives signal from RF transmitter and the light beam of headlight of the vehicle is automatically switched to a low beam. Once the vehicle leaves the city by crossing RF transmitter the user input is enabled by ECU and the driver can change the beam either high or low manually according to his need. The circuit has been designed and simulated in the Proteus software and accurate switching of the high beam is achieved. This proposed system shows better performance, which will result in safe and glare-free driving at night times.

Organ-specific, multimodal, wireless optoelectronics for high-throughput phenotyping of peripheral neural pathways

The vagus nerve supports diverse autonomic functions and behaviors important for health and survival. To understand how specific components of the vagus contribute to behaviors and long-term physiological effects, it is critical to modulate their activity with anatomical specificity in awake, freely behaving conditions using reliable methods. Here, we introduce an organ-specific scalable, multimodal, wireless optoelectronic device for precise and chronic optogenetic manipulations in vivo. When combined with an advanced, coil-antenna system and a multiplexing strategy for powering 8 individual homecages using a single RF transmitter, the proposed wireless telemetry enables low cost, high-throughput, and precise functional mapping of peripheral neural circuits, including long-term behavioral and physiological measurements. Deployment of these technologies reveals an unexpected role for stomach, non-stretch vagal sensory fibers in suppressing appetite and demonstrates the durability of the miniature wireless device inside harsh gastric conditions.

Identification and Prevention of Accidents Using Smart Helmet and GPS System

In each one hour 17 people are dying in India because of street mishaps. According to the administration report practically 1.5 lacks people are passed on street mishaps in 2017.Most of mishaps is bikes in view of person not worn helmet and consuming alcohol. So in this proposed framework if the rider isn’t worn helmet or consumes any alcoholic substance is distinguished, the bike will not start. In addition, it has a smart feature to identifying accidents and sends SMS to rescue vehicle, police headquarters and family members with location by using GSM and GPS module, thus aiding ambulance to reach the correct location. We want to integrate all the sensors inside the helmet, which will send the all the data to the receiver connected in motorcycle wirelessly. This brilliant head protector framework comprises of two modules, one is head protector(transmitter) and another one is bike (receiver). Alcohol sensor, IR sensor and ultrasonic sensor are associated inside the helmet unit and vibration sensor, GPS and GSM are connected in vehicle unit. The transmitting and receiving unit communicate wirelessly using RF transmitter and receiver, using arduino.

Design of Dual Copter for Surveillance Applications

In this paper, an innovative design model of autonomous aerial vehicle is designed and fabricated with dual rotor setup. Nowadays, innovative unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely required for surveillance, monitoring, data collection, reconnaissance and generally in places where humans face hazardous. In this model and design of UAVs, aero dynamic principles are adopted through reasonable design considerations and assumptions. Most of the researchers and academicians are currently pursuing research on AVs with various structures, wing designs, fabrication methods, controllers and materials to increase the efficeincy as well as for various applications. In this proposed work, an effort is made to design and fabricate the dual copter with wide moving ranges for surveillance applications in military intelligence system. This proposed design will be suited for all environmental conditions to collect the data as well as monitoring the system. Dual copter chassis are fabricated using 3D printer after the validation and analysis the proposed design using Solidworks CAD tool. The chassis are fabricated with the provision of space where the required sensors, actuators and controllers can be assembled. Lithium polymer batteries are employed to achieve the better performance for copter. The fabricated setup is integrated with radio frequency controller to achieve the flight control through RF transmitter. Hence the performance of the fabricated device is validated and analyzed through various performance measures of dual copter.

Wireless Red Signal Alerting System for Trains

Human inadequacy and human mistake have been the great reason behind numerous train crashes in India. The primary point of this venture is to forestall train crash and train impact utilizing remote correspondence. Our gadget is helpful for train driver. To keep up the train traffic, enormous amounts of signs are required at pre- set distances. Customarily, a train driver needs to hold a nonstop watch for any red signals that may show on the post. The train driver then, at that point decides if to end or to continue on his assigned course based on these signs. In any case, it's irksome for the drivers to have an eye out for any visual image. To make life for train drivers and the maintenance laborers also less complex, engineers have concocted a sharp innovation called as remote red sign cautioning for trains. Railway line networks are the greatest transportation networks utilized around the world. Dealing with and overseeing a particularly immense organization is certainly not a simple assignment. The rail network comprises of a great deal of intersections and huge measure of signs on set distances to deal with the train stream. So here we propose a programmed cautioning framework that alarms the driver of any red sign ahead. Our framework chips away at the premise of Rf technology. At whatever point a sign becomes red, it's anything but a rf transmitter fitted in it. The transmitter continually sends rf signals educating about a red sign. Presently every train needs a recipient circuit on it. The recipient circuit when comes surprisingly close to the rf transmitter, it gets the info and sends it to the Arduino. The Arduino then, at that point measures this information to alarm the driver about the sign ahead.

Tyre Pressure Monitoring System

The Tyre Pressure Monitoring System which is used today indicates only whether the air pressure in any of the tyres is below a particular level of safety. This avoidable signal has made it possible for the statistical death rate to come up to 650 deaths per year. This project displays values through continuous monitoring. Therefore, this research proposed a method to cumulate the various factors of the tyre and to display it to the driver for a safer experience. The proposed TPMS has an electronic device unit that is attached to the tyre and transmits the values of the pressure, temperature, and the wheel alignment to the unit to be placed inside the vehicle, observable to the driver. This unit includes pressure sensors, microcontrollers, RF transmission, and batteries. An alert is introduced which indicates if the pressure exceeds the maximum or minimum safe pressure level. Several experiments have been carried out to analyze the proposed system. The integrated TPMS has proven to be an effective alternative to maintain the tyres and aims to improve the comfort and safety of the driver.

Efficient model for IoT based railway crack detection system

Abstract In present’s world, transport is a key requirement. The fourth biggest railway set of connections in India is the human race. This paper discuss about the detection of crack in a railway track. In previous methods GPS module and the GSM modem were used. It leads to high cost. The effective railway crack detection system utilizing the simple components inclusive of a RF transmitter and receiver, LED –LDR set up. It has low cost compared to the existing techniques. In this paper LED and LDR assembly is utilized to find out the crack in a railway track. RF is an obvious option for message, because it allows more information to be transferred at high speed and over long remoteness. Here the sensor data is transferred to control room or monitoring unit. In this paper we proposed an IoT Based crack detection system using LED-LDR assembly, RF transceiver include autonomous power unit using solar powered battery.

Numerical Modeling of the Exposure on Radiofrequency Radiation of Marine Mammal Observers During Their Shift: A Case Study

Following the standard numerical modeling approach for Electromagnetic Field (EMF) radiation exposure prediction, we intend to provide an analytical framework to Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs) for dynamic risk assessment; enhancing thus occupational health and safety awareness. The analysis is based on power levels and antenna characteristics reported by MMOs for two systems (VHF and UHF) located close to the working environment. Whilst occupational exposure limits apply for MMOs, as for the rest crew (seismic and maritime), evaluation of exposure levels against general public limits is presented as well. At present we have restricted our study to single-source radiation, as well as we did not consider any irregularities due to system malfunction. The worst-case scenario of continuous RF transmission was considered. Risk assessment indicated regions where radiation exposure is higher than the permissible limits. Uncertainty due to the operational environment is inserted in methodology using an uncertainty coefficient. A list of control measures is proposed, to support both MMO’s and Operators’ decision making.

Design of patterned fluorine-doped tin oxide for radome de-icing heater

We suggested microwave transparent heaters by using a patterned fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). The pattern is a continuous waveform, and the DC voltage is applied for Joule heating. While the pattern of conductive materials is mostly associated with electromagnetic behavior, this study extends its potential application to thermodynamics. Especially for radome applications, the microwave transparent heater is able to remove the ice accretion on the radome surface in order to prevent not only aerodynamic instability, but also communicative failure. The characteristics of the RF transmission and saturation temperature, which are the key parameters of FTO as a conductive material, were investigated by using numerical simulation and an experiment. A reasonable agreement between the measurements and the numerical simulations was achieved. This multi-functional waveform-patterned FTO has both X-band transparency and Joule heating performance so that it can be a cornerstone for electromagnetic and thermal applications.

Arduino Based Voice Controlled Robot Vehicle

This project was developed in a way that the robot is controlled by voice commands. An android application with a microcontroller is used for required tasks. The connection between the android app and the vehicle is facilitated with Bluetooth technology. The robot is controlled by buttons on the application or by spoken commands of the user. The movement of the robot is facilitated by the two dc servo motors connected with microcontroller at the receiver side. The commands from the application is converted in to digital signals by the Bluetooth RF transmitter for an appropriate range (about 100 meters) to the robot. At the receiver end the data gets decoded by the receiver and is fed to the microcontroller which drives the DC motors for the necessary work. The aim of Voice Controlled Robotic Vehicle is to perform the required task by listening to the commands of the user. A prior preparatory session is needed for the smooth operation the robot by the user. For the same a code is used for giving instruction to the controller.

RF-Automatic Traffic Clearance System for Ambulance using Raspberry Pi

Traffic congestion is the one of the reason for accidents and delay for ambulance journey to save patients life. Due to that ambulances reach the hospital. To avoid this problem and providing solution for this we designing a smart and easily transporting system. The proposed system implemented with RF transmitter module activation. When the RF receiver signal receives the data then second section receive the data through RF receiver and turn traffic signals to green. The proposed approach is fully automated controlling the traffic lights thereby helping to reach the hospital in time. By using RF technology it can sends the data to traffic system when the ambulance vehicle is art longer distance then traffic automatically turns to clear traffic for this vehicle. Then only the emergency vehicle is quickly served and can reach the destination in time.

A 24-GHz RF Transmitter in 65-nm CMOS for In-Cabin Radar Applications

A 24-GHz direct-conversion transmitter is proposed for in-cabin radar applications. The proposed RF transmitter consists of an I/Q up-conversion mixer, an I/Q local (LO) oscillator generator, and a power amplifier. To improve the linearity of the I/Q up-conversion mixer, an inverter transconductor with third-order intermodulation (IM3) distortion cancellation is proposed. To improve the I/Q balancing performance of the I/Q LO generator, a poly-phase filter, including parasitic line inductance, is proposed. By employing a highly linear I/Q up-conversion mixer and a balanced I/Q LO generator, the 24-GHz direct-conversion transmitter achieves high linearity and I/Q balancing characteristics. It is fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process and consumes 150 mW. It shows an OP1dB of 8.6 dBm, an LO leakage of −48 dBc, and an image rejection ratio of −49 dBc for the entire operating band from 24 GHz to 24.5 GHz.

A Time-Approximation Filter for Direct RF Transmitter

This article presents a highly programmable time-approximation filter (TAF) that can be embedded in a direct RF transmitter architecture. The proposed filter technique approximates the impulse response of a finite impulse response (FIR) filter with a modulated LO waveform, leading to an equivalent RF bandpass filtering during the frequency up-conversion process. The silicon prototype in 65-nm CMOS achieves an error vector magnitude (EVM) performance of -42 dB for a 20-MHz, 256-QAM signal and -43 dB for a 10-MHz, 1024-QAM signal at 2.4 GHz. Due to TAF, the out-of-band noise floor achieves -158 dBc/Hz at a 100-MHz frequency offset.

A New Smart CMOS Image Sensor with On-Chip Neuro-Fuzzy Bleeding Detection System for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy.

Background:In this paper, we have presented a new custom smart CMOS image sensor (CIS) for low power wireless capsule endoscopy.Method:The proposed new smart CIS includes a 256 × 256 current mode pixels array with a new on-chip adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system that has been used to diagnosing bleeding images. We use a new pinned photodiode to realize the current mode of active pixels in the standard CMOS process. The proposed chip has been implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS 1P6M TSMC RF technology with a die area of 7 mm × 8 mm.Results and Conclusion:A built-in smart bleeding detection system on CIS leads to decrease in the RF transmitter power consumption near zero. The average power dissipation of the proposed smart CIS is 610 μW.