RF Applications Research Articles

Indium Phosphide Semiconductor Technology for Next-Generation Communication Systems: Sustainability and Material Considerations

Indium phosphide (InP) semiconductor technology is being explored for radiofrequency (RF) applications, targeting frequencies exceeding 100 GHz, to support the next generation of 6G communication systems. When taking into account sustainability in designing this future generation, growing concerns are emerging regarding the environmental impact of communication networks and the reliance on raw materials for the production of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The extraction, processing, and manufacturing of such materials and semiconductor technologies result in environmental impacts, but these impacts remain insufficiently documented. Firstly, this study evaluates the environmental impacts of manufacturing indium phosphide (InP) wafers based on industrial data and those of InP-based heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) based on early-stage research data. Secondly, this study attempts to highlight the challenges posed by the increasing demand for high-tech solutions, involving raw materials, by evaluating the potential demand for indium for RF 6G applications, with a deployment scenario.

Comprehensive analysis of In0.53Ga0.47As SOI-FinFET for enhanced RF/wireless performance

This paper comprehensively analyses the RF (Radio Frequency) and wireless performance characteristics of high-k In0.53Ga0.47As silicon-on-insulator FinFET (InGaAs-SOI-FinFET). Firstly, the fundamental operating principles and unique features of InGaAs-SOI-FinFET are discussed, highlighting their three-dimensional fin structure and improved electrostatic control, which contributes to enhanced electrostatic integrity and reduced leakage currents compared to traditional CMOS technologies. The linearity performance of InGaAs-SOI-FinFET focuses on parameters such as third-order intercept point (IP3) and linearity metrics in analog circuits. The influence of device geometry, biasing schemes, and operating conditions on linearity characteristics and strategies for enhancing linearity while maintaining high-frequency performance is examined. Subsequently, an in-depth analysis of the RF performance metrics, such as fT, fMAX, TFP, GFP and GTFP. Thus, emerging trends and challenges in leveraging InGaAs-SOI-FinFET for RF and linearity-critical applications include circuit design, process integration, and reliability considerations.

Safety and efficacy of a temperature-controlled ablation system for ventricular tachycardia: Results from the TRAC-VT study.

Catheter ablation using radiofrequency (RF) energy is an established treatment for ventricular tachycardia (VT). Tissue temperature is a key determinant of successful lesion creation, and yet, it is difficult to measure during conventional RF ablation because of the cooling effect of high-flow rate saline irrigation. The TRAC-VT study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a novel irrigated RF ablation system modulating power based on real-time tissue temperature. Patients with sustained monomorphic VT and structural heart disease (SHD) were enrolled. Catheter ablation was performed in temperature-control mode (irrigation 8 ml/min, temperature set-points 55 or 60 °C, and power output ≤ 50 W), with RF applications for ≤ 45 s. The primary safety endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular-specific serious procedure-related adverse events within 30 days post-ablation. The primary effectiveness endpoint was acute success (i.e., non-inducibility of all clinically relevant VTs). Thirty-eight patients were enrolled with monomorphic VT (age 68 ± 12 years and 84% male), with an average of 1.7 ± 1.2 VTs targeted per patient. In total, 41 ± 23 RF applications per patient were delivered. Acute procedural success was 100% (95% CI, 91-100%). No primary safety endpoints were observed. Six-month follow-up was completed in 92% of patients with 81% (95% CI, 65-91%) freedom from sustained or treated VT. A repeat ablation was performed in three patients. Ablation of VT in SHD, using a temperature-controlled irrigated RF catheter, was safe and effective with a low rate of VT recurrence at 6 months.

Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia from Right Ventricular Aneurysms in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Guided by Intracardiac Echocardiography.

The best approach for ablating ventricular tachycardia (VT) targeting right ventricular free wall (RVFW) aneurysms in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) remains undefined. We aimed to describe the technical approach, safety and long-term efficacy of endocardial ablation of VT originating from RVFW aneurysms in ARVC patients. We identified ARVC patients with VT mapped to Intracardiac Echocardiography (ICE)-defined RVFW aneurysms who underwent endocardial ablation targeting the aneurysmal area. RVFW aneurysm on ICE was defined as an akinetic/dyskinetic area with diastolic bulging. The primary ablation endpoint was VT control defined as freedom from any or multiple (>1) VT recurrences. From 2012 to 2023, 14 ARVC patients underwent endocardial VT ablation within ICE-defined RVFW aneurysms. The median age at first arrhythmia event was 55.5years (IQR 32.3-59.8years). Pathogenic genetic variants were identified in 82% of the patients. Ablation inside the RV aneurysms during ICE monitoring used prolonged radiofrequency applications (median 111 seconds, IQR 81 - 180 seconds), with power titrated up to 29W (IQR 29-33W) to achieve 10-15% impedance drops. No steam pops occurred. VT non-inducibility was achieved in 86% with no complications. During median follow-up of 4.3years (IQR 3.1-6.0years), the primary endpoint was achieved in 13 patients (93%): 10 VT-free, and 3 with a single episode of VT. Endocardial ablation targeting VT from ICE-defined RVFW aneurysms in ARVC patients using prolonged RF applications is safe and effective, precluding the need for adjunctive epicardial ablation. Patients with aneurysm-dependent VT were typically older and carried pathogenic genetic variants.

Photonic-frequency-interleaving-enabled broadband receiver with high reconfigurability and scalability

The photonic frequency-interleaving (PFI) technique has shown great potential for broadband signal acquisition, effectively overcoming the challenges of clock jitter and channel mismatch in the conventional time-interleaving paradigm. However, current comb-based PFI schemes have complex system architectures and face challenges in achieving large bandwidth, dense channelization, and flexible reconfigurability simultaneously, which impedes practical applications. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a broadband PFI scheme with high reconfigurability and scalability by exploiting multiple free-running lasers for dense spectral slicing with high crosstalk suppression. A dedicated system model is developed through a comprehensive analysis of the system non-idealities, and a cross-channel signal reconstruction algorithm is developed for distortion-free signal reconstruction, based on precise calibrations of intra- and inter-channel impairments. The system performance is validated through the reception of multi-format broadband signals, both digital and analog, with a detailed evaluation of signal reconstruction quality, achieving inter-channel phase differences of less than 2°. The reconfigurability and scalability of the scheme are demonstrated through a dual-band radar imaging experiment and a three-channel interleaving implementation with a maximum acquisition bandwidth of 4 GHz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a practical radio-frequency (RF) application enabled by PFI. Our work provides an innovative solution for next-generation software-defined broadband RF receivers.

Prediction of Ablation Index and Lesion Size Index for Local Impedance Drop-Guided Ablation

(1) Background: The effectiveness of RF ablation for PVI depends on the lesion location and size to achieve continuous and durable lesion lines. AI and LSI are widely accepted lesion metrics for guiding the ablation procedure. LI dynamics is another parameter that guides PVI and does not rely on input variables. Limited data are available on a direct comparison between lesion metrics. Our study aims to compare RF application durations and influencing factors during index-guided (AI and LSI) and LI-guided approaches by predicting lesion metrics using machine learning. (2) Methods: While the coefficients in AI and LSI formulas are not disclosed, we trained custom machine-learning models based on Random Forest and Gradient Boosting Regressors to predict AI and LSI metrics for LI-guided ablations. (3) Results: The median RF application durations differed significantly between the lesion metrics, with 7.32, 19.91, and 11.92 s for AI-, LSI-, and LI-guided procedures, respectively. Mean CF was found to be an important predictor of RF application duration for the AI- and LSI-guided approaches. (4) Conclusions: Depending on the metric used, the significant differences in RF application durations suggest that an AI-guide approach may allow for shorter RF application durations, followed by LSI-guided and LI-guided procedures. Further studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these results in a clinical setting.

Probing Non-Equilibrium Pair-Breaking and Quasiparticle Dynamics in Nb Superconducting Resonators Under Magnetic Fields

We conducted a comprehensive study of the non-equilibrium dynamics of Cooper pair breaking, quasiparticle (QP) generation, and relaxation in niobium (Nb) cut from superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities, as well as various Nb resonator films from transmon qubits. Using ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy, we were able to isolate the superconducting coherence and pair-breaking responses. Our results reveal both similarities and notable differences in the temperature- and magnetic-field-dependent dynamics of the SRF cavity and thin-film resonator samples. Moreover, femtosecond-resolved QP generation and relaxation under an applied magnetic field reveals a clear correlation between non-equilibrium QPs and the quality factor of resonators fabricated by using different deposition methods, such as DC sputtering and high-power impulse magnetron sputtering. These findings highlight the pivotal influence of fabrication techniques on the coherence and performance of Nb-based quantum devices, which are vital for applications in superconducting qubits and high-energy superconducting radio-frequency applications.

Effect of Sequential, Colocalized Radiofrequency and Pulsed Field Ablation on Cardiac Lesion Size and Histology.

Sequential application of radiofrequency with pulsed field (PF) ablation may increase lesion depth while preserving the advantages of PF. The study's aim was to determine lesion dimensions of sequential, colocalized radiofrequency and PF ablation. A preclinical study using swine (n=4) performed lesions in the right/left ventricles. Ablations were performed with a force-sensing 3.5-mm irrigated-tip ablation catheter using a generator delivering both radiofrequency and PF. PF was delivered using unipolar, biphasic pulses at a standard dose (PF index, 300) with 4-mL/min irrigation. Radiofrequency was delivered at 50 W for 10 s (15 mL/min). Lesions were created by applying colocalized radiofrequency followed by sequential application of PF on the same location, PF followed by sequential application of radiofrequency on the same location, PF alone, or radiofrequency alone. Tissue was collected after 2 hours for lesion assessment. Results are mean±SD. Forty-five lesions were analyzed. The lesion depth of radiofrequency alone was 4.9±0.8 mm. The mean lesion depth and width for PF alone were 3.5±0.6 and 5.1±1.8 mm. Lesion depths for combined applications were significantly greater versus PF alone (6.2±1.8 mm radiofrequency followed by sequential application of PF on the same location; 5.7±1.3 mm PF followed by sequential application of radiofrequency on the same location; P<0.0001 for both). Lesion widths were also significantly greater with combined therapy versus PF alone (8.6±1.8 mm radiofrequency followed by sequential application of PF on the same location; 8.9±2.1 mm PF followed by sequential application of radiofrequency on the same location; P<0.0001 for both). Histology for both combined lesions showed central thermal necrosis surrounded by a hemorrhagic and transitional PF zone. Combined, colocalized radiofrequency and PF, irrespective of order, show significantly increased lesion size compared with the same dose of PF or radiofrequency alone.

Periodically poled aluminum scandium nitride bulk acoustic wave resonators and filters for communications in the 6G era

Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) filters find applications in radio frequency (RF) communication systems for Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks. In the beyond-5G (potential 6G) era, high-frequency bands (>8 GHz) are expected to require resonators with high-quality factor (Q) and electromechanical coupling (kt2) to form filters with low insertion loss and high selectivity. However, both the Q and kt2 of resonator devices formed in traditional uniform polarization piezoelectric films of aluminum nitride (AlN) and aluminum scandium nitride (AlScN) decrease when scaled beyond 8 GHz. In this work, we utilized 4-layer AlScN periodically poled piezoelectric films (P3F) to construct high-frequency (~17–18 GHz) resonators and filters. The resonator performance is studied over a range of device geometries, with the best resonator achieving a kt2 of 11.8% and a Qp of 236.6 at the parallel resonance frequency (fp) of 17.9 GHz. These resulting figures-of-merit are (FoM1=kt2Qp and FoM2=fpFoM1×10−9) 27.9 and 500, respectively. These and the kt2 are significantly higher than previously reported AlN/AlScN-based resonators operating at similar frequencies. Fabricated 3-element and 6-element filters formed from these resonators demonstrated low insertion losses (IL) of 1.86 and 3.25 dB, and −3 dB bandwidths (BW) of 680 MHz (fractional BW of 3.9%) and 590 MHz (fractional BW of 3.3%) at a ~17.4 GHz center frequency. The 3-element and 6-element filters achieved excellent linearity with in-band input third-order intercept point (IIP3) values of +36 and +40 dBm, respectively, which are significantly higher than previously reported acoustic filters operating at similar frequencies.

Omnipolar mapping versus point-by-point mapping approach for catheter ablation of atrioventricular accessory pathway.

The conventional mapping approach for the atrioventricular accessory pathway (AP) involves point-by-point mapping to identify the connection sites of the AP to the atria or ventricle and accurate interpretation of local electrograms. Omnipolar mapping technology (OMT) explains how vector and wave speed are produced by using both unipolar and bipolar signals to obtain omnipolar signals, directions, and conduction velocity. The aim of this study is to verify the effectiveness of OMT for catheter ablation of AP. The study enrolled 68 patients who underwent catheter ablation of APs between January 2018 and December 2023, of which 35 (OMT group) underwent high-resolution omnipolar mapping and 33 underwent radiofrequency ablation (RF) with a conventional approach (conventional group). The background characteristics and procedural details of these groups were compared. All patients achieved acute success. Any arrhythmia recurrence was observed in one and three patients in the OMT and conventional groups, respectively (p = 0.0501). In the OMT group, AP elimination by the first RF applications (77.1% vs. 48.4%, p = 0.0143), the number of RF applications for eliminating AP (median [IQR]; 1.1 [1.0-3.0] vs. 4.4 [1.0-7.0], p = 0.0012), procedure time (median [IQR], min; 80.1 [72.2-92.7] vs. 112.0 [95.1-125.4], p < 0.01), fluoroscopy time (median [IQR], min; 12.0 [9.5-15.2] vs. 19.8 [13.6-28.1], p < 0.01), and fluoroscopy dose (median [IQR], mGy; 60.9 [45.0-83.5] vs. 129.0 [80.5-360.2], p < 0.01) were significantly lower than in the conventional group. No complications associated with mapping and ablation procedures were observed. The OMT was useful for ablating APs and reducing the number of RF applications and radiation exposure.

An Effective Single-Station Cooperative Node Localization Technique Using Multipath Spatiotemporal Information

Precise cooperative node localization is essential for the application of multifunctional integrated radio frequency (RF) sensor networks in military and civilian domains. Most geometric localization methods commonly rely on observation data from multiple receiving nodes or anchor points with known positions and synchronized clocks, producing complex system architectures and high construction costs. To address this, our paper proposes an effective single-station cooperative node localization technique, where the observation station only requires two antennas for operation. Leveraging prior knowledge of the geometry of surrounding structures, multiple virtual stations (VSs) are constructed by mining the spatiotemporal information contained in the multipath components (MPCs) to realize target positioning. The proposed method consists of two steps. In the first step, an unambiguous dual-antenna direction-finding algorithm is designed to extract the spatial information of MPCs and construct VSs, allowing a preliminary estimate of the source position (SP). In the second step, the path delays are extracted via matched filtering, while the spatiotemporal information is correlated based on the energy distribution for a more precise SP estimation. Simulations and experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm achieves high-precision single-station localization for a collaborative node, with positioning accuracy typically within 0.1 m.

A CPW-Fed Hybrid Polarization-Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna with TCM Analysis for 5G New Radio Frequency Applications

A CPW-Fed Hybrid Polarization-Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna with TCM Analysis for 5G New Radio Frequency Applications

Observation of NMR signals from samples with flat geometry: Application to in-situ analysis of a direct ethanol fuel cell.

Most NMR samples are cylindrical, which is ideal for obtaining high-resolution NMR spectra, especially in superconducting magnets with a vertical bore. However, expanding NMR applicability to samples that are not necessarily cylindrical requires a new approach. In this study, we introduce a method for obtaining solution NMR signals from flat samples, such as flat containers or layered structures like a fuel cell. A flat rectangular NMR coil was developed for RF application and sensitive signal detection, while biplanar shim coils were designed using Bfieldtools and manufactured on multilayered printed circuit boards to improve NMR resolution. Water and ethanol molecules in flat rectangular and flat circular containers, as well as in a direct ethanol fuel cell, were observed with narrow NMR linewidths. We believe that our spectrometer design will enable NMR analysis of samples that need to be contained in flat structures and support in-situ analysis of various devices.

Advantages and Challenges of Graphene Transistors for High-Frequency Applications

Graphene is regarded as an ideal material for next-generation high-frequency (HF) electronic devices, attributed to its unique two-dimensional structure, high carrier mobility, and exceptional electrical properties. In recent years, the limitations of conventional silicon-based technologies for high-frequency applications have become increasingly apparent, resulting in heightened interest in graphene transistors, which exhibit significant potential for applications in wireless communications, radar systems, and terahertz technology. These transistors exhibit high cutoff frequency and low noise characteristics, along with favorable bipolar properties, which provide them with significant advantages in radio frequency (RF) applications. However, despite the significant theoretical advantages of graphene materials, their practical application is still restricted by multiple factors. Specifically, insufficient voltage gain from weak current saturation, material uniformity issues, and large-scale production challenges have restricted the widespread adoption of graphene transistors in high-frequency electronic devices. This paper reviews the relevant literature, examines the disparity between the electrical performance and practical applications of graphene transistors, and identifies the key factors influencing their implementation. The results demonstrate that targeted bandgap engineering, innovative device architectures, and the exploration of new materials can help graphene transistors can mitigate existing challenges and position themselves as key components in future HF electronic devices, driving significant advancements and broader integration of related technologies.

Indium alloying in ε -Ga2O3 for polarization and interfacial charge tuning

Density functional theory was utilized to assess the influence of In alloying on the spontaneous (Psp) and piezoelectric (Ppe) polarization of ε-Ga2O3 heterostructures with In concentrations ranging from 0% to 50%. The analysis demonstrated a decrease in both Psp and Ppe with an increase in In concentration, described by the equations Psp = −9.5947x + 24.81 and Ppe = −0.6217x (where x represents the In concentration, with units in μC/cm2). Additionally, the polarization-induced two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density within ε-InGaO/ε-Ga2O3 heterostructures was examined using a one-dimensional Schrödinger–Poisson solver. An inverse correlation was observed between 2DEG density and epitaxial thickness across all undoped In-alloyed samples. Furthermore, achieving high 2DEG densities (exceeding 1013 cm−2) is significantly facilitated by n-type doping concentrations above 1017 cm−3 in ε-InGaO. These insights not only augment the understanding of polarization effects in ε-Ga2O3 heterostructures but also provide a strategic framework for enhancing 2DEG density in ε-Ga2O3-based devices, which offers significant potential for advancing ε-Ga2O3-based high electron mobility transistors for power and RF applications.

Design and temperature analysis of tree-shaped nanosheet FET for analog and RF applications

Abstract An innovative breakthrough that addresses the shortcomings of FinFET is the use of tree-shaped Nanosheet FET. This study examines the temperature dependence of the performance of 12 nm Tree-shaped NSFET on DC and analog/RF properties using a gate stack of high-k HfO2 and SiO2. From 200 K to 350 K, a detailed DC performance analysis was performed, including the transfer characteristics (ID vs VGS), output characteristics (ID vs VDS), subthreshold swing (SS), and ION/IOFF ratio. Additionally, we examined how temperature influence power consumption, dynamic power, and the ON-OFF performance metric (Q). Having the off current lesser than nA at all the temperatures, the proposed device shows good ION/IOFF switching performance. At an LG of 12 nm, the cutoff frequency (fT) is found to be in the Tera Hz region, and the Q varies from 0.9 to 5.1 μS-dec/mV at temperatures between 200 K and 350 K. Additionally, the impact of IB height (HIB) is investigated at 15–25 nm with the step of 5nm and the impact of IB width (WIB) is investigated at 3 - 5 nm on Tree-shaped NSFET and the impact of variation in the work function is also done in this paper. The effect of scaling with different gate lengths from 20 nm down to 10 nm and its DC characteristics are examined in this paper. The power consumption of the Tree-shaped NSFET increases with temperature. From all these results, the proposed Tree-shaped NSFET shows great potential as a high-frequency competitor at the nanoscale.

Optimization of drying parameters and texture properties of winter jujube slices by radio frequency combined with hot air.

In order to improve the drying quality of winter jujube slices and find the best drying process parameters, RF + HA (radio frequency combined hot air) drying technology was used in this study to study the effects of plate spacing, RF application time, and RF interval time on the quality of winter jujube slices. Vitamin C (VC) content, red and green value (a*), and drying rate (DR) were used as quality indexes, and the changing trend of texture properties was analyzed. According to the conclusion of the single-factor experiment, the orthogonal experiment is carried out, and the parameters of each factor in the orthogonal experiment are optimized by the comprehensive balance method and matrix analysis method. The results showed as follows: (1) Plate spacing, RF application, and interval time all significantly affected the drying properties in the single-factor test (p < 0.05). The VC content of winter jujube slices increased and then decreased with the increase in the three factors. (2) In the orthogonal test, the order of influence of each factor on the quality of the winter jujube tablet is plate spacing > RF interval time > RF application time. The optimum RF heat treatment parameters are plate spacing of 100 mm, RF application time of 3 min, and RF interval time of 2 min. Under these conditions, the VC content of the winter jujube slices was 258.35 mg/100 g, a* was -9.47 and the DR was 0.64 g/min. (3) RF + HA has more advantages in shortening drying time and maintaining shape, reducing hardness by 12.6 ~ 18.7% and crispiness by 13.8 ~ 20.4%, the microstructure of jujube slices shows a regular honeycomb shape. The research results provide a new drying combination mechanism and process optimization scheme for improving the drying technology of winter jujube slices in industrial production.

Design and Application of Radiofrequency and Nanocomposite Packaging for Preservation of Habanero Pepper: Effects of Frequency, Processing Time, and Film Thickness

Design and Application of Radiofrequency and Nanocomposite Packaging for Preservation of Habanero Pepper: Effects of Frequency, Processing Time, and Film Thickness

Effectiveness of Radiofrequency in Treating Pain Associated With Trigeminal Neuralgia in Oncologic Patients.

Introduction In cancer patients, trigeminal neuralgia (TN) has been not only observed in its secondary form but also described as one of the common neuropathic pain syndromes related to cancer. Patients with TN experience a marked reduction in quality of life due to the nature and severity of the pain. Although the standard treatment is microvascular decompression, this approach is not always feasible in oncologic patients. Therefore, radiofrequency (RF) guided by tomography has been described as an ablative intervention that allows achieving immediate pain relief in TN. It is of interest to identify the therapeutic response to pain in oncologic patients treated by this procedure. Objective The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneously guided tomography-assisted RF in oncologic patients with TN. Materials and methods We conducted an observational, retrospective, longitudinal, and analytical study. Patients with cancer and TN treated at the Pain Clinic of the National Cancer Institute in Mexico, who underwent RF, were included. A non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases was used, and selection criteria were applied. Clinical records were reviewed to measure study variables, including pain by TN before and after the procedure, as well as patient satisfaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, employing Student's t-test for related samples, with a significant level set at p ≤ 0.05 to determine statistical significance. The recorded data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, V. 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results In the sample of 76 subjects (50% women and 50% men) with a mean age of 60.6 years, a variety of oncologic diagnoses were presented, with skin and soft tissue tumors being the most frequent, mainly located at the level of the head and neck. The etiology of TN was secondary in most cases (89.5%), with similar anatomical involvement on both hemifaces (50% left, 50% right). The branches most frequently involved were the maxillary nerve (V2) and mandibular nerve (V3) (39.5%) and V3 alone (22.4%). The most common probable cause was tumor activity (53, 69.7%). Most patients were receiving anticonvulsant treatment (carbamazepine-oxcarbazepine) (58.9%), followed by gabapentinoids (31.5%). Of the 76 patients, only six received computed tomography (CT)-guided RF. No complications associated with RF application were reported. The mean baseline pre-procedure pain (3.8 ± 2.48) and mean baseline post-procedure pain (2.17 ± 1.94) were significantly different in the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p = 0.043), as were the mean incidental pre-procedure pain (9.0 ± 1.09) and mean incidental post-procedure pain (5.8 ± 2.31) (p = 0.019). Conclusions Our research provides relevant data on the effectiveness of RF in managing TN in oncologic patients, demonstrating a clinically and statistically significant reduction in pain intensity. These findings need to be confirmed through prospective, longitudinal, long-term studies with control groups in a larger number of patients.

Linearity performance and harmonic distortion analysis of gate-over-pockets hetero-dielectric dual-metal-double-gate TFET for RF applications

Linearity performance and harmonic distortion analysis of gate-over-pockets hetero-dielectric dual-metal-double-gate TFET for RF applications