Reduction System Research Articles

Highly efficient selective extraction of Li from spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 assisted with activated pyrite in a subcritical water system

As the strategic importance of Li in the energy sector increases, selective Li extraction technology from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is attracting increasing attention. Current Li extraction processes typically suffer from lengthy procedures, high costs, and low efficiency. To improve the efficiency of Li extraction, a novel approach to achieve efficient Li recovery is proposed in this study, namely, reacting pyrite (FeS2) with LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) powder in a subcritical water reduction (SWR) system. The reducing solvent environment created by the enhanced reaction of FeS2 with subcritical water converts the high−valent metals in NCM to a low-valent state, causing the collapse of the stable laminar structure and allowing Li+ to be released smoothly. After dual activation through mechanochemical and roasting processes, more than 99 % of Li is preferentially extracted under optimal conditions. Furthermore, Li+ in solution is converted into highly pure Li2CO3, while other metallic elements remain in the residue. Using inexpensive FeS2 for efficient Li extraction without adding additional chemical reagents is a promising approach for recovering spent LIBs.

Two-dimensional transition metal-sulfide-modified V2O5-WS2/TiO2 catalysts for SCR: Comprehensive mechanistic insights into the in situ inhibition of SO3 generation

The by-product SO3, generated by the conventional catalyst V2O5-WO3/TiO2 employed in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems, has garnered attention in pollution control efforts. Studies on existing control have predominantly concentrated on the tail gas section, with insufficient understanding of in-situ suppression theories and methods at the source of SO3 generation. We propose for the first time the introduction of low-valence reduced sulfur to synthesize a novel SCR catalyst, V2O5-WS2/TiO2, which elucidates the remarkable effect and in-situ mechanism of action in inhibiting SO3 formation at its source. Compared to conventional catalysts, the new catalysts showed enhanced SO3 inhibition, particularly at 350 °C, where SO3 production was 64.1 % and 33.9 % lower than that with VTi and VW/Ti catalysts, respectively. This was due to their reduced surface area, smaller pore volume, and fewer alkaline sites, which hindered SO2 adsorption and oxidation. The results revealed that S2− on the catalyst surface reacts with V5+, reducing it to V4+ and V3+. This reaction hinders the interaction between V5+-OH and adsorbed SO2, thereby reducing the formation of VOSO4 intermediates. Furthermore, the WS bond in WS2 impedes the formation of intermediate HSO4−, and the reduction of these intermediates ultimately leads to a decrease in SO3 generation. Additionally, the incompletely depleted S2− reacts with the final SO3 produced, forming SO2 and SO42−, which further decreases the SO3 generation rate and supports the maintenance of a reduced state on the catalyst surface. It is evident that low-valence reduced sulfur plays a crucial role in inhibiting SO3 generation.

N,S co-doped SnO2 catalysts in gas-liquid interface dielectric barrier discharge for formate formation via CO2 reduction

N,S co-doped SnO2 were deposited on MWNTs/sponge to prepare a series of related N-S-SnO2/MWNTs/sponges for the reduction of CO2 by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). With optimizing the composition, the N-S-SnO2/MWNTs/sponge (N:S:Sn = 1:0.2:1) achieves higher yields of formate (4791.40 μmol/L) and formaldehyde (66.11 μmol/L) after 60 min. The structural properties and DFT calculations reveal that, the S doped increased oxygen-containing functional groups on catalysts surface, thus the nonmetallic N and S modified Sn based catalysts affected the adsorption sites and reduced the reaction energy barrier of CO2 on the catalyst surface in order to promote energy utilization of DBD system for CO2 catalytic reduction. In addition, different types and concentrations of seawater ions such as K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42- affected on the formation of formic acid and formaldehyde during discharge, which showed that DBD catalysis technology was advanced used for CO2 capture and storage in the ocean.

SCR + ASC systems control by backward induction with adaptive grid and different disturbance scenarios

The purpose of this study is to enhance control strategies for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) systems, aiming to effectively reduce NOx emissions from automotive engines during realistic driving cycles. Despite the effectiveness of these after-treatment systems (ATS), their dynamic and non-linear characteristics present significant challenges in achieving precise control. Therefore, this research proposes a hybrid approach that combines backward induction (BI) as the primary optimization technique with model predictive control (MPC) framework for real-time application. The article introduces a reduced-state control-oriented model of the SCR + ASC system, which is embedded into the BI algorithm to calculate optimal control actions within a finite horizon. Additionally, it is proposed an alternative approach for adapting the grid of model states within the BI algorithm, effectively reducing the computational cost. This adjustment enables the algorithm to operate in real-time with near-optimal results, as confirmed by experimental validation. Lastly, the study explores how different degrees of knowledge regarding system disturbances impact the strategy’s performance, examining three distinct scenarios: constant prediction horizon, probabilistic description, and full knowledge of the prediction horizon.

Development and evaluation of mechanistic model for standard SCR, fast SCR, and NO2 SCR of NH3-SCR over Cu-ZSM-5

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are an effective way of treating NOx emissions to meet increasingly stringent international emission standards. However, the difference of reaction temperature and catalyst location will restrict the reaction of SCR to some extent. Therefore, considering the different reaction conditions, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between them for the study of SCR reaction. In this paper, Cu-ZSM-5 is selected as the catalyst in the SCR reaction, and the effects of different temperatures and catalyst locations on NH3 molar concentration and NOx conversion under three different SCR are investigated. Firstly, a dynamic model of NH3-SCR is established and verified by the experimental data of fast SCR, standard SCR, and NO2-SCR in steady state. Then, the RSM (Response Surface Methodology) is used to further optimize NOx conversion rate. The optimal reaction conditions under the three SCR reactions were obtained by RSM optimization. The results indicate that both reaction temperature and catalyst location exert significant effects on NOx conversion under the three SCR reactions. Finally, the performance of NH3-SCR over Cu zeolite catalyst is predicted and further evaluated to provide combinations and frameworks for improved performance.

Electrocatalytically active and charged natural chalcopyrite for nitrate-contaminated wastewater purification extended to energy storage Zn-NO3− battery

Charged natural chalcopyrite (CuFeS2, Ncpy) was developed for a three-dimensional electrochemical nitrate reduction (3D ENO3−RR) system with carbon fiber cloth cathode and Ti/IrO2 anode and Zn-NO3− battery. The 3D ENO3−RR system with Ncpy particle electrodes (PEs) possessed superior nitrate removal of 95.6 % and N2 selectivity of 76 % with excellent reusability under a broad pH range of 2–13 involving heterogeneous and homogeneous radical mechanisms. The Zn-NO3− battery with Ncpy cathode delivered an open-circuit voltage of 1.03 V and a cycling stability over 210 h. It was found that Ncpy PEs functioned through self-oxidation, surface dynamic reconstruction (Cu1.02Fe1.0S1.72O1.66 to Cu0.61Fe1.0S0.27O2.98), intrinsic micro-electric field (CuI, S2− anodic and FeIII cathodic poles), and reactive species (•OH, SO4•−, 1O2, •O2− and •H) generation. Computational analyses reveal that CuFeS2(112) surface with the lowest surface energy preferentially exposes Fe and Cu atoms. Cu site is beneficial for reducing NO3− to NO2−, Fe and Fe−Cu dual sites are conducive to N2 selectivity, lowering the overall reaction barriers. It paves the way for selective NO3− reduction in wastewater treatment and can be further extended to energy storage devices by utilizing low-cost Ncpy.

The Low Back Pain - Looking For a Physiotherapeutic Approach

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common neurological complaints. It affects young people but has a slow progression even at a later age. LBP is a condition with a rich clinical picture – pain, severely limited range of motion in the spinal column (especially in the area of the L4-L5 segment) and sacro-iliac joints, difficulty walking. Physiotherapy has an essential role in maintaining the general condition and improving the quality of life for this contingent of patients. AIM: The aim of the present study is to create and approve a physiotherapy methodology for pain reduction in patients diagnosed by a neurologist – radiculitis of the lumbo-sacral plexus. METHODS: 20 clinically proven patients divided into two groups were included in the study. After signing informed consent declarations and assessment of anthropometric data (age, height, and weight), the subjects were evaluated with neurological tests such as Lasegue test and dolorimetry. Results were also reported on the Barthel index scale. RESULTS: The dynamics of dolorimetry results, quality of life, and mobility in the spine area (especially the lumbar segment) were monitored in the two studied groups, with the results in the experimental group demonstrating better values (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: There is no unified system for pain reduction in patients with LBP. As a result of applied physiotherapy, including modern techniques for myofascial massage, a faster increase in joint mobility in the area of the spine and sacroiliac joints, an improvement in muscle strength and, above all, a reduction in pain symptoms were found.

Exploring the Photophysics and Photocatalytic Activity of Heteroleptic Rh(III) Transition-Metal Complexes Using High-Throughput Experimentation.

High-throughput synthesis and screening (HTSS) methods were used to investigate the photophysical properties of 576 heteroleptic Rh(III) transition-metal complexes through measurement of the UV-visible absorption spectra, deaerated excited-state lifetime, and phosphorescent emission spectra. While 4d transition-metal photophysics are often highly influenced by deleterious metal-centered deactivation channels, the HTSS of structurally diverse cyclometalating and ancillary ligands attached to the metal center facilitated the discovery of photoactive complexes exhibiting long-lived charge-transfer phosphorescence (0.15-0.95 μs) spanning a substantial portion of the visible region (546-620 nm) at room temperature. Further photophysical and electrochemical investigations were then carried out on select complexes with favorable photophysics to understand the underlying features controlling these superior properties. Heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes with identical ligand morphology were also synthesized to compare these features to this family of well understood chromophores. A number of these Rh(III) complexes contained the requisite properties for photocatalytic activity and were consequently tested as photocatalysts (PCs) in a water reduction system using a Pd water reduction cocatalyst. Under certain conditions, the activity of the Rh(III) PC actually surpassed that of the Ir(III) PC, uncovering the potential of this often-overlooked class of transition metals as both efficient photoactive chromophores and PCs.

Coupling photocatalytic CO2 reduction and CH3OH oxidation for selective dimethoxymethane production

Currently, conventional dimethoxymethane synthesis methods are environmentally unfriendly. Here, we report a photo-redox catalysis system to generate dimethoxymethane using a silver and tungsten co-modified blue titanium dioxide catalyst (Ag.W-BTO) by coupling CO2 reduction and CH3OH oxidation under mild conditions. The Ag.W-BTO structure and its electron and hole transfer are comprehensively investigated by combining advanced characterizations and theoretical studies. Strikingly, Ag.W-BTO achieve a record photocatalytic activity of 5702.49 µmol g−1 with 92.08% dimethoxymethane selectivity in 9 h of ultraviolet-visible irradiation without sacrificial agents. Systematic isotope labeling experiments, in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform analysis, and theoretical calculations reveal that the Ag and W species respectively catalyze CO2 conversion to *CH2O and CH3OH oxidation to *CH3O. Subsequently, an asymmetric carbon-oxygen coupling process between these two crucial intermediates produces dimethoxymethane. This work presents a CO2 photocatalytic reduction system for multi-carbon production to meet the objectives of sustainable economic development and carbon neutrality.

Measurement and optimization of nonlinear damping systems for agricultural engineering vehicle cab

The issue of nonlinear dampness in the cab of agricultural engineering vehicles is examined by analyzing the vibration reduction system of a specific agricultural loader. Firstly, the specific loader was tested under different conditions. Then, the nonlinear vibration reduction system model of the cab–seat–human body is established by using the measured frame vibration signal as input. Finally, the multi–objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the root mean square (RMS) value of vertical acceleration of the cab and seat. The test results show that the seat vibration is significantly greater than the acceleration of the cab floor under driving and working conditions, so the seat vibration is amplified and the seat parameter setting is unreasonable; the engine and the working device are also an important part of the cab vibration source, in addition to the uneven road surface. Comparing the RMS values of the vertical acceleration of the cab and seat, which were calculated by the model and obtained from the vehicle test, the error does not exceed 6%, indicating that the model’s accuracy meets the requirement. The vehicle experiment proves that the RMS value of the vertical acceleration of the cab and seat is reduced by 16% and 53%, respectively, after optimization. This study provides a theoretical basis for the design of the damping system for the cab of agricultural engineering vehicles.

Research and application of comprehensive evaluation index system for pollution reduction and carbon reduction in Tianjin

Establishing a scientific and reasonable comprehensive evaluation index system for pollution reduction and carbon reduction is an important basis for supporting the implementation of the plan, promoting the continuous optimization of related tasks and achieving practical results. In this paper, a comprehensive evaluation index system of pollution reduction and carbon reduction in Tianjin is established, which considers the factors of environment, low carbon, green and coordinated development, and is applied in practice with the historical data of Tianjin. The conclusions are as follows. The total pollution reduction and carbon reduction index of Tianjin is growing rapidly, with an average annual growth rate of 26% from 2015 to 2023. Low-carbon energy transformation is the main driving force, and the contribution of transportation transformation and upgrading to pollution reduction and carbon reduction is obviously enhanced.

Photothermal-boosted S-scheme heterojunction of α-Fe2O3@NiOx for high-selective reduction of CO2 to CO

Self-heating photothermal catalysis, combining light promotion and thermal activation, offers unique advantages for CO2 conversion. The meticulous design of active sites and light-absorbing materials is crucial for high-performance photothermal catalysts. Herein, a S-Scheme heterostructure composed of NiOx subunits with abundant oxygen vacancies (Vo) bonded with α-Fe2O3 nanoplatelets has been fabricated for solar-driven photothermal catalytic CO2 reduction. Under continuous full-spectrum light irradiation (0.3 W·cm−2), the α-Fe2O3@NiOx hybrids exhibited a CO yield rate of 199.3 μmol∙g−1·h−1 in a gas–solid reaction models with near-unity selectivity. Additionally, the apparent quantum yield for CO production at 420 nm reaches 1.56 %. The prominent activity is attributed to three key factors: (1) The Vo-rich NiOx facilitates the accumulation of photogenerated electrons and activation of chemisorbed CO2. (2) The implemented S-Scheme heterostructures boost interfacial charge-transfer and provide spatially separated catalytic sites for efficient overall CO2 reduction. (3) The substantial photothermal effect of NiOx, which arises from nonradiative exciton recombination, induces local heating of the catalyst, thereby enhancing reaction kinetics. This work provides valuable insights into the utilization of a photothermal-photocatalytic S-Scheme heterojunction system for the photothermal catalytic CO2 reduction.

Justification of the Locations of Differential Pressure Sensors for Coarse and Fine Filter Elements Installed one Inside the Other in a Single Gas Filter Housing

Statement of the problem. The relevant task of ensuring the uninterrupted operation of modern gas pressure reduction systems is to develop and comprehensively substantiate the possibility of using two-stage filters for natural gas purification in gas reduction points and theoretically substantiate the method for calculating the pressure drop in cylindrical filter elements (CFE). Results. It is proved that when gas flows in the upper cross section of the filter, the pressure drop will be less than in lower cross sections, including the pressure drop in the lowest cross section. This leads to a larger amount of leaking gas, to a larger mass of impurities settling in the lower part of the filter elements of cylindrical coarse and fine cleaning and to a greater degree of their clogging. Therefore, it is recommended to place gas pressure sensors in the lower part of the internal volume of the coarse and fine-cleaned CFE, so that the flow direction of the coarse and finely purified gas washing the sensors at the location of the hole for measuring statistical pressure is tangential to the side surface of the sensor tube. Then the flow direction of the roughly and finely purified gas entering the holes of the sensors is carried out at an angle of 90° and the pressure gauges measure the static pressure. Conclusions. The locations of pressure drop sensors on coarse and fine filter elements installed one inside the other in a single gas filter housing are substantiated. The proposed arrangement of differential pressure sensors will significantly increase the possibility of receiving an earlier signal about the degree of clogging of the gas filter at the control room, as well as have a significant amount of time for timely removal of blockages formed in the coarse cleaning CFE and replacement of fine cleaning CFE.

Unraveling Reactivity Origin of Oxygen Reduction at High-Entropy Alloy Electrocatalysts with a Computational and Data-Driven Approach.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs), characterized as compositionally complex solid solutions with five or more metal elements, have emerged as a novel class of catalytic materials with unique attributes. Because of the remarkable diversity of multielement sites or site ensembles stabilized by configurational entropy, human exploration of the multidimensional design space of HEAs presents a formidable challenge, necessitating an efficient, computational and data-driven strategy over traditional trial-and-error experimentation or physics-based modeling. Leveraging deep learning interatomic potentials for large-scale molecular simulations and pretrained machine learning models of surface reactivity, our approach effectively rationalizes the enhanced activity of a previously synthesized PdCuPtNiCo HEA nanoparticle system for electrochemical oxygen reduction, as corroborated by experimental observations. We contend that this framework deepens our fundamental understanding of the surface reactivity of high-entropy materials and fosters the accelerated development and synthesis of monodisperse HEA nanoparticles as a versatile material platform for catalyzing sustainable chemical and energy transformations.

Integrated catalytic systems for simultaneous NOx and PM reduction: a comprehensive evaluation of synergistic performance and combustion waste energy utilization.

The global transition towards sustainable automotive vehicles has driven the demand for energy-efficient internal combustion engines with advanced aftertreatment systems capable of reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. This comprehensive review explores the latest advancements in aftertreatment technologies, focusing on the synergistic integration of in-cylinder combustion strategies, such as low-temperature combustion (LTC), with post-combustion purification systems. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), lean NOx traps (LNT), and diesel particulate filters (DPF) are critically examined, highlighting novel catalyst formulations and system configurations that enhance low-temperature performance and durability. The review also investigates the potential of energy conversion and recovery techniques, including thermoelectric generators and organic Rankine cycles, to harness waste heat from the exhaust and improve overall system efficiency. By analyzing the complex interactions between engine operating parameters, combustion kinetics, and emission formation, this study provides valuable insights into the optimization of integrated LTC-aftertreatment systems. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of considering real-world driving conditions and transient operation in the development and evaluation of these technologies. The findings presented in this article lay the foundation for future research efforts aimed at overcoming the limitations of current aftertreatment systems and achieving superior emission reduction performance in advanced combustion engines, ultimately contributing to the development of sustainable and efficient automotive technologies.

Optimization of a damper system for noise and vibration reduction in a PMSM

PurposeThis paper aims to optimize passive damper system (PDS) design by configuring its parameters to improve its performance and behavior in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM).Design/methodology/approachFirst, the principle and effectiveness of the PDS are recalled. Second, the impact of different PDS parameters on its operation is analyzed. Third, a multi-objective optimization is proposed to explore a compromise design of PDS. Finally, the transient finite element method simulation is performed to validate the optimized design, which can ensure an excellent noise reduction effect and weaker negative impacts.FindingsA suitable capacitance value in PDS is a key to realizing the damping effect. A larger copper wire can improve the noise reduction performance of PDS and reduce its Joule losses. A compromise solution obtained from a multi-objective optimization remains the excellent noise reduction and reduces Joule losses.Originality/valueThis paper explores the impact of PDS parameters on its operation and provides an orientation of PDS optimization, which is favorable to extend its application in different electrical machines.

Circular Economy Integration in 1G+2G Sugarcane Bioethanol Production: Application of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, Closed-Loop Systems, and Waste Valorization for Sustainability

Bioethanol production is a vital player in the renewable energy landscape. However, it faces pressing issues regarding carbon emissions and resource management. Traditional open-loop systems generate substantial waste and pollution, exacerbating environmental concerns. Various emerging technologies offer promising solutions. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) presents avenues for tackling carbon emissions. Utilization transforms CO2 emissions into valuable products, while Storage securely stores emissions to prevent atmospheric release. Closed-loop processes and waste valorization capitalize on material reuse, conserving natural resources, and minimizing waste. By promoting resource efficiency and waste minimization, circular economy principles align seamlessly with CCUS, closed-loop systems, and waste valorization. This study delves into utilizing Utilization technologies tailored to sugarcane 1G+2G bioethanol production, evaluates CO2 capture options, and presents applications. Storage strategies suitable for bioethanol production facilities are scrutinized, and deployment options are explored, highlighting the closed-loop system and waste valorization's role in waste reduction and environmental preservation. Through synergistic integration, these technologies pave the way for sustainable sugarcane bioethanol production, addressing economic and technological challenges while fostering innovation and collaboration. This comprehensive study will serve as a guide for transitioning to a circular economy model in bioethanol production.

Dual Nickel- and Photoredox-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Cross-Couplings: Just a Change of the Reduction System?

ConspectusIn recent years, nickel-catalyzed asymmetric coupling reactions have emerged as efficient methods for constructing chiral C(sp3) carbon centers. Numerous novel approaches have been reported to rapidly construct chiral carbon-carbon bonds through nickel-catalyzed asymmetric couplings between electrophiles and nucleophiles or asymmetric reductive cross-couplings of two different electrophiles. Building upon these advances, our group has been devoted to interrogating dual nickel- and photoredox-catalyzed asymmetric reductive cross-coupling reactions.In our endeavors over the past few years, we have successfully developed several dual Ni-/photoredox-catalyzed asymmetric reductive cross-coupling reactions involving organohalides. While some probably think that this system is just a change of the reduction system from traditional metal reductants to a photocatalysis system, a question that we also pondered at the beginning of our studies, both the achievable reaction types and mechanisms suggest a different conclusion: that this dual catalysis system has its own advantages in the chiral carbon-carbon bond formation. Even in certain asymmetric reactions where the photocatalysis regime functions only as a reducing system, the robust reducing capability of photocatalysts can effectively accelerate the regeneration of low-valent nickel species, thus expanding the selectable scope of chiral ligands. More importantly, in many transformations, besides reducing nickel catalysts, the photocatalysis system can also undertake the responsibility of alkyl radical formation, thereby establishing two coordinated, yet independent catalytic cycles. This catalytic mode has been proven to play a crucial role in achieving diverse asymmetric coupling reactions with great challenges.In this Account, we elucidate our understanding of this system based on our experience and findings. In the Introduction, we provide an overview of the main distinctions between this system and traditional Ni-catalyzed asymmetric reductive cross-couplings with metal reductants and the potential opportunities arising from these differences. Subsequently, we outline various chiral carbon-carbon bond-forming types obtained by this dual Ni/photoredox catalysis system and their mechanisms. In terms of chiral C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond formation, extensive discussion focuses on the asymmetric arylations of α-chloroboronates, α-trifluoromethyl alkyl bromides, α-bromophosphonates, and so on. In the realm of chiral C(sp3)-C(sp) bond formation, asymmetric alkynylations of α-bromophosphonates and α-trifluoromethyl alkyl bromides have been presented herein. Regarding C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation, we take the asymmetric alkylation of α-chloroboronates as a compelling example to illustrate the great efficiency of this dual catalysis system. This summary would enable a better grasp of the advantages of this dual catalysis system and clarify how the photocatalysis regime facilitates enantioselective transformations. We anticipate that this Account will offer valuable insights and contribute to the development of new methodologies in this field.

Developing a solar PV system for cost-effective electricity reduction in an aluminium extrusion plant

Abstract The demand for solar photovoltaic systems has been steadily increasing over the years, driven by the collective goal to reduce both CO2 emissions and electricity bills in order to foster a sustainable world. Industries with high energy consumption, particularly manufacturing, are actively pursuing the establishment of more sustainable plants to align with net-zero objectives. The primary aim of this project is to design a solar photovoltaic system tailored for an aluminium manufacturing plant, with the intent to curtail electricity consumption and minimize CO2 emissions by harnessing and utilizing energy generated from the photovoltaic system. The comprehensive analysis encompasses meteorological data, daily load demand configuration, photovoltaic array assessment, and simulation of grid-connected inverter sizing through the utilization of PVsyst software. According to the simulation results, the collective operational capacity of the solar photovoltaic system reaches 5240 kWp, effectively meeting 85% of the factory’s maximum demand. To fulfil the plant’s requirements, a total of 12780 panels are necessary. The analysis reveals that this solar system can generate a total of 7,609,690 kWh annually, constituting approximately 26.10% of the total electricity bill for the year 2022, amounting to 29,146,841.28 kWh. The estimated savings from implementing this solar solution amount to around RM 2,701,518 per year. Moreover, the solar system significantly reduces CO2 emissions by an annual total of 4,224.467 tons, contributing to a healthier surrounding environment. The anticipated return on investment, as per the PVsyst projections, is expected to occur within approximately 3.4 years.

Synthesis of La1-xSrxCoO3-δ and its catalytic oxidation of NO and its reaction path

The oxidation rate of NO to NO2 is a critical parameter in the removal of NOx within selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. LaCoO3-δ is a kind of potential catalyst to enhance the oxidation of NO to NO2, it may offers an economic and stable alternative to noble metal catalysts, particularly at elevated temperatures. This study aimed to enhance the catalytic efficiency of LaCoO3-δ through strontium (Sr) doping. La1-xSrxCoO3-δ (with varying x values of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) was synthesized using a sol-gel method. La1-xSrxCoO3-δ exhibited superior NO oxidation catalytic activity compared to LaCoO3-δ, with the most notable enhancement observed at x = 0.3 (84 % conversion). This improvement can be attributed to the substitution of La3+ with Sr2+, which induces lattice distortion and charge imbalance, thereby creating more oxygen vacancies that enhance the catalytic oxidation capability of La1-xSrxCoO3-δ. However, it's important to note that an excessive amount of Sr can result in the formation of SrCO3 deposits on the surface of La1-xSrxCoO3-δ, thereby diminishing its catalytic oxidation performance. The catalytic oxidation reaction behavior adhered most closely to the O2-adsorbed E-R model, the surface defects in La1-xSrxCoO3-δ playing a pivotal role in the catalytic reaction.