Theory Of Revolution Research Articles

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Considerations about the probability of revolutions and the role of cultural environment as a source of protest practices become extremely relevant in the context of globalization and the understanding of the phenomenon of identity � ethnic, national or religious. The purpose of the study: based on relevant professional research, to find out when revolutions are more likely to happen � during socio-economic progress or regression, as well as to understand the connection of the cultural environment with protest practices. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach, which includes the analysis of scientific publications to determine the probability of revolutions. The early works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are considered, where it is stated that the deepening degradation of the working class inevitably leads to despair and rebellion. Later, Karl Marx changed his opinion and emphasized that progress leads to revolutions. Alexis de Tocqueville came to the same conclusions. With the involvement of the works of well-known modern researchers in the field of social sciences Robert Merton, Ted Robert Garr, James Davis and Jack Goldstone, the present aspects of the theory of revolutions are emphasized and the role of the cultural environment in the formation of protest practices is clarified. It has been established that revolutions usually take place when five factors are actualized against the background of a significant percentage of young people over a relatively short period of time: economic and fiscal hardship; growing alienation and oppositional attitudes among the elites; revolutionary mobilization based on popular outrage over injustice; the ideology of resistance, which unites and motivates representatives of different social strata; favorable or unfavorable international environment

The impact of the digital technological revolution on the development of crisis management theory

Purpose: is to identify the main directions of changing the theory of crisis management of companies under the influence of digitalization based on the analysis of technological transformations in the economy and institutional prerequisites.Methods: to achieve the purpose of the study, methods of logical, institutional and statistical analysis of economic phenomena and financial and economic data of industrial and digital companies, economic comparative studies using the provisions of various theories are used. The theoretical basis of the research is the synthesis of the theory of technological revolutions by Perez C., the new institutional economic theory, the concept of scientific research programs by Lakatos I.Results: the formulated hypotheses of the study on the need to change the «protective shell» of the theory of crisis management under the influence of factors of the digital transformation of the institutional economy are proved. The changes are associated with the formation of new subjects – digital companies, the transformation of the nature of crises and anti-crisis tools in the context of the digital revolution. The institutional nature of business crises in the context of technological revolutions has been established, due to the discrepancy between the speed of development of the economic institutions and technologies.Conclusions and Relevance: the digital revolution is having a significant impact on business. Its adaptation to digital technological conditions requires the development of the new and improvement of existing institutions. These changes challenge the theory of management, which must adapt its basis to the new technological needs of the business. Сrisis management plays an important role in this: the rapid development of digital technologies is accompanied by the crisis factors, the nature of most of which is institutional in nature. However, to date, despite the obvious need, the directions of transformation of the theory of crisis management have not been determined at the scientific and theoretical level. According to the results of the study, the key artifacts of the digital economy have been identified that determine the directions of transformation of the theory of crisis management by transforming its «protective shell». The institutional nature of the prerequisites for such a transformation is proved. The results of the study determine the future directions of the development of the theory of crisis management.

Sobre a transição comunista na URSS

The unprecedented transition to communism placed in history by the Russian Revolution of 1917 forced its theoretical leaders to resolve the task of conceiving and successfully carrying out such a transition. Lenin was, without a doubt, the one who came closest to unveiling this process, in dispute with the majority of theorists, although he still bore the burden of the misunderstanding of the theory of socialist revolution, with a Lassallean matrix, which has nothing to do with Marx. Lenin's theory on state capitalism clearly demonstrates the richness of his thought, by revealing the necessary communist root of the transition, and the necessary and mandatory elements for a transition that would remain faithful to the task of emancipating workers.

The New Urban Rebellions: A Review Article

Abstract Mark R. Beissinger's The Revolutionary City is a tour de force that will interest a wide range of readers. It charts both the decline of social revolutions and the rise of a new kind of rebellion, what Beissinger calls the urban civic revolt. Beissinger also analyzes the many ways in which these revolts differ from previous ones. These new rebellions have been minimalist in character, aiming to overthrow despotic regimes but eschewing any effort to redistribute wealth on a large scale or transform class relations. Beissinger's “spatial theory of revolution,” however, only partially illuminates these new urban rebellions, and it leads him to the premature conclusion that social revolutions will never occur again.

Dynamic nexus among fossil fuels utilization, economic growth, and urbanization: a tri-regional selected countries analysis.

There are worldwide growing concerns about environmental issues such as global warming and climate change. Moreover, it is expected that there will be regional differences in environmental issues. Therefore, this study focuses on a tri-regional comparison: America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. Previous literature has paid less attention to exploring regional comparisons while considering regional heterogeneity. Against this backdrop, this study delves into the dynamic relationship between fossil fuel utilization, economic growth, globalization, urbanization, and CO2 emissions to understand the environmental implications of these interconnected factors. The study period spans from 1990 to 2021. Additionally, it employed rigorous tests to confirm cross-sectional dependence and data heterogeneity, following methodologies proposed by Pesaran (2004, 2015) and Pesaran (2007), utilizing the CS-ARDL panel cointegration methodology by Chudik and Pesaran (2015). The results confirm long-term significant relationships among OC, NGC, FDI, and UR variables in both combined panels, with and without regional dummies. However, GDP and COC become insignificant in the long run in the dummy variables regression. Furthermore, the regional dummies were found to be negative but remain insignificant, possibly due to heterogeneous effects or unobserved factors influencing each region independently. Analysis by region reveals predominant coal consumption in Asia, higher oil consumption in America, and greater gas consumption in Europe. Economic growth and CO2 emissions are positive in Asia and America but negative in Europe, aligning with theories prioritizing growth over environmental concerns in Asia and America, and advocating for renewable energy adoption in Europe. Urbanization increases energy demand and emissions, supporting the environmental revolution theory, while FDI holds the potential to reduce CO2 emissions, as per the endogenous growth theory.

The geopolitics of passive revolution and the ghost of Malthus in the American Century

In this article, I argue that the re-emergence of Malthusian limits in the post-war period was universally accepted as a principal challenge to the integrity of the American Century, yet whose solution was refracted through competing ideological frameworks among development experts. In mobilising Gramsci’s theory of organic intellectuals and passive revolution, I offer an in-depth empirical analysis of the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization, and the Rockefeller Foundation, both of which largely converged around the consensus on land reform as a means of attenuating the revolutionary potential of peasant grievance. Yet this solution to Malthusian limits became steadily eroded as a function of the contingent outcomes of class struggle and state-formation across the Global South. Through a focused examination of the Rockefeller Foundation’s Mexican Agricultural Program, I show how the eventual decline of land reform in favour of more muscular modes of productivism in the guise of ‘Green Revolution’ technologies did not follow a straight path from networks of Western scientific knowledge to the fields of the Global South but resulted from the contingent transformations across Mexico’s state/society complex, and the ideological contestation among a network of ‘mobile experts’ comprising the fabric of the American Century.

Subverting Gender Bias: "The Manly Woman" in Ahdaf Soueif's The Map of Love

This paper examines the representations of the white woman in cross-cultural marriage in Ahdaf Soueif's The Map of Love in a contemporary deconstructive theory. The paper applies Judith Butler's revolutionary theory of gender and identity constructivism and performativity to clarify how the protagonist fights the gender norms and performances by having masculinity codes as a revolting means for emancipation. The paper tends to explore how colonial hegemony can create a cultural distance which is forced against the white woman by this marriage. It investigates the sociopolitical spatial divisions through the eye of the white woman who struggles because she chooses an ethnic husband. The paper applies a feminist theoretical framework to describe the prejudice and bias that appear after this marriage. "The manly woman" is the white woman who wears masculine features to subvert and oppose the gender bias which applies to her femininity.

Mehmet Şevki (Yazman) as an Author of the Journal Kadro

After the National Struggle, Turkish National State was established under the leadership of Atatürk. After the form of goverment became a republic in 1923, the understanding of national will and national soverignty was adopted. The revolutions made one after the other were meant for the movements to protect and enable this new national state. After the World Economic Depression of 1929, the Republic of Turkey adopted the princeples of statism in 1932. It is possible to say that the Journal Kadro, which started its publication life in January of the same year and published 36 issues in 3 years, tried to produce a unique theory of the Turkish revolution. The articles in the journal were generally focused on culture, literature, domestic and foreign policy and the current political situation. But actually articles on economics and economy were focused. In this context, the authors of the Journal Kadro, who were motivated by Turkey’s need for economic development, published original ideas on industrialisation and technological progress. In this paper, the articles of M. Şevki (Yazman) Bey, one of the authors of the Journal Kadro were evaluated. It was tried to reveal that the ideas and thoughts put forward by Yazman contributed to the economic, technical and scientific development of Turkey.

Do more egalitarian men experience less union dissolution? A couple‐level analysis

AbstractObjectiveWe consider whether heterosexual unions in which male partners are more gender egalitarian experience less union dissolution.BackgroundGender revolution theory argues that as men become more egalitarian in their attitudes and behaviors, female partners experience reduced work–family conflict, and couples enjoy more stable partnerships. In contrast, the “flip side” perspective argues that consequences of men's increased egalitarian behavior for their own experience of role incompatibility may counterbalance effects on union stability.MethodAnalyzing a sample of roughly 46,600 women‐years from the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society (1993–2019), we estimate random‐intercept and fixed‐effects models of union dissolution. Explanatory variables include, for each partner, measures of egalitarianism in gender role attitudes and weekly housework hours.ResultsOdds of union dissolution are not associated with men's absolute level of egalitarian attitudes, but they are higher when men's attitudes are less egalitarian than their partner's. Neither the absolute number of men's housework hours, nor their share of total housework, is associated with the odds of dissolution.ConclusionsOur findings are not generally supportive of gender revolution theory. Counterbalancing effects may provide an explanation for the findings, as per the flip side approach.ImplicationsTaking a couple‐level perspective advances understanding of the associations between gender egalitarianism and union dissolution.

ON THE TRAINING OF CADRES FOR THE CHINESE REVOLUTION IN THE USSR (ON THE HISTORY OF THE YUANLI SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES)

The victory of the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 awakened the enthusiasm of advanced Chinese intellectuals to master the Russian revolutionary experience, and many young Chinese revolutionaries sought to study directly in the birthplace of October. In order to study Russian revolutionary theory and experience and achieve the goal of transforming the country, it was necessary to train a group of Russian-speaking cadres for the future revolution. The article deals with the history of the first cadre school of the Communist Party of China, the School of Foreign Languages in Yuyangli, a neighborhood of Shanghai. The research shows that, although it existed for only about a year, this school made an important contribution to the education of the first cadres of the CPC and to the development of the Chinese revolution. Its teachers and students vigorously propagated Marxism, actively participated in party construction, led the Chinese workers, peasants, youth, women’s movements and armed struggle. They played a special role in connecting Marxist theory with the practice of the Chinese revolution, developing and strengthening the Party’s organizational strength and expanding its political influence. Old Yuyangli and New Yuyangli are two neighboring streets. In 1920, it was here that a group of Chinese communists in Shanghai established the School of Foreign Languages, which actually became a school for training Chinese revolutionary cadres. The first group of young communists who studied here were sent to the USSR after only a few months of Russian language and political training. Upon returning home, most of the graduates of the School of Foreign Languages became prominent figures of the Chinese revolution. The spread of Marxism in China is closely connected with this group of young people who studied in the USSR. Yuyangli is not just a toponym and a place where the School of Foreign Languages was located, but it is a historical “witness” of the CPC’s more than century-long struggle for its ideals.

Architecture of Alienation

This paper approaches the emergence, over the 20th century, of a public architecture that occupies sights/sites once associated with industry and social alienation, in this case the conversion of London’s Bankside Power Station into the Tate Modern Art Museum. Utilising Bertolt Brecht’s revolutionary theories on performance, the celebrated architecture of Herzog and De Meuron is investigated alongside ‘Double Bind’, an installation by the late Spanish artist Juan Mun?oz whose work highlights the quality of isolation in the contemporary metropolis. In investigating architecture and installation, a space is opened up between the art and architecture revealing a performativity that engages with 20th century trauma and the crisis of the modern. This spatial dynamic forms an architecture of alienation where the participants are estranged from the environment, rendering them strangers, even within familiar environments ... tourists in their own land.

Interrogating Nationalist Ideologies in Nigerian Drama: A Textual Analysis of Esiaba Irobi’s <i>Hangmen Also Die</i>

There is no contesting the fact that dramatic writing and criticism in Africa have their relevance; either for the purpose of entertainment, information or conscientisation for social transformation, or drawing attention to new ideas in scholarship. Also, within this, is the notion that every writer has his/her ideological leaning(s), which serve as the springboard for contextual understanding of what the work addresses. Esiaba Irobi is one of such writers that deploy their drama texts in the signposting the aforementioned ideals. This article, through textual analysis, investigates how the play, Hangmen Also Die engages the concepts of nationalism and the call for social order. Using the Social Revolution Theory (SRT), the paper argues that Irobi’s Hangmen Also Die contributes to the comprehension of the discourses of nationalism and national development. Like other related African drama texts, the play calls for subtle social revolution especially in Nigeria’s political landscape.

The Generations of Revolutionary Theory Revisited: New Works and the Evolution of Theory

The Generations of Revolutionary Theory Revisited: New Works and the Evolution of Theory

Grievance shocks and coordination in protest

AbstractWhen grievance shocks have heavy tails, large sudden increases in grievances coordinate behavior far more effectively into protests than a sequence of small grievance shocks that generate the same final distribution of grievances in society. That is, society as a whole behaves like the legendary boiling frog, even though each individual does not. An implication is a strong form of path‐dependence in collective action. To assess a society's potential for protest, it is not enough to know the current distribution of antiregime sentiments; we also need to know how they came about: suddenly or gradually. The theory also provides a rationale for the classic J‐curve theory of revolution. We provide a quantitative analysis of the relationship between grievance shocks and protests in Chile in 2014–2019. Consistent with the theory, results suggest that, even after controlling for grievance levels, large grievance shocks increased the number of protests.

Deleuze and Guattari on the French Revolution: Problems, Universal Minority, and the Bourgeoisie

Abstract: This article explores Deleuze and Guattari's theory of revolution in light of their comments on the French Revolution and intersection with the work of Marx. I argue that Deleuze associates revolution with a reformulation of the "problems" that condition experience, something Deleuze and Guattari then complicate through their insistence that institutional practice remain subject to the unfolding of an "indeterminate" yet collective revolutionary identity. I argue that the most important aspect of their theory for contemporary political thought is its argument for the necessity of uniting disparate forms of political experimentation without introducing institutions grounded in general conceptions of the subject, and conclude by discussing the emphasis they place on overcoming the "cogito of communication," a discursive "subject in general" essential to contemporary capitalist democracies.

Filosofía de ciencia y la investigación científica.

Abstract The objective of the essay was to address the philosophy of science and research, highlighting how scientific knowledge is developed, validated, and characterized. An empirical, systematic methodology based on rigorous observation and experimentation is emphasized, guaranteeing scientific findings based on verifiable evidence. In addition, the iterative nature of scientific research highlights the importance of flexibility to guide the development of new knowledge. As a basic criterion for distinguishing between science and non-science, Karl Popper’s falsifiability criterion states that a hypothesis must be experimentally disprovable. In addition, the theories of scientific revolutions and paradigms (Thomas Kuhn) are explored, highlighting how new ways of thinking about various things can lead to important advances in the understanding of science. It also considers the debate between realism and anti-realism, addressing research ethics, emphasizing issues of moral responsibility, ethical standards and equitable distribution of benefits or risks. In conclusion, critical and morally responsible conduct, which has a beneficial impact on society, is largely based on philosophical considerations of science. In order to ensure that the expansion of knowledge has a favorable impact on this society while respecting rigorous ethical standards, the philosophical importance in the critical appraisal of such scientific activity is emphasized. Keywords: philosophy, ethics, research, scientific knowledge.

The questionnaire as a methodical form of studying revolutions: on the example of Pitirim Sorokin's theory

The article explores the interaction between sociological and historical knowledge using the example of Pitirim Sorokin's theory of revolution and the methodological views of Marc Bloch. To achieve this goal, a general overview of the work "Sociology of Revolution" by an American researcher was conducted, and the identity of the methodological approaches presented therein to studying revolutionary processes with the questionnaire technique of a French historian was revealed. The obtained results allowed for the utilization of Pitirim Sorokin's developments as a methodological framework by Marc Bloch for analyzing an archival document describing the Zvenyhorod uprising in the territory of Kyiv province in June 1918. As a result, it was demonstrated that constructing a questionnaire based on sociological theory is an important task for a researcher working in the field of historical sociology and sociology of revolutions. The use of the proposed methodological framework enables the enhancement of the quality of socio-historical knowledge, as the researcher can documentarily reproduce the life of society experiencing revolutionary conditions. Given close cooperation between sociologists and historians regarding the development of questionnaires, the coordination of procedures for selecting primary materials and methods of analysis, there is a real possibility of a documentary turn in historical sociology and sociology of revolutions in the future. A direct outcome of such processes could be the establishment of a proper methodological and empirical basis for the emergence of qualitatively new research in the field of sociology of revolutions, ultimately allowing sociologists to utilize more reliable sources for analyzing the causes, course, and consequences of revolutions.

What’s so Marxist about Marxist Educational Theory?

The antagonism between “class” and “race” have plagued educational theory for decades. As a communist organizer seeking to move Marxist educational theory out of the stagnant waters of theoretical debates, I turn to recent CRT scholarship, which I find much more in line with the communist project. Yet, this literature omits world-historic and ongoing transformations inaugurated particularly since the beginning of the 20th century by erasing, discounting or, denouncing them. I argue the primary factors inhibiting educational researchers: Anticommunism. The global revolutionary era led largely by revolutionary communists contains the most fruitful explanations of those conditions and connections (and the historical legacies accounting for mass movements in the U.S. today, like the historic 2020 uprising against the War on Black America). This rich and dynamic legacy is what can get educational scholarship beyond the cages of academia. After outlining the interconnection between anticommunism and anti-Black racism as the contours of master narratives, I demonstrate how anticommunism continues to hold education’s potential contributions to the struggle back while accounting for the material conditions responsible for the absence of revolutionary theory and practice and the overwhelming surplus of theories critical of revolution in the university today. I demonstrate how anti-Black racism in the U.S. is tethered to anticommunism and how Leninism provides the theoretical and practical link uniting the global struggle of the oppressed and creating the Black and indigenous-led communist movement, contending struggles against white supremacy, capitalism, and imperialism depend on a rejection of anticommunism by turning to Black communist Claudia Jones.

The Evolving Study of Revolution

As the practice of revolution has evolved, so too have theories of revolution. Much of the current literature on revolutions focuses on contentious processes. But a need exists to take a more holistic approach—one that better incorporates history, thinks across divides in the literature, contemplates what precedes and follows revolution, and places revolutionary processes and the structural factors that underpin them into dialogue with one another.

The Ancient Greek Sophists in Emanuele Tesauro’s Il cannocchiale aristotelico (1670): Thrasymachus and Gorgias

Emanuele Tesauro’s Il cannocchiale aristotelico (The Spyglass of Aristotle) is widely considered a masterpiece of the Baroque, mainly because of his theory of metaphor as a cognitive tool. But this work is much more than that. Tesauro presents his volume as the ultimate interpretation of Aristotle’s rhetorical art, which is clearly not the case. Indeed, his work is a polycentric discourse on a revolutionary theory of rhetoric that goes beyond any previous treatise written on the subject, including Aristotle’s Rhetoric. Despite his relevance in the history of rhetorical theories, Tesauro’s work is still waiting for a comprehensive study of its own as well as investigations of some of its specific aspects. Furthermore, the majority of the existing studies of Tesauro are in Italian (with only very few in English), which makes it difficult for this text to reach an international public. This essay explores what seems to be a specific aspect that has so far been almost completely neglected: the role played by the ancient sophists in the Cannocchiale aristotelico and in the history of rhetoric that Tesauro redesigns. Tesauro proclaims his fidelity to Aristotle but actually contradicts Aristotle’s anti-sophistic approach. During this analysis, we will discover even more about Tesauro’s pro-sophistic attitude: he grounds the climax of Latin rhetorical tradition in Greek sophistry. This positive assessment of the ancient sophists, especially Thrasymachus and Gorgias of Leontini, coexists with a critique of Socrates. Except for Sperone Speroni, no other early modern Italian author—or European author—has proposed this radical inversion of the canon established by Plato. This reversal makes Tesauro a relevant case study in the on-going exploration of the legacy of ancient sophists in Western literature.