Revolutionary Challenge Research Articles

Revolution, Responsibility, and Reflection: Fifty Years of the Journal of Museum Education

ABSTRACT As the Journal of Museum Education reaches its fifty-year publication milestone, this article traces the roots of the Museum Education Roundtable (MER) and the organization’s resulting journal, both critical to professionalizing and shaping the field of museum education. Central to this publishing effort were the relationships amongst MER board members, editors, and authors, all working collectively to ensure that this publication allowed for new relationships to flourish between museum educators and their institutions, audiences, and other professionals. The responsibility for ensuring that this work shapes and impacts the field has been shared by generations of museum educators. The revolutionary challenge presented by the formation of MER and its publication continues today, as the JME continues to provide space to document legacies and endeavors to be a place that emerging professionals can use to reflect on new approaches, directions, and imperatives to continue strengthening the field of museum education.

Flauto dolce in the Post-War Context of Art Synesthesia

The postwar situation changed the social atmosphere in the whole world. After World War I, the Dadaist movement and surrealism appeared, like after World War II, Arte povera, or Informel. Artists began to deal with new approaches to art. Interest now was taken in its various branches and among the people a desire for artistic creation increased. The period of general postwar euphoria brought new hope, a resolution to create a new society in the best sense of the word, and bring new ideas into education. In this context, Ladislav Daniel entered and introduced his concept of education. After Orff’s and Kodály’s model, Ladislav Daniel also endeavored to improve music education. Zoltán Kodály himself never wrote a complex method of music education but it should be based on his principles. These were adopted by teachers in many countries, including Ladislav Daniel. Ladislav Daniel‘s revolutionary challenge was writing the school for the soprano recorder and later for the alto recorder (flauto dolce). Another foundation of Daniel’s reform of music education was intonation training by method of tonal method of singing, developed from the work of Guido of Arezzo, a remarkable composer and theoretician of music of the Middle Ages.

書評：上村直樹著『アメリカ外交と革命――米国の自由主義とボリビアの革命的ナショナリズムの挑戦，1943年～1964年――』 有信堂高文社 2019年 xii＋462 ページ

書評：上村直樹著『アメリカ外交と革命――米国の自由主義とボリビアの革命的ナショナリズムの挑戦，1943年～1964年――』 有信堂高文社 2019年 xii＋462 ページ

Development of an Instructional Design Model for Mobile Blended Learning in Higher Education

The development of information and communication technology has brought a surprise and revolutionary challenge to the idea and practice of traditional education. Mobile internet technology has become the main promoter and accelerator to apply the concept of mobile learning. Mobile technology offers new opportunities to integrate face-to-face learning and online learning methods. We see a tendency to use blended learning scenarios by combining various forms of learning and integrating a variety of ways to access content using mobile technology. The objective of this study is to develop a mobile blended learning design that can systematically guide the instructor or lecturer in the lecturing processes. By combining the ideas of mobile learning and blended learning, mobile blended learning design has been developed. Implementing research and development (R&D) method, the mobile blended learning design has been constructed through designing process and validation by experts. This instructional design has feasibility to use in learning; therefore, it effectively increases the popularity of mobile blended learning

Student Assessment of Professors in Revolutionary Context. Case-Study: The History Faculty of the University of Bucharest (1989-1990)

Abstract Student assessment of professors emerged in the context of university democratization and increasing involvement of students in the management of the higher education institutions. It was institutionalized mainly as an instrument to gradually improve the quality of teaching, and only rarely used as an element determining the hiring and firing of the academic staff. In Romania, it came to the forefront only in the context of the Revolution of December 1989, when students started to question the competence of their professors and asked for the removal of those whom they considered unfit. The article focuses on the concrete case of the “black list” issued by the history students in the University of Bucharest, and on the way this revolutionary challenge shaped the institutional governance and the further development of the Faculty of History. The analysis refutes attempts to consider this episode as a politically-motivated purge and to integrate it in the master-narrative of post-communist lustration. While highlighting the particularities of this case, which allowed to professionally-motivated students to initiate a major reshuffle in the functioning of a higher education institution, the authors argue that such a synthetical evaluation pattern may in fact be one of the not so uncommon ‘revolutionary’ paths towards establishing a regulated system of student assessment of professors.

Philosophy Bakes No Bread

Far from baking bread, far from practical applicability, philosophy traditionally sought to explain the world, ideally so. Thus, when Marx argued that it was high time philosophy “change the world,” his was a revolutionary challenge. Today, philosophy is an analytic affair and analytic philosophers seek less to explain the world than to squirrel out arguments or, more descriptively, to resolve the minutiae of this or that name problem. Faced with diminishing student demand, analytic philosophers have taken to urging that everyone from primary school students to scientists be required to study (analytic) philosophy. Just so, applied philosophers demand to be engaged as consultants on practical projects. Granting that the demand that philosophers be appointed to public policy projects is understandable, inasmuch as everyone, as Hegel observed, desires recognition, this article argues that no argument has been made that the results would benefit any but the appointees while reinforcing current administrative quantitative evaluative schemes.

Nanogeosciences: Research History, Current Status, and Development Trends

Nanogeosciences are the international frontier field for the recent cross-development of geosciences and nanotechnology, also are the combination of nanometer and earth. It is possible to research the morphology, structures, and components of the earth on a nanoscale and further reveal the nanoscale information recorded by the substances on the earth, relying on research means, experience, and achievements of fast-developing nanotechnology and in combination with geoscience. Based on the summarization of the existing academic achievements in ultra-microscopic reasearch on geosciences, the concept of nanogeosciences is put forward. Nanogeosciences are a series of geosciences, taking the matters on different layers of the earth as a research target, to reveal the information of nanoparticles and nanopores and their relationship with geoscientific phenomena and especially genetic types during the geoscientific processes on the basis of nanoscience and geoscience, as well as nanotechnology and geoscientific tools. Nanotechnology has been introduced in various branches of geosciences, at first nanogeology since the 1980s. From the nanogeology to nanogeosciences, nanogeosciences have witnessed three major developmental stages: exploratory research, development of several research directions, and the preliminary formation of the subject based on comprehensive research. Among them, relevant nanophenomena found in the field of geoscience have been observed and relevant geoscientific issues have been explored. In the nanogeosciences, the various branches formed by the combination of nanotechnology and geosciences has analyzed systematically, including: nano-mineralogy, nano-petrology, nano-geochemistry, nano-structural geology, nano-energy geology, nano-ore deposit geology, nano-earthquake geology, nano-environmental geology, nano-atmospheric science, and nano-marine science. The significant and groundbreaking scientific issues, along with the developing trend of nanogeosciences also has discussed, mainly include basic geological study, nano-ore deposit and unconventional energy, nano-mineralogy and coal-based materials, nanoparticles and environmental pollution, and nanostructure and geological disaster. Nanogeosciences are still in its initial stages but with a revolutionary challenge and huge prospects for development in geosciences.

A Special Issue on Emerging Nanogeosciences Nanogeosciences: A Revolutionary Challenge in Geosciences

<i>A Special Issue on</i> Emerging Nanogeosciences Nanogeosciences: A Revolutionary Challenge in Geosciences

\u201cLet\u2019s pull these technologies out of the ivory tower\u201d: The politics, ethos, and ironies of participant-driven genomic research

This paper investigates how groups of ‘citizen scientists’ in non-traditional settings and primarily online networks claim to be challenging conventional genomic research processes and norms. Although these groups are highly diverse, they all distinguish their efforts from traditional university- or industry-based genomic research as being ‘participant-driven’ in one way or another. Participant-driven genomic research (PDGR) groups often work from ‘labs’ that consist of servers and computing devices as much as wet lab apparatus, relying on information-processing software for data-driven, discovery-based analysis rather than hypothesis-driven experimentation. We interviewed individuals from a variety of efforts across the expanding ecosystem of PDGR, including academic groups, start-ups, activists, hobbyists, and hackers, in order to compare and contrast how they relate their stated objectives, practices, and political and moral stances to institutions of expert scientific knowledge production. Results reveal that these groups, despite their diversity, share commitments to promoting alternative modes of housing, conducting, and funding genomic research and, ultimately, sharing knowledge. In doing so, PDGR discourses challenge existing approaches to research governance as well, especially the regulation, ethics, and oversight of human genomic information management. Interestingly, the reaction of the traditional genomics research community to this revolutionary challenge has not been negative: in fact, the community seems to be embracing the ethos espoused by PDGR, at the highest levels of science policy. As conventional genomic research assimilates the ethos of PDGR, the movement’s ‘democratizing’ views on research governance are likely to become normalized as well, creating new tensions for science policy and research ethics.

An Epitaph for ISIS? The Idea of a Caliphate and the Westphalian Order

The project of restoring the Islamic caliphate has attracted considerable attention, and caused both hope and anxiety, since the Islamic State (IS) proclaimed a caliphate in 2014. The idea of a caliphate has a powerful attraction for many millions of the world’s Muslims, including those who emphatically disapprove of IS, and is sometimes viewed as a remedy for the marginalization and humiliation that the Muslim world has endured at the hands of the West. Thus, although the military defeat of IS seems likely at this point, a widespread desire for a restored caliphate will undoubtedly persist.On the other hand, prominent Western political leaders, diplomats and scholars have expressed severe forebodings about such a restoration. Among other causes for such concern is the fear that a restored caliphate would challenge, and might eventually overturn, the Westphalian system of state sovereignty, which is the legal basis of the current world order. From this perspective, a restored caliphate could pose a revolutionary challenge to a state-centric system of international law. Indeed, it might pose a more substantial threat to the Westphalian system than those that the Soviet Union or the Islamic Republic of Iran presented in their early phases.This paper explores whether the project of restoring a caliphate, if successful, would indeed have such a destabilizing effect. First, it considers the origins and self-understanding of the IS caliphate, examines IS’ historiographic narrative of Islamic expansion, greatness, decline and eventual renewal, and identifies structural reasons for IS’ probable failure. Then it examines the possibility of what has been called a “Great Power” caliphate, i.e., a restored caliphate in a major Muslim state, such as Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan or Indonesia. Here too, it is argued, the Westphalian Order would probably prove to be resilient enough to withstand a challenge.

Business and Welfare State Development: Why Did Employers Accept Social Reforms?

In recent years, employer-centered explanations of welfare state development have begun to challenge conventional labor-centered and state-centered explanations. These new explanations suggest that sector-specific business interests and cross-class alliances propelled the adoption and expansion of social programs (the business interests thesis). This article presents a novel explanation of differences in business support for welfare state expansion based on a diachronic analysis of the German case and shadow case studies of Sweden and the United States. The article suggests that when looking at changes in employers’ positions across time rather than across sectors, political constraints turn out to be the central factor explaining variation in employers’ support for social reforms (the political accommodation thesis). The article identifies two goals of business intervention in welfare state development: pacification and containment. In the case of pacification, business interests propel social policy expansion; in the case of containment, they constrain it. Business chooses pacification when revolutionary forces challenge capitalism and political stabilization thus becomes a priority. Business chooses containment when reformist forces appear likely to succeed in expanding social protection and no revolutionary challenge exists. The article shows that changes over time in the type of political challenges that business interests confront best explain the variation in business support for labor-friendly social reforms.

Revolutionizing education: Youth participatory action research in motion

This article reviews 'Revolutionizing education', a deeply reflective and retrospective book of scholarship on critical questions about youth participatory action research. The book contains a series of case study chapters that examine how youth participatory action research transforms young people and the social contexts in which they live as well as the learnings and implications yielded from this research. The book examines youth participatory action research both for its radical and revolutionary challenge to 'traditional research' practices but also for its active focus on research as a vehicle for increasing critical consciousness, developing knowledge for 'resistance and transformation' and for creating social change. It represents an important contribution to the field of youth participatory action research and community-based research.

The Micro-physics of Öffentlichkeit? Habermas, Foucault, and the Administration of Democratic Space in the Palais-Royal, 1789–1790

Jürgen Habermas's concept of the ‘public sphere’ continues to be profoundly influential among historians, despite reservations about its applicability. The influence of Michel Foucault, although wide, has not impacted in the same areas of ‘mainstream’ histories. A micro-study of the ‘public space’ of the Palais-Royal in Paris during the first year of the French revolution illustrates the continuing relevance of Foucault's views. The complexities of the identity of ‘the public’ in the foremost centre of revolutionary open-air discussion challenge any smooth integration into a narrative of modernity, and offer more support for a Foucaultian view of history as problematic flux.

Review: The Magic Prism: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language

The late 20th century saw great movement in the philosophy of language, often critical of the fathers of the subject-Gottlieb Frege and Bertrand Russell-but sometimes supportive of (or even defensive about) the work of the fathers. Howard Wettstein's sympathies lie with the critics. But he says that they have often misconceived their critical project, treating it in ways that are technically focused and that miss the deeper implications of their revolutionary challenge. Wettstein argues that Wittgenstein-a figure with whom the critics of Frege and Russell are typically unsympathetic-laid the foundation for much of what is really revolutionary in this late 20th century movement. The subject itself should be of great interest, since philosophy of language has functioned as a kind of foundation for much of 20th century philosophy. But in fact it remains a subject for specialists, since the ideas are difficult and the mode of presentation is often fairly technical. In this book, Wettstein brings the non-specialist into the conversation (especially in early chapters); he also reconceives the debate in a way that avoids technical formulation. The Magic Prism is intended for professional philosophers, graduate students, and upper division undergraduates.

Austria's Wars of Emergence: War, State, and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683-1797 (review)

Reviewed by: Austria’s Wars of Emergence: War, State, and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683–1797 Lee W. Eysturlid Austria’s Wars of Emergence: War, State, and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683–1797. By Michael Hochedlinger. New York and London: Longman, 2003. ISBN 0-582-29084-8. Tables. Maps. Bibliographical notes. Index. Pp. xviii, 466. $ 32.00. In the period between the infamous second siege of Vienna (1683) and the end of the War of the First Coalition (1792-97), the Habsburg Monarchy [End Page 1241] emerged as one of the truly great European powers. Although this is a straightforward statement, the realities of that growth were anything but simple. The Monarchy fought numerous wars against both Turkish and European enemies, lost and gained territories, and underwent complicated but often subtle systemic political changes. To the average student or reader, the Habsburg experience often remains a nearly impenetrable morass of people, events, and institutions, not to mention that the material available in English is limited. Much of this dilemma is now addressed with the publication of Michael Hochedlinger's new book. Austria's Wars of Emergence is broken into five sections, the first topical, the last four chronological. Each section is made up of three to seven chapters, and each chapter is again divided to deal with specific details. The first section is perhaps the most important and useful, endeavoring to explain the wide range of political institutions and relationships that existed in the Monarchy prior to 1700. Here Hochedlinger shows how Habsburg rulers and ministers labored to assemble greater centralized authority while limiting the power of the noble estates and the inclination to provincial preferences. He does this first by analyzing specific areas where changes occurred, like finances, the army, the Reich, and so on. Second, he makes great use of numerous, easily read and understood graphs, charts, and maps. This first section alone makes the book worth owning and could act as either a good introduction for students of Modern Europe looking to understand the Monarchy, or even for gleaning details for lecture material. The next four sections—the Age of Heroes, 1683-1733; the Crisis of a Great Power, 1733-48; Reform, Revenge, Aggression; and Revolutionary Challenge, 1789-1797—take the Monarchy chronologically from 1683 to 1797, with the greatest space dedicated to the period between the War of the Austrian Succession and the beginning of the French Revolution. Hochedlinger, a senior archivist at the Austrian State Archives, does not present much in the way of new thinking concerning the Monarchy. His treatment of the military, while relatively extensive, is only considered in relation to its broader diplomatic or economic impact. Battles and campaigns, however important, are only given brief mention or analysis. This is true of the entire study, as in the end the book is necessarily an overarching view of an immense topic, and serves more as an effective introduction. In the end the reader can conclude that the Monarchy's rise to great power status, much damaged but not ended by the success of the French Revolution, was a matter of mostly successful military, political, and diplomatic endurance in the effort to achieve limited goals. Lee W. Eysturlid Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy Aurora, Illinois Copyright © 2004 Society for Military History

H ENNER F ÜRTIG , Iran's Rivalry with Saudi Arabia Between the Gulf Wars , Durham Middle East Monograph Series (Reading, U.K.: Ithaca Press, 2002). Pp. 306. $49.50 cloth

The author, a former German diplomat now affiliated with the Center for Modern Oriental Studies in Berlin, presents a detailed and readable account of bilateral relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia from the Iranian Revolution through the mid-1990s. The work is based largely on English-and German-language secondary sources, with some reference to the secondary literature in Persian and to newspaper accounts in Arabic and Persian. The first section of the book is a chronological account of the relationship, with chapters on the immediate post-revolutionary period, on the Iran–Iraq War, and on the first Gulf War and its aftermath. The second section of the book focuses on main areas of rivalry, both geographic and issue-oriented. It includes chapters on Saudi–Iranian competition in the Middle East, South Asia, and Central Asia, and for “religious and economic leadership.” The latter chapter focuses on the Iranian revolutionary challenge to Saudi claims of leadership in the Muslim world and on conflict within OPEC over oil policy.

The Salvage of Ideas: Schumpeter and the Core Problems Still Confronting Economics

Two aspects of Schumpeter' legacy are analyzed in the article. On the one hand, he can be viewed as the custodian of the neoclassical harvest supplementing to its stock of inherited knowledge. On the other hand, the innovative character of his works is emphasized that allows to consider him a proponent of hetherodoxy. It is stressed that Schumpeter's revolutionary challenge can lead to radical changes in modern economics.

Social Unrest and Popular Protest in England, 1780-1840

1. Introduction: historiography, sources and methods 2. Agricultural protest 3. Food riots 4. Industrial protest 5. Political protest 6. Policing protest 7. A revolutionary challenge? 8. Conclusion.

New WTO Agreement on Government Procurement: an Analysis of the Framework for Bid Challenge Procedures and the Question of Direct Effect

The new Agreement on Government Procurement introduces a revolutionary new direct challenge system allowing tenderers more opportunities for redress. This article focuses on the advantages of the domestic bid challenge system as opposed to the procedure States can initiate under the WTO's Dispute Settlement Understanding and compares the direct challenge procedures to those of the Remedies Directive and the Utilities Remedies Directive.

German History 1789-1871: From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich

Part I: A Revolutionary Challenge Part II: The View from Vienna Part III: Opening Pandora's Box Part IV: Answers to the German Question