Revolution In Italy Research Articles

The Queer Politics of Failure in Casa Guidi Windows

Elizabeth Barrett Browning published her influential political poem, Casa Guidi Windows, in 1851. In its reflections on the failed revolution in Italy in 1848, the poem introduces a politics of childhood that identifies the trope of the singing Italian child as the source of poetic inspiration and the poet’s own Anglo-Italian son as a figure of consolation and hope in the face of overwhelming political failure. This article challenges past criticism on the poem which has naturalized the figure of the child as a logical extension of the poet’s domestic-orientated political reflections. Rather than viewing the child as a source of hope in the poem, this essay draws upon recent queer theory to analyze the violence behind Barrett Browning’s politics of childhood both in its infantilization of Italian culture and its idealization of the child. The article concludes with a reflection on the poet’s political education of her son and the effects it had on his childhood development. The failure of Barrett Browning’s son to live up to the impossible ideal envisioned for him in the poem exposes the ideological violence naturalized within the poet’s idealized figure of the child and represents a form of resistance to the very logic of Romantic childhood itself.

Revoluce v Itálii 1831 a rakouská vojenská intervence

V období od konce napoleonských válek v roce 1815 do revolučního roku 1848 nedošlo v západní a střední Evropě k žádnému většímu vojenskému konfliktu. Přesto bylo těchto více jak třicet let svědkem několika krizových situací, které byly hrozbou pro evropský mír. Jedním z takových okamžiků byla Červencová revoluce ve Francii roku 1830 a následná revoluční vlna postupující napříč Evropou, která se nevyhnula také Apeninskému poloostrovu. Na počátku února 1831 vypukly revoluce ve třech italských státech - ve vévodství Modenském, vévodství Parmském a v Papežském státě.Již v prvních dnech revoluce opustili habsburští panovníci ve vévodstvích ze strachu své trůny, stejně tak zanechali své úřady papežští zástupci v Legazioni, severních provinciích Papežského státu. Vytvořené revoluční vlády postupně převzaly kontrolu v obou vévodstvích a na téměř celém území Papežského státu s vyjímkou Říma a okolí. Během února byly ve všech třech středoitalských státech zavedeny administrativní a správní reformy, vláda v Bologni dokonce na přelomu února a března vyhlásila vznik nového státu s názvem Spojené italské provincie a vyhlásila ústavu.Jednotliví vládci nebyli schopni vyřešit nastalou situaci vlastními prostředky. Toho si byl vědom také Klemens Wenzel Lothar Nepomuk von Metternich, rakouský státní kancléř a ministr zahraničí. Ten nehodlal dopustit jakékoliv politické změny na poloostrově, které by ohrozily všeobecný mír v Evropě a dominanci Rakouského císařství na italském území. Proto již na počátku března byly na pochodu císařské oddíly vyslané z Lombardska-Benátska s cílem potlačit revoluce. Striktní dodržování principu neintervence, vyhlášeného vládou v Paříži v předchozím roce a převzatého povstaleckými vládami v Itálii, způsobilo fragmentaci revolučního hnutí a v konečném důsledku ho odsoudilo k zániku. Rakouská armáda bez větších potíží zasáhla ve všech třech státech a revoluční snahy tak překazila.Kapitulací revolucionářů v Anconě na konci března skončil krátký boj obyvatel států střední Itálie za liberálnější vládu. Skutečnost, že toto úsilí bylo zmařeno vojenským zásahem Rakouska, byla později využita italskými politiky a vlastenci s úmyslem eliminovat vliv Vídně na Apeninském poloostrově. Vliv evropských mocností totiž bránil vzniku jednotného italského národního státu.

Corporate governance: How fiscal and industry revolution in Italy can change the labour market?

The intent of the paper is to understand which new scenarios and future figures could emerge with the Corporate Governance Industry Revolution 4.0, but also which professional figures could disappear, decrease in number or transform; also prefigure what changes could occur in the way of work performance, of new and old professions, in relation to the inevitable changes in production processes that will be introduced by this new industrial revolution. My point of view, of analysis, is clearly that of union representation, in all forms, and of workers. The question that I and I hope all the components of the trade unions are asking is: will we be able to be able to understand, represent and protect all the workers who will be involved in Industry 4.0? Clearly the writer does not pretend to find solutions, although from my observations, experience of representation can certainly provide suggestions and ideas, aided by the study and research still conducted by the major unions such as: CGIL-FIOM, CISL- FIM and UIL-UILM in Italy.

“The Form of a City”: Pasolini and the Poetic Ecology of the Sign

This article examines the potential contributions of Pasolinian anthropology to urban studies. Pasolinian anthropology aims to articulate a historical moment (i.e., the acceleration of the second industrial revolution in Italy between the mid-1960s and mid-1970s) with environmental and urban transformations. The authors sketch a portrait of Pasolini as a primitive theoretician who supported that which would become known as landscape urbanism. The authors mainly consult Pasolini’s journalistic writings published in two anthologies ( Lettere luterane, Scritti corsari) and an incomplete pedagogical manual ( Gennariello). The authors also refer to four of his documentary films ( Comizi d’amore, Appunti per un film sull’India, Appunti per un Orestiade Africana, and Pasolini e la forma della città) and tangentially to two of his novels ( Racconti romani and Petrolio) as well as to his correspondence and poems (particularly Gramsci’s Ashes).

Bandiera rossa trionferà? L'Italia e la Rivoluzione di Ottobre, 1917-1927

Since the publications made in the Seventies and Eighties, in Italy historians have no longer produced new studies on the October Revolution. In view of the hundredth anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution, the main object of this article is to analyze the influence of October Revolution in Italy from a diplomatic, military and political point of view when the last liberal governments were in power and during the first years of the new fascist government.

National theater and the age of revolution in Italy

Inspired by the writings of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Denis Diderot, between 1796 and 1799 Italy lived through an intense period of theatrical reform trying to diffuse the concept of ‘national theater’, financed and controlled by public authorities. This process resulted in the opening of new theaters and opera houses. During the Restoration period, the same idea found a different political declination but with similar results: an even more powerful propagating of public theaters as spaces of urban sociability. The article examines the impact of this process on Italian society since the end of the eighteenth century, identifying some specific characters of the Italian theatrical system in relation to other national cases. The network of Italian theaters during the early nineteenth century shows seemingly contradictory elements whose dynamics have to be explained: local aspirations of excellence and participation in a national circuit of opera production; market dynamics and censorship; police control and involvement in political nationalism.

Jesuit Pulp Fiction: The Serial Novels of Antonio Bresciani in La Civilta Cattolica

The successful and highly authoritative Jesuit opinion-journal La Civiltà Cattolica was founded in 1850 to assert Catholic values in the face of ‘the Revolution’, an allegedly nefarious process that had begun with the Revolution of 1789 and was seen by the Jesuit writers as continuing with the 1848 revolution in Italy and the ongoing Risorgimento movement; this called the temporal power of the papacy into question and also entailed wider issues of secularization. For these writers, the periodical press was a dangerous new force and the only way to combat it effectively was on its own ground. The serial novels which ran in the fortnightly journal from 1850 until 1927 were evidendy written in the belief that the devil should not be left with all the most gripping yarns. The dangers to morality posed by romantic novels were constantly emphasized in the journal’s own fiction. The dominant tone of this fiction was polemical. The villains represented the forces of Jacobinism, the secret societies of the early Risorgimento, and Freemasonry. Conspiracy was a constant theme. Indeed, the leitmotifs of anti-Jesuit polemic depicting the Society of Jesus as an occult conspiratorial organization were in turn deployed by the Jesuit writers against Freemasonry. In the present study, however, the emphasis will be primarily on what the works of Antonio Bresciani (1798–1862), the pioneer Jesuit novelist between 1850 and 1861, had to say about Christian life and values. This, in fact, has most relevance to the genre of the romantic novel.

The use of dinoflagellate cysts to separate human-induced from natural variability in the trophic state of the Po River discharge plume over the last two centuries

To obtain insight into the natural and/or human-induced changes in the trophic state of the distal portion of the Po River discharge plume over the last two centuries, high temporal resolution dinoflagellate cyst records were established at three sites. Cyst production rates appear to reflect the natural variability in the river’s discharge, whereas cyst associations reflect the trophic state of the upper waters, which in turn can be related to agricultural development. The increased abundances of Lingulodinium machaerophorum and Stelladinium stellatum found as early as 1890 and 1920 correspond to the beginning of the industrial revolution in Italy and the first chemical production and dispersion of ammonia throughout Europe. After 1955, the increased abundances of these species and of Polykrikos schwartzii, Brigantedinium spp. and Pentapharsodinium dalei correspond to agriculturally induced alterations of the hypertrophic conditions. A slight improvement in water quality can be observed from 1987 onward.

Life and ideas of Giovanni Capellini (1833–1922): a palaeontological revolution in Italy

Abstract During the nineteenth century Europe and then America were the focal points for major advances in the study of palaeontology and the great, often acrimonious, debate on evolutionary theory. Natural history was one of the great educational disciplines of the day and those involved were part of an educated elite who practised as medics, clergymen, chemists and anatomists. Some were shy and retiring, others forceful even bombastic, sometimes evil by intent. Many were driven by fame and it was their wish to discover the best, the biggest and the most important specimens they could get their hands on. Others were great orators who could defend a cause; some were the first of many who became diligent and careful in the collection and storage of material or brilliant field scientists who taught us the importance of observation, data gathering and interpretation of sedimentary successions worldwide. Being considered worthy of joining such an elite social, scientific circle was an immense tribute to their contribution to the natural sciences. It was an honour denied William Smith who lacked the educational background of the middle classes of the time, but given in abundance to the Italian scientist Giovanni Capellini who was born into an upper middle-class Italian family and who received a classic ecclesiastical training before venturing into the natural sciences. Supplementary material: A list of selected publications by Giovanni Capellini (1858–1907) is available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18417 .

The rise of cost accounting: evidence from Italy

Accounting historians link the origins of cost accounting to the rise of manufacturing firms and, in a more detailed way, to efficiency control, pricing and decision-making problems faced in those organizations. To date, the international debate has mainly focused on practices in the USA, Great Britain and France, with little evidence available of developments in other countries, such as Italy. In this paper, the authors analyse the development of cost accounting in an Italian firm, 'La Magona d'Italia'. This iron, steel and tinplate firm, situated in Piombino, is observed over the period 1865-1940, i.e. during the central phase of the industrial revolution in Italy. We find that several factors influenced the implementation of a cost accounting system at Magona, including efficiency control, strategic decision making, and stock valuation. We also find a strong British influence on Magona's strategy, organization and information system, particularly in respect of finance, managers, technology and accounting practices. There is little evidence that Italian accounting traditions and practice played much of a role.

Protagonists and politics in the Italian women's movement: a reflection on the work of Annarita Buttafuoco

This article retraces Annarita Buttafuoco's work as a historian of the women's political movement in Italy through a brief survey of her essays and books. These covered more than two centuries of history, ranging from the echoes of the French Revolution in Italy and the constitution of the Jacobin Republics to the struggles for female suffrage and emancipation in the liberal era down to the period after the Second World War and the founding of the Italian Republic. Emphasizing the originality of both the sources and the methodological approaches she used, the article offers a critical appreciation of Annarita Buttafuoco's research and her role in organizing and shaping collective research projects. It is focused on three specific issues: the history of women as conscious historical subjects, the history of women's political movements not only in their social and political contexts but also in relation to institutional networks and the practices of citizenship.

Finding Social Capital: The French Revolution in Italy

If were sharply defined, the term would be less usefully suggestive. It seems to refer to those practices, customs, groups, and institutions that strengthen civil society. In a sense, the concept is always retrospective. We acknowledge the presence of social capital whenever we attribute collective (essentially political) behavior more to established patterns of behavior than to immediate requirements, interests, or tactical calculations. The term is temptingly residual, a signifier for behaviors not simply selfish, and it tends to be used in notably judgmental ways, treating as those practices considered beneficial to society's smooth functioning. Logically, this usage seems somewhat circular and historically rather deterministic. I propose to make this loose term looser, by expanding it to include cultural capital. By cultural capital, I mean the customs of public behavior (a part of culture in the anthropological sense) and the content of shared values (as communicated through the literature and arts of high culture). This definition extends the idea of as used by Putnam and his associates. They measured primarily in terms of voluntary organizations, on the grounds that associational life may, as Tocqueville thought it did, build habits of cooperation and trust that facilitate effective, democratic government. Thinking in the broader terms of cultural invites attention to less institutionalized habits

Piero Gobetti and the Liberal Revolution in Italy

Piero Gobetti, who died at an early age in 1926 after a severe beating by Fascist squadristi, is one of the most remarkable figures in twentieth‐century Italian culture. A writer and thinker with deep political commitment, Gobetti launched the reviews and journals during the political crisis in Italy between 1918 and 1925 which provided a meeting point for the otherwise dispersed forces of the Italian Left. The republication of his essay ‘The Liberal Revolution. An Essay of the Political Struggle in Italy’ ‐ the fifth edition since it first appeared in 1924 — has reopened the debate on Gobetti and provides an opportunity to consider Gobetti's ideas outside the context of the often politically motivated interpretations that have been placed on them.

Culture of the left and green culture ‐the challenge of the environmental revolution in Italy

Culture of the left and green culture ‐the challenge of the environmental revolution in Italy

American Historical Association: Women's Labor History

University of New York-Binghamton) challenged the assumption that immigrants' political behavior was shaped by their experiences as a preindustrial workforce in Italy. On the contrary, the militance of Italian immigrants in Paterson, New Jersey developed in the transition from domestic to industrial production in the textile districts of Italy. In the transformation from worker-peasants to proletarians, workers developed a working-class identity. Their cultural heritage, which val ued anarchism, socialism, and organized unionism and was intent on the emancipation of labor, informed their activity in Paterson. Donna R. Gabaccia (University of North Carolina-Charlotte) argued for research into political, as distinguished from labor, migration. The politics of Italian political migrants followed the history of reform and revolution in Italy: nationalists, followed by anarchists, socialists, and under fascism, communists. This paralleled a decline in upperand middle-class migration so that by World War I political migrants came to resemble labor migrants. Political migrants differed from labor migrants in choosing European destinations from where they could influence Italian politics. Gabaccia concluded with a call for further study of the connections between political migration and national migration policy.

“A Fine Young Revolution”: The United States and the Fascist Revolution in Italy, 1919-1925

“A Fine Young Revolution”: The United States and the Fascist Revolution in Italy, 1919-1925

The National-Social Revolution in Germany

Adolf Hitler, the leader of the N.S.D.A.P. (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) was appointed chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933, and has now been in office for over half a year. In the middle of July he declared that the Nazi revolution, which his entry into office inaugurated, was over. The time seems suitable, therefore, for an attempt at a survey of the revolution, with the proviso that, official declaration notwithstanding, the revolution is no more closed than that of France was when Napoleon, after his coup d'etat in 1799, made a similar declaration. And, in any case, closed or not, it is too early to judge or generalize about the Nazi revolution, as the recollections of our early judgments about the Fascist revolution in Italy should remind us. All we can do is to observe its course and examine its nature as far as its actions and words allow.

The Real Revolution in Italy

The course of revolution in Italy illustrates the fact that political upheavals may be but overt manifestations of underlying social changes. Sentimental and habitual support for the agrarian and industrial as well as the political structures of the Italian social organization has been undermined. The disorganization appeared first a half-century ago as a general discontent, apparently undirected and unreasoning. Later it was articulated and expressed itself in various types of crowd activity, finally emerging in several mass movements. At the time of the opening of the World War drastic changes seemed imminent. The war and the rise of Fascism have temporarily aborted the concerted movement and delayed the changes.