Electronic Revolution Research Articles

Electronic Cash and Monetary Policy

An electronic money revolution and an electronic cash revolution are both transferring banking power from governments and banks into the hands of the average citizen.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION IN THE HOT ZONE 3, REPUBLIC OF MESHNOON IN THE YEAR 2013

What a pity we didn't see the extent to which we were all unduly influenced by the hype put out by the more ‘commercially committed’ elements of the computer and information industry. Now, I know that the electronic revolution in the 1990s has brought many advantages to librarianship and I have in mind the tremendous strides taken with regard to journal publishing in particular. The provision of journals over the Net did introduce a radical degree of flexibility that has been appreciated by both libraries and readers alike. Nothing new there: however the mechanisms which were subsequently developed that allow readers to read, browse or scan an article — as well as being able to call up any references that look useful — are positive attributes. Publishing articles directly on the Internet when they are ready rather than waiting for a quarterly issue to be circulated is also welcome, although it took longer for this method of presenting academic material to be implemented by the major publishers than I would have expected. I thought it would have been available in the early 1990s.

Extending the clan: Graduate assistantships in the reference department

Reference librarians in today's academic libraries are typically confronted with a growing array of simultaneous demands. Strained financial resources, staffing shortages, the challenge of adding new services, the explosion of information, and the electronic revolution have complicated (and sometimes compromised) the delivery of quality services. In response to many universities' growing commitment to offer nontraditional degree programs, reference staff are also assuming more responsibility for night and weekend instruction.

Educators must take the electronic revolution seriously

The advanced fields in the physical sciences and quantitative social sciences began using computers years ago. But only recently has the electronic revolution reached the point where educators in both medicine and the humanities must take it seriously. This is because (1) computers have finally become powerful enough to permit the creation of teaching machines (called multimedia packages) that can manipulate the massive amounts of information involved in medicine and the humanities; and (2) the Internet is now fast enough and widely distributed enough to change teaching practices. Multimedia packages will drastically change traditional teaching and learning; the author reviews these and other likely impacts of these packages. For example, faculty members' effective contact with students will not be bound by time and place; students can learn at their own paces in their preferred modes; and the distinction between elementary and advanced learning will be virtually impossible to maintain. The Internet makes it possible to offer classes to students no matter where they or the teacher are located, to ignore strict constraints of time (a class discussion can go on for days), and to create "electronic communities" of students and faculty. The author reviews the great advantages of these capabilities, but states that this development of the virtual university could seriously undermine actual universities (e.g., difficulties of maintaining faculty competence in their disciplines; impossibility of deciding issues of department size and diversity; questions of the effectiveness of learning that does not take place face-to-face; problems of students' and teachers' time management, on which the traditional structures of curricula and teaching methods are built). Despite the fundamental adjustments that will be necessary, the author sees the electronic revolution in education as a necessary consequence of what is already taking place in research, where multimedia packages and the Internet are being used extensively, because in professional education, teaching and learning arise directly from research. Just as scholars and scientists have embraced this revolution, educators should embrace it in their educational programs and practices.

Retrieving information from scientific periodicals

ABSTRACTConsiders the indexing of scientific and medical periodicals, covering the need for indexes, the effect on information retrieval of the electronic revolution, types of journals and entries, the process of indexing, cumulation, and publisherAndexer relations

Electronic Revolution at the Educational Crossroads

proudly take them on, praising ourselves for our bold foresight when, in reality, much of the world has passed us by. With the new technologies related to the Inter net, education is faced with a choice: play bubble-up or boldly move into the future?pay now or play the far more costly game of catch-up. Because our students will increasingly come to us knowing more about computers than we do, the word will quickly get out: Go to the X college or Y university. It has heard the technological rallying cry and has acted. In Ohio, Governor Voinovich's School Net initiative, with $85 million budgeted for technology over five years for secondary schools and another $200 million likely for elementary schools, makes the choice even more imperative. We hesitate at the risk of our futures. The need for change is still a hard les son to embrace. We all know that the new technologies are exciting and revolution ary. In many ways, they define the future. Even if we accept those assumptions, we

Labour and the information society: trades union policies for teleworking

The current interest in teleworking is seen as the focal point of a wider debate relating to the diffusion of flexible work patterns facilitated by the networking of information communication technology and the development of the Information Society. The development of telework as a means of organising work is mapped and the trades union response outlined. An historical perspective to trades unions attitudes is provided by comparison with the Micro Electronics Revolution debate of the late 1970s and early 1980s, which focused on new technology agreements. The paper concludes by promoting a legislative framework to ensure best employment practices, and by urging trades unions to develop policies that meet both the challenges and opportunities of the Information Society.

The History and Power of Writing.

This study is the story of from its very beginnings to its recent transformations through technology. Traversing four millennia, Martin offers a chronicle of as a cultural system, a means of communication and a history of technologies. He shows how the written word originated, how it spread and how it figured in the evolution of civilization. Using as his centre the role of printing in making the written way of thinking dominant, Martin examines the interactions of individuals and cultures to produce new forms of writing in the many senses of authorship, language rendition and script. Martin looks at how much the development of owed to practical necessity, and how much to religious and social systems of symbols. He describes the precursors to and reveals their place in early civilization as devices in service of the spoken word. The tenacity of the oral tradition plays an important part in this story as, even as late as the 18th century, educated individuals were trained in classical rhetoric and preferred to rely on the arts of memory. Finally, Martin discusses the changes to wrought by the electronic revolution, offering insights into the influence these new technologies have had on children born into the computer age.

LOOKING FORWARD TO THE INTELLIGENT ELECTRICAL MACHINE: ELECTRONICS AND MACHINES COMBINE THEIR ABILITIES

Electrical machines, more than 150 years old, have long been distinguished according to their mechanical structure and frequencies of their supply voltage (or current). This is not true any more after the electronic revolution. Since the fast development in power electronics as well as in control electronics these electronics can give any motor any desired speed-torque characteristic and any motor can become a servodrive having a very precise position control. By implementing digital control algorithms, mainly the cascaded, the state feedback or the cascaded state feedback control, and — if necessary, in addition — adaptive control procedures which compensate the variation of system parameters in the controller, the "intelligent electrical machine" — either with the synchronous or with the induction machine — is created. It is part of mechatronics. It can be installed in modern automated systems, in robots and tool machines, in all kinds of industrial drive systems as well as in locomotives and electric cars. Also modern methods like fuzzy logic and neural networks can be used. It seems that they will not create a second revolution in the control itself, but in the application areas of drives. They add some interesting features to the intelligent electrical machine and make it even more intelligent. They could also speed up the controller design in future.

As We May Think (an article that appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in 1945 predicting the electronic revolution)

As We May Think (an article that appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in 1945 predicting the electronic revolution)

The electronic publishing revolution is not “Global”

Proclamations of a global information revolution are in accord with the daily experience of many who live in wealthy countries where interactive CD-ROM products are now being released and high-bandwidth computer networks are essential tools for research and development communities. However, the phrase sounds somewhat glib to many of those who live in poorer countries. This article reviews the global distribution of electronic publishing products and services. It details many of the promising projects now underway, particularly those undertaken in computer networking, and surveys some of the major problems that continue to beset attempts to expand electronic publishing services in the developing world. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Diversity and equality: Race and class in America

Discussions of diversity, multiculturalism, and democracy often neglect the historical and structural economic and political inequalities embedded in these racial/ethnic/cultural differences among peoples in America. In this article we present a historical materialist analysis of African Americans and other oppressed peoples within the context of capitalist development. The current period of the electronic revolution and the labor displacing technology of the postindustrial era is creating the conditions for the erosion of the reform based social contract, and for heightened degrees of economic and political polarization, often expressed as racial polarization. At the same time, the abundance created by the high technology revolution contains the possibility of realizing equality and democracy for African Americans and for all of the American peoples.

Electronic communications for students

Electronic communication is here to stay. The Internet, the information superhighway, the World Wide Web and e-mail are now everyday topics of conversation, with their own television programmes and newspaper supplements. Scientists in general, and physicists in particular, have been at the forefront of this new electronic revolution. Scientific use of the Internet now includes communications (where e-mail is rapidly replacing the phone, fax and “snail mail”), the transfer of large datasets from supercomputers and satellites, remote control of telescopes and other large pieces of research equipment, and electronic publishing (see p43 and Further reading).

Special Issue on Scalability of Parallel Algorithms and Architectures: Guest Editors′ Introduction

The invention of the transistor in 1948 ranks as a seminal event of technology. It influenced the electronics industry profoundly, giving us portable TVs, pocket radios, personal computers, and the virtual demise of vacuum tubes. But the real electronics revolution came in the 1960s with the integration of transistors and other semiconductor devices into monolithic circuits. Now integrated circuits (called chips) can be found in everything from wristwatches to automobile engines and are the driving force behind the boom in personal computers. The latest advance, though, involves the integration of digital communication networks with the computer which has given birth to the global Internet.

SOME THOUGHTS AND PREDICTIONS

We have recently begun the third stage of the electronic information revolution — what we will probably come to call the Internet Age. This may seem pretty obvious, but let me try to present it in a fashion that perhaps makes it more compelling and hints more effectively at what the consequences will be.

Die elektronische Revolution und ihre Auswirkungen auf Verlage und Bibliotheken

The number of electronic books and journals is growing so rapidly that some people are speaking of a second Gutenberg revolution, i.e. an electronic revolution. A worldwide virtual library will be established by means of virtual electronic documents which are linked together by Hypertext and Hypermedia features. Ted Nelson's idea of the Xanadu Docuverse is becoming reality. Publishers and libraries have to recognize their new task: to play the role of clearing-houses of information on both printed and electronic media and to manage the anarchical labyrinth of the Docuverse

After the Electronic Revolution, Will You Be the First to Go? Proceedings of the 1992 Association for Library Collections & Technical Services Presidents Program, 29 June 1992, American Library Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, California

After the Electronic Revolution, Will You Be the First to Go? Proceedings of the 1992 Association for Library Collections & Technical Services Presidents Program, 29 June 1992, American Library Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, California

Semiconductor electronics and the birth of the modern science of surfaces

Semiconductor surfaces were the launching platform for the solid state electronic revolution. The brilliant concept of surface states led directly to the discovery of the transistor in 1947. The chemical instability of the Ge surfaces, however, rendered the new devices irreproducible and unstable. This threat to the viability of semiconductor electronics, precipitated an international search, of a magnitude unparalleled in the history of science and technology, directed at the understanding and controlling of semiconductor surfaces. The roots of all of today's powerful experimental tools, techniques, procedures and fundamental concepts at the disposal of surface science and engineering can be traced to that gigantic effort on the study of semiconductor surfaces. Clearly, solid state electronics, born and nurtured on semiconductor surfaces, gave, in turn, birth to the modern science of all surfaces. In this article, I attempt to convey a general impression of the mutually constructive interplay between the evolution of solid state electronics on the one hand and surface science and engineering on the other. I take this opportunity to highlight my own experiences and research involvement with semiconductor surfaces.

Personal autonomy and the flexible school

The paper starts by emphasizing the importance of the ideal of personal autonomy as a central educational aim within liberal-democratic thought. Although this ideal has been accorded different meanings in the past 200 years, this paper focuses on J. S. Mill's view of autonomy - a very influential view within the liberal tradition and one still relevant for us today. The basic educational recommendation stemming from Mill's view of this ideal is the need to encourage “experimentation in living” by young people to enable them to discover their authentic wishes, capabilities and interests and to exercise themselves in the formation of “life-plans”. The paper points to the sharp contradiction between democratic educational thought and practice: between the ideal of autonomy and the prevailing rigid and closed school structure which usually prevents true experimentation in living. It explains this contradiction as stemming from didactic and social considerations that were valid in industrial democratic societies. The paper's main claim is that due to the electronic revolution and its social consequences, the validity of these considerations is drastically and rapidly eroding in post-industrial democratic societies, and that, therefore, a much more flexible and open school structure is today not only desirable but also didactically and socially possible. The paper ends by presenting the “School as a Communications Center” model of a flexible school that reflects the above rationale. This model is now in the first stage of its implementation at a comprehensive high-school in Beer-Sheva, Israel.

After the electronic revolution, will you be the first to go?: Proceedings of the 1992 Association for Library Collections & Technical Services President's Program, 29 June 1992, American Library Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, CA, ed. by Arnold Hirshon. Chicago: ALA, 1993. 62p. $ 18; $ 16.20 to ALA members (paper) ISBN 0-8389-7650-6. Perm. paper

After the electronic revolution, will you be the first to go?: Proceedings of the 1992 Association for Library Collections & Technical Services President's Program, 29 June 1992, American Library Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, CA, ed. by Arnold Hirshon. Chicago: ALA, 1993. 62p. $ 18; $ 16.20 to ALA members (paper) ISBN 0-8389-7650-6. Perm. paper