Revisionist Perspective Research Articles

Adult Attachment Stability–Instability Before and After Marriage Between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Non‐IPV Women Separated from Partners During Military Duty in Indonesia

The quality of attachment between intimate partners is important for women to maintain healthy relationships. Yet, the quality of attachment style and relationship can be marred and disrupted in women exposed to trauma due to intimate partner violence (IPV). Research suggests that the impact of trauma on women can be transmitted over generations due to the inability to regulate emotions, specifically in dealing with their children. The aim of this study was to explore the disruption of adult attachment patterns by comparing a group of women in Indonesia who have been affected by IPV, and a group of women who have not been affected by IPV but who have been separated from their partner during military duty. A cross‐sectional study comparing two groups: women exposed to IPV (n = 35) and women not exposed to IPV (n = 35) was carried out. The adult attachment scale before and after marriage was obtained using Experiences in Close Relationships‐Revised scales. The results revealed a significant shift of attachment style on the Avoidant dimension of the non‐IPV group separated by partner military duty and a slight change on the overall attachment of the IPV group, but relative stability on the Anxiety dimensions. The study interpreted the findings as being more supportive of the prototype perspective rather than the revisionist perspective. Family therapists may reduce the attachment Avoidant dimension as a therapeutic goal of intervention to change the insecure to a more secure working model.

W. C. Handy and the “Birth” of the Blues

This article reexamines the origins of blues music from a revisionist perspective, seeking to disarticulate mythic understandings—including the popular notion that the blues were “born” out of African American pain and hardship in the Mississippi Delta—from what the best recent scholarship actually tells us about the music's earliest days. The collective portrait evoked by Abbott and Seroff, Muir, Ottenheimer, and Wald is of a lyric form with a long and fragmentary prehistory in Tin Pan Alley sheet music, plausible musical origins in the Ohio River Valley rather than the Deep South, and a critical but unrecorded early flowering within the precincts of black vaudeville, exemplified by the career of Butler “String Beans” May. Songwriter and bandleader W. C. Handy, the celebrated “father of the blues,” is thoroughly implicated in this narrative of blues’ emergence; his roles as popular historian, mythographer, and author of “St. Louis Blues” are reassessed in a way that clarifies his legacy.

Modernism Under Review: Reyner Banham's Theory and Design in the First Machine Age (1960)

This essay reconsiders Reyner Banham's classic study of early twentieth-century architecture and design, Theory and Design in the First Machine Age, originally published in 1960. Banham surveyed the architecture, design, and visual arts of the ‘first machine age’, characterized by industrial production and motorized transportation, from a self-consciously thematized perspective within the ‘second machine age’, populated by expendable consumer technologies and images. This revisionist perspective enabled Banham to challenge long-standing myths propagated by the dominant figures of the modern movement. In his polemical emphasis on the contingency and plurality of that which had empirically transpired in first machine age, Banham rejected the reduction of the messy history of the modern movement to the victory of a putative ‘international style’. Banham reasserted the intimate connection of architectural modernism with the avant-garde artistic movements of the 1910s and 20s, emphasizing particularly the most radical ones such as expressionism, futurism, and dadaism.

Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl and His Legacy

Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl and His Legacy

Civil Society, Party Institutionalization, and Democratic Breakdown in the Interwar Period

The relationship between the strength of civil society and democratic survival in the interwar period has been much debated. Prominent studies have questioned the existence of a positive association, arguing that the relationship is conditioned by the level of party institutionalization. This revisionist perspective has been vindicated by case studies of important European cases, in particular Germany and Italy. But due to a lack of cross-national data, neither the direct effect of civil society nor the alternative perspective has so far been subjected to a comprehensive statistical analysis. In this paper we enlist novel data from the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project that enable us to carry out such an assessment of all democratic spells in the interwar years. Our survival analysis demonstrates that a vibrant civil society generally contributed to democratic survival in this period and that this effect was not moderated by the level of party institutionalization.

Cyberspace as a Complex Adaptive System and the Policy and Operational Implications for Cyberwarfare

The overall implication of depicting cyberspace as a complex, adaptive ecosystem rather than its current representation as a bi-dimensional domain provides an avenue for further insight into the complexities associated with operating in cyberspace. This renewed perspective brings to the forefront the critical role of the civilian private sector in cyber warfare, due to the intermixing and heavy reliance of the United States Government (USG) on an infrastructure owned and operated by the civilian private sector. The implications of such a revisionist perspective leads to a theory of action, which suggests that given this heavy reliance of U.S.G entities to include DoD, on a cyber-infrastructure predominantly owned and operated by civilian private sector entities, authorization to wage offensive-styled cyber-attacks, as a defensive measure should not be limited exclusively to the DoD but also expanded to include authorized entities in the civilian private sector.

The Totalitarian Paradigm: Unity and Conflict

The concept of totalitarianism is, undoubtedly, one of the most disputed terms in political language. This article investigates the conflict between the classical interpretations of totalitarian system that was frequently seen from the monolithic and revisionist perspective which offered some pluralistic models of Soviet and Nazi systems. The main purpose of the article is to show that, in this frame of the debates, the monolithic understanding of totalitarianism was inaccurate, therefore damaging the concept itself.

The Harm Principle and Free Speech

This article challenges the recent turn to absolutism in free speech doctrine, and the scheme of protected and unprotected speech that it enshrines. A more historically and theoretically sound approach to free speech would take into account the actual manner in which expression is alleged to cause harm. If the process of causing harm does not engage the rational processes of the audience, then the strict rule against content regulation is not appropriate. The article offers an original, revisionist perspective on the leading case on content regulation, Police Department v. Mosley, 408 U.S. 92 (1972), which was authored by Justice Thurgood Marshall, for whom the author clerked in OT85. The harm-principle theory draws on prior work she has done on the understanding of equality and liberty. It seeks to restore the freedom of speech to a more comfortable place in the jurisprudence of ordered liberty, while still taking account of the unique features of speech that give rise to special concerns in a democracy. The theory anticipates that, as society recognizes new kinds of speech-based harm arising out of its evolving understandings of equal status and liberty, the Court is mistaken to erect a categorical barrier to all regulations that might address those harms. This article offers a principled way to avoid that mistake.

Before Soviet Jewry’s Happy Ending: The Cold War and America’s Long Debate Over Jackson-Vanik, 1976-1989

In both popular media and in mainstream academic scholarship, the Jackson-Vanik amendment—which linked Soviet-American trade relations to the question of Soviet Jewish emigration—is portrayed as a largely successful effort to facilitate Jewish emigration. This article sheds light on a revisionist perspective, focusing on the debates over the amendment’s effectiveness that took place between the amendment’s passage in Congress and the USSR’s final years. The research shows that the decline in emigration during the mid-1970s and the early 1980s led many Americans—including politicians, journalists, and Jewish leaders—to question the effectiveness of Jackson-Vanik’s hardline approach. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, some called for the suspending the amendment or for granting the USSR a one-year waiver from Jackson-Vanik as a gesture of goodwill, but moderate voices were drowned out by Jewish activists who valued principle over pragmatism. Particular attention is paid to an alleged “missed opportunity” in 1979, a year when Soviet leaders boosted emigration and attempted to reach out to compromise with American Jewish leaders. Overall, this article argues that a more nuanced portrayed of the amendment’s legacy is required in light of the source material that it presents.

Crime Narratives, Dramatizations, and the Legacy of the Kitty Genovese Murder

Kitty Genovese’s murder in New York City fueled widespread perceptions about the dangers of urban life and contributed to the stereotype of the apathetic American. Gross inaccuracies in the reporting of the story, and a short but sensationalist book written by the editor who commissioned the story, spun an enduring tale of witness indifference and spawned research on the bystander intervention effect. This essay focuses on two books that commemorate the 50th anniversary (2014) of the Genovese case. Written in the true-crime genre, the books are replete with detailed portrayals of the victim and her murderer, as well as his trial and conviction and the impact of the case on American culture. The essay also explores the emerging revisionist perspective on the Genovese incident, which illustrates how the dramatized reportage of the case iconized Kitty and reserved a permanent place for her in crime victim narratives and psychology textbooks.

The Spaces of Dream: Lutosławski's Modernist Heterotopias

AbstractThis article offers a revisionist perspective on the contested notion of Witold Lutosławski's authenticity as a modernist composer. In doing so, it seeks to contribute to musicology's increasingly nuanced narration of the story of musical modernism. The case is argued partly by relating Lutosławski's output to broader traditions in twentieth-century modernism, including musical representations of alienation, loss, violence, and nostalgia. Crucially, however, it is also argued by interpreting the more conventionally gratifying aspects of his pieces as something other than a hedonistic cop out. Adapting ideas from Michel Foucault, such passages are deemedheterotopianin function and interpreted in a wider-ranging sociohistorical context including Poland's responses to modernism and to Soviet Cold War oppression. The article's other main objective, therefore, is to interpret as heterotopian (and thus alternatively authentic) the expressive, structural and symbolic functions of passages in Lutosławski's works, thereby introducing Foucault's little-known idea to a wider audience of music scholars – given the concept's potential to contribute to critical explorations of a much wider diversity of musical texts and phenomena. Analysis of Lutosławski'sLes espaces du sommeilfor baritone and orchestra (1975) interconnects these strands.

La búsqueda de los orígenes de la administración municipal: de la Edad Media al Liberalismo

El presente artículo trata de buscar las raíces históricas del municipio y su órgano de gobierno, el ayuntamiento. Desde una perspectiva revisionista de la abundante bibliografía producida durante los siglos XIX y XX se ha tratado de incidir en la desmitificación de ciertos presupuestos que abundaban en la autonomía y el autogobierno de las entidades municipales en la Edad Media, la creación de un modelo político administrativo totalmente nuevo por parte del Liberalismo o bien el éxito de las políticas centralizadoras llevadas a cabo por la Monarquía en su proceso de fortalecimiento del Estado a costa de los entes locales.

An Illuminating Blackness

(2013). An Illuminating Blackness. The Black Scholar: Vol. 43, The Role of Black Philosophy, pp. 32-37.

Epizod z biografii Dawida Wdowińskiego

Dawid Wdowiński (1895–1970) należał do najbardziej znanych działaczy rewizjonistycznego ruchu syjonistycznego w Polsce w latach trzydziestych. Cieszył się renomą również jako psychoanalityk (pełnił kierowniczą funkcję na oddziale psychiatrycznym w szpitalu na Czystem w Warszawie). Jako jedyny spośród „żabotyńczyków” został wymieniony w leksykonie Czy wiesz kto to jest?. W wrześniu 1939 r., w przeciwieństwie do innych liderów ruchu rewizjonistycznego, pozostał w Warszawie. Trafił do getta (w którym stracił matkę), po deportacji znalazł się w obozie pracy w Budzyniu, a potem w innych obozach (jego żona, dr med. Antonina z d. Berger, zginęła w listopadzie 1943 r., podczas operacji „Erntefest”). Po wojnie osiadł w Nowym Jorku i przez wiele lat wykładał psychologię i psychiatrię w New School for Social Research. Kontynuował też działalność społeczno-polityczną. W 1961 r. został wezwany przez sąd izraelski do złożenia zeznań na procesie Adolfa Eichmanna

Study, Copy, and Conquer

Schumann's 1842 chamber music exemplifies a common theme in his critical writings, that to sustain a notable inherited tradition composers must not merely imitate the past but reinvent it anew. Yet Schumann's innovative practices have not been sufficiently acknowledged, partly because his instrumental repertory seemed conservative to critics of Schumann's day and beyond, especially when compared to his earlier experimental piano works and songs. This essay offers a revisionist perspective by exploring three chamber movements that recast sonata procedure in one of two complementary ways: either the tonic key monopolizes the exposition (as in the first movement of the Piano Quartet in E♭ major, op. 47), or a modulating main theme undercuts a definitive presence of the tonic key at the outset (as in the first movement of the String Quartet in A major, op. 41, no. 3, and the finale of the String Quartet in A minor, op. 41, no. 1). Viewed against conventional sonata practice, these chamber movements appear puzzling, perhaps even incoherent or awkward, since they thwart the tonal contrast of keys so characteristic of the form. Yet these unusual openings, and the compelling if surprising ramifications that they prompt, signal not compositional weakness but rather an effort to reinterpret the form as a way of strengthening its expressive power. My analyses also draw on other perspectives to illuminate these sonata forms. All three movements adopt a striking thematic idea or formal ploy that evokes a specific Beethovenian precedent; yet each movement also highlights Schumann’s creative distance from his predecessor by departing in notable ways from the conjured model. Aspects of Schumann’s sketches, especially those concerning changes made during the compositional process, also illuminate relevant analytical points. Finally, in the analysis of the finale of the A-minor quartet, I consider how Schumann’s evocation of Hungarian Gypsy music may be not merely incidental to but supportive of his reimagined sonata form. Ultimately, the perspectives offered here easily accommodate—even celebrate—Schumann’s idiosyncratic approach to sonata form. They also demonstrate that Schumann’s earlier experimental tendencies did not contradict his efforts in the early 1840s to further advance his inherited classical past.

United States in India’s Changed Strategic Perspective in the Post–Cold War Era

Indian strategic thinking is a product of its historical, cultural, geopolitical, socio-economic compulsions; it sought a preservation of India’s strategic autonomy with a revisionist perspective that was structured to tackle the status quo created by the great powers. Today, given India’s technological and economic capabilities, it is demanding space in the decision-making circles of the world. India-US security dialogue began sometime in the late 1980s. It was only after September 2001 that India-US security ties gained real momentum. The new key word in India-US defence relationship is ‘inter-operability’. It signifies the mutual desire of both the countries to work more closely in the area of military cooperation and also portrays a possibility of sharing strategic doctrines and operations in the future to tackle new challenges. There are several issues that are likely to dominate the security dialogue. They include issues of terrorism associated with Pakistan and Afghanistan and American policies in that area; the question of technology transfer; nuclear non-proliferation; and the overall political discourse on non-military aspects like Human Rights and the ethnic nationalism based right to political self-determination movements that appear to elicit American attention at times.

LARISSA TRACY. Torture and Brutality in Medieval Literature: Negotiations of National Identity.

The premise of this book is to challenge the assumption of ‘the prevalence of torture and judicial brutality in medieval society’, epitomized by popular gruesome images of ‘the rack, the strappado, the gridiron, the wheel’ (p. 1). Tracy’s call for a revisionist perspective will come as no surprise to medievalists, accustomed to making such apologies for their period; however, the alacrity with which the word ‘medieval’ appears in condemnations of present-day instances of torture suggests this is an argument that still needs to be made. The first chapter considers the violence inflicted on the bodies of saints, in the South English Legendary, the Legenda Aurea and the Gilte Legende. It asserts that orthodox examples of resistance to torture ironically served as models for defiance of authority by heterodox sectarians (an argument that has interesting repercussions for the later discussion of Foxe’s appropriation of the hagiographic genre for the Protestant martyrs).

The “mission” of nuns in female education in Ireland, c.1850–1950

This article provides a review and critique of scholarship on female education in Ireland, arguing that researchers have provided a consensual narrative in which women religious (nuns) played a central role in providing academic education to girls and higher education to women. The tendency has been to claim the activities of women religious as part of the impetus that drove the organised women’s movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and that brought about a “revolution” in female education. But there remains a need to stand back from this decidedly secular “cause and effect” narrative, and turn a critical eye on the urge which congregations themselves identified as central to their mission in education. This is a revisionist perspective, qualifying and modifying claims made elsewhere by this author, and challenging the way in which the work of nuns in education has been interpreted as a part of the female education “revolution”. Recognising the spiritual impulse within religious orders that found expression in acts of duty, vocation and mission, the article concludes that convent education had purposes that were quite distinct from those prescribed by official “state” education programmes and examination systems, and that these purposes demand greater scrutiny in order to provide a more balanced understanding of female education in Ireland.

The Trouble with Topology: Phylogenies without Fossils Provide a Revisionist Perspective of Evolutionary History in Topological Analyses of Diversity

The decidedly asymmetrical architecture of the Tree of Life betrays the fact that some evolutionary lineages have diversified to a greater or lesser extent than have others. It has been a goal of evolutionary ecology to identify shifts in diversification rate (speciation rate minus extinction rate) and their causal bases. Historically, the question of relative diversity was addressed in terms of phylogenies of fossils (Simpson 1944) with focus shifting to taxonomies in the 1970s (Raup et al. 1973; Gould et al. 1977). The dramatic rise in the availability of molecular sequence data in the 1990s led to renewed interest in phylogenies and diversity from evolutionary biologists and attempts to explain patterns of diversity returned to phylogenies. For the first time, however, historical events inferred to have shaped current diversity were identified without recourse to palaeontological data (Harvey et al. 1994). Two principal approaches have been developed– “distance” and “topological” methods. Distance (aka “temporal”) methods represent a natural development of taxonomic methods that were initially aphylogenetic. They exploit branch length data or the temporal spacing of branching events within phylogenetic trees and while distance methods remain popular for analyzing rates of evolution, they have lost out in favor of topological methods for the analysis of the history of clade diversity. Topological (aka “tree shape”) methods were developed in parallel with distance methods but are distinguished in that they exploit only tree balance as a record of evolutionary history (Slowinski and Guyer 1989). They have been adopted widely because they eschew temporal and distance data and so they can be applied readily to phylogenetic trees, such as supertrees, where distance data are lacking (Moore et al. 2004). The purpose of these methods is to determine 1) if lineages within a given phylogenetic tree diversified under different rates and 2) which particular lineages within a given phylogenetic tree are more diverse than would be expected under a given model, such as a Yule model (Yule 1924). These methods were not, however, conceived to identify the causal bases of tree imbalance but merely to identify whether these phenomena might exist in the first place (Raup 1985; Slowinski and Guyer 1989). In this endeavour, topological methods perform their task admirably. However, in practice, the overwhelming majority of studies (Table 1) that have employed topology-based methods have sought to identify causality “to know if shifts in diversification rate are correlated with changes in some other variable (e.g., the origin of morphological or behavioral novelties, ecological associations, biogeographic events)” (Moore et al. 2004; p. 524). Intrinsic causal factors are identified through coincidence with diversification rate shifts in tree topology and extrinsic causes are identified through their temporal correspondence to the age of the node on which a diversification rate shift is identified. Increasingly sophisticated methods are being developed to test the coincidence between the putative causal factors and the diversification rate shifts to which they are attributed (Moore and Donoghue 2007, 2009). However, the modus operandum is invariably inductive—first identifying diversification rate shifts and then seeking their causal bases rather than deductive—testing hypotheses of causal association between innovations and their impact upon diversity (but see Moore and Donoghue 2009). Ultimately, hypotheses of causality rest on the intuitively reasonable assumption that the position of diversification rate shifts within the topology of a phylogenetic tree reflects their relative timing. Thus, diversification rate shifts identified near the root or the tips of a tree are considered to have occurred early or late, respectively, within the evolutionary history of the clade. In this contribution, we demonstrate that this assumption is not a natural expectation of phylogenetic trees of standing diversity. The topologies of census trees are in constant flux as taxa are added by speciation and pruned by extinction. Nonrandom imbalances in the diversity of sister clades need not be achieved by singular events or episodes of diversification, as topological methods presuppose. Nonrandom imbalances can also be achieved through temporally and causally unrelated episodes of random diversification (speciation and/or extinction), leading to spurious hypotheses of diversification rate shift. The contribution of extinction to standing diversity is especially critical, telescoping past flux in speciation and extinction into a single internal branch of a tree—an effect exploited in lineage through time analyses (Harvey et al. 1994). In this way, the summed

Fearful Distractions Atomic Obsession Nuclear Alarmism from Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda by John Mueller Oxford University Press, New York, 2010. 336 pp. $27.95, £16.99. 9780195381368.

Offering a revisionist perspective, Mueller argues that the importance of nuclear weapons has been vastly overrated.