Revision Of Theory Research Articles

Traditional and revision theories of just war

Traditional and revision theories of just war

The central banking system paradox

The conventions of monetary theory assume the central banking system (CBS) as the starting point for achieving the stability and efficiency of the financial system. This paper stresses the stability-efficiency thesis based on the Austrian business cycle theory (ABCT). It argues that the stability-efficiency thesis under CBS poses a paradox for two main reasons. First, central banks' interest rate handling causes business cycles, yielding the intertemporal discoordination of the money and goods markets. Second, a central bank's lender-of-last-resort role is an incentive to call for further interest rate handling, making the chance of smooth business cycles difficult or impossible. This paradox is empirically analyzed and discussed through the True Money Supply (TMS) performance in the United States's business cycle phases between 1975 and 2022. Consistent with the ABCT, the research results unlock the paradox by showing that CBS causes business cycles. Some policy implications are outlined for further research and revision of monetary theory.

Modeling and shadowing paraconsistent BDI agents

The Bdi model of rational agency has been studied for over three decades. Many robust multiagent systems have been developed, and a number of Bdi logics have been studied. Following this intensive development phase, the importance of integrating Bdi models with inconsistency handling and revision theory have been emphasized. There is also a demand for a tighter connection between Bdi-based implementations and Bdi logics. In this paper, we address these postulates by introducing a novel, paraconsistent logical Bdi model close to implementation, with building blocks that can be represented as Sql/rule-based databases. Importantly, tractability is achieved by reasoning as querying. This stands in a sharp contrast to the high complexity of known Bdi logics. We also extend belief shadowing, a shallow and lightweight alternative to deep and computationally demanding belief revision, to encompass agents’ motivational attitudes.

Kripke, Quine, the ‘Adoption Problem’ and the Empirical Conception of Logic

Abstract Recently, there has been a significant upsurge of interest in what has come to be known as the 'Adoption Problem', first developed by Saul Kripke in 1974. The problem purports to raise a difficulty for Quine’s anti-exceptionalist conception of logic. In what follows, we first offer a statement of the problem and argue that, so understood, it depends upon natural but resistible assumptions. We then use that discussion as a springboard for developing a different adoption problem, arguing that, for a significant class of basic logical principles, there is indeed a difficulty in seeing how they might be ‘freely adopted,’ thereby vindicating something close to the spirit of Kripke’s original claim. This first part of our argument will enforce a significant qualification of Quine’s claim that basic logical principles can be empirically confirmed. In the concluding sections of the paper, we turn to the question, specifically, of the empirical revisability of logic, arguing that when proper attention is paid to the role of reasoning in theory revision, it does indeed emerge that anti-exceptionalism, in full generality, is untenable.

The evolution and development of ecotranslatology studies based on the analysis of CiteSpace mapping knowledge domains

The present study endeavors to unveil the progression of research subjects within the realm of China’s ecotranslatology studies through the examination of journal papers in the databases of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WOS) from 2001 to 2022, utilizing CiteSpace software for mapping and analyzing cooccurrences among authors, institutions, and keywords. The findings indicate that within ecotranslatology studies, a prominent theory-founding research group represented by Hu Gengshen has been established, yet no comparable clusters have been identified among scholars engaged in debate or applied studies. Additionally, a lack of effective cooperation and diversity among research entities as well as inadequate responses to questions and concerns have been observed. Furthermore, research focuses have undergone a shift, progressing from theory founding studies (2001–2008) to confirmation and verification studies (2009–2014) and finally to revision and applied studies (since 2015). Additionally, research topics have transitioned from grand, abstract theoretical foundations to subtle, specific theory revisions and applied translation studies, yet a dearth of quantitative research, comparative studies, or field studies have been conducted. In conclusion, it is suggested that future ecotranslatology studies should be more responsive to doubts and questions, cultivate diverse research entities, and place greater emphasis on field investigation within qualitative research.

Decision-making in nursing research and practice-Application of the Cognitive Continuum Theory: A meta-aggregative systematic review.

To explore how the Cognitive Continuum Theory has been used in qualitative nursing research and to what extent it has been integrated in the research process using the Qualitative Network for Theory Use and Methodology (QUANTUM). Theory, research and nursing are intrinsically linked, as are decision-making and nursing practice. With increasing pressure on nurses to improve patient outcomes, systematic knowledge regarding decision-making is critical and urgent. A meta-aggregative systematic review. DATABASES: CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and PubMed were searched from inception until May 2022 for peer-reviewed research published in English. Seven studies were included and assessed for methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for qualitative research. A meta-aggregative synthesis was conducted using Joanna Briggs methodology. The QUANTUM typology was used to evaluate the visibility of the Cognitive Continuum Theory in the research process. The review identified five synthesised findings, namely: 1. the decision-making capacity of the individual nurse, 2. nurses' level of experience, 3. availability of decision support tools, 4. the availability of resources and 5. access to senior staff and peers. Only two of seven studies rigorously applied the theory. The included studies were mainly descriptive-exploratory in nature. The transferability of the Cognitive Continuum Theory was demonstrated; however, evolution or critique was absent. A gap in the provision of a patient-centric approach to decision-making was identified. Education, support and research is needed to assist decision-making. A new Person-Centred Nursing Model of the Cognitive Continuum Theory has been proposed to guide future research in clinical decision-making. Nurses make numerous decisions every day that directly impact patient care, therefore development and testing of new theories, modification and revision of older theories to reflect advances in knowledge and technology in contemporary health care are essential.

A monstrous account of non-deictic readings of complex demonstratives

ABSTRACT Complex demonstratives are often seen as a source of trouble for the idea that demonstratives are directly referential. Several authors have provided an array of counterexamples that preclude us from treating complex demonstratives as devices of direct reference, since they could hardly be considered rigid designators. In this paper I argue that a revision of the classic theories can accommodate all the counterevidence from non-deictic uses of complex demonstratives. Namely, I argue that the two chief objections that have been posed to the traditional picture, the so-called ‘quantification in’ and ‘no demonstration, no speaker reference’ problems, can be given a unified solution by treating them as instances of monstrous quantification into the character of the term.

On Identity and the Political in Psychoanalysis

Weaving subjective musings with theoretical speculation, this paper explores various themes on the question of identity. I consider identity as identification with a social location, where that social location is a function of groups. As such, identity is inherently contingent, a relational affair, a soft assembly. Though not a particularly psychoanalytic concept, identity is currently being tasked with considerable work in psychoanalysis: functioning as a hinge between the dual registers of the personal and social unconscious. Like any symptom, the term identity both obscures and indexes, signaling the urgent need for a radical revision of theory. The more we use the contingency of identity—how we find ourselves identified (by others as much as by ourselves) in this place and time, whatever this might be—rather than its fixity, thought to transcend place and time, the more that the concept of identity can be used in a specifically psychoanalytic way to help us explore the terrain of the political, which I distinguish from the terrain of politics proper. These ideas are employed to consider the current moment in psychoanalytic organizational life, which takes place under the sign of a fundamental paradigm shift (that is to say: catastrophic change).

Revision of Sabine's reverberation theory by following a different approach of Eyring's theory

The room acoustic theory was established based on Sabine’s reverberation theory. However, in Sabine's theory, the reverberation time does not become zero even if the absolute absorption condition is satisfied. This is considered to be a contradiction of Sabine’s theory, and Eyring revised the reverberation theory to resolve this contradiction. In this study, the theoretical framework for a consistent reverberation theory is first presented. By using this framework, it is shown that Eyring's theory has a contradiction between the sound energy density in the steady state and the energy decay from the steady state, which is absent in Sabine's theory. Based on the proposed theoretical framework, Sabine’s reverberation theory is revised by following a different approach of Eyring's theory. The reverberation time obtained using the revised theory is shorter than that obtained using Sabine's theory and longer than that obtained using Eyring's theory. Finally, computer simulations using the ray-tracing method are performed to verify the revised theory. The average sound pressure levels and reverberation times obtained using the computer simulations are in better agreement with the values calculated using the revised theory compared to those calculated using Sabine's and Eyring's theories.

Did Old English Verse Have a “Morphological” Metre?

The revision of the four-position theory of Old English metre by Yakovlev (2008) has had a considerable impact, both for its simplification of Sievers’ (1893) metrical principles, and for its supposed shift to a “morphological” rather than an “accentual” metrical type. I contextualize Yakovlev’s important contribution to metrical theory, highlighting that his main innovations are to eliminate the principle that every verse should have two lifts, and to collapse the metrical notions of “lift” and of “half-lift” into a single type of unit, the “strong position”. These major and thoughtful innovations are unconnected to the supposed “morphological” aspect of Yakovlev’s system, which consists of arbitrary and unmotivated stipulations of certain classes of syllables as inherently strong or weak. Calling the metre “morphological” on this basis is at best misleading, placing too much emphasis on a marginal component of the system. Moreover, the definitions of strong and weak positions are better explained with reference to linguistic stress: elements bearing some degree of stress (primary or secondary) are strong, while those bearing no stress are weak. Such a reframing leads to a slight revision of Yakovlev’s theory to incorporate the “rule of the coda” (Fulk, 1992). The result is a version of Yakovlev’s theory which is both theoretically simpler and more descriptively adequate, but in which the label “morphological” lacks even the limited and inapt validity of the original version. This reintroduction of stress into the system does not, however, make the theory “accentual”, and it remains better characterized as an “alliterative-syllabic” view of the metre (Cable, 1991).

Multiple Memory Subsystems: Reconsidering Memory in the Mind and Brain

The multiple-memory-systems framework—that distinct types of memory are supported by distinct brain systems—has guided learning and memory research for decades. However, recent work challenges the one-to-one mapping between brain structures and memory types central to this taxonomy, with key memory-related structures supporting multiple functions across substructures. Here we integrate cross-species findings in the hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala to propose an updated framework of multiple memory subsystems (MMSS). We provide evidence for two organizational principles of the MMSS theory: First, opposing memory representations are colocated in the same brain structures; second, parallel memory representations are supported by distinct structures. We discuss why this burgeoning framework has the potential to provide a useful revision of classic theories of long-term memory, what evidence is needed to further validate the framework, and how this novel perspective on memory organization may guide future research.

Modeling and leveraging intuitive theories to improve vaccine attitudes.

Much of the richness of human thought is supported by people's intuitive theories-mental frameworks capturing the perceived structure of the world. But intuitive theories can also contain and reinforce dangerous misconceptions. In this paper, we take up the case of misconceptions about vaccine safety that discourages vaccination. These misconceptions constitute a major public health risk that predates the coronavirus pandemic but that has become all the more dire in recent years. We argue that addressing such misconceptions requires awareness of the broader conceptual contexts in which they are embedded. To build this understanding, we examined the structure and revision of people's intuitive theories of vaccination in five large survey studies (total N = 3,196). Based on these data, we present a cognitive model of the intuitive theory surrounding people's decisions about whether to vaccinate young children against diseases like measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). Using this model, we were able to make accurate predictions about how people's beliefs would be revised in light of educational interventions, design an effective new intervention encouraging vaccination, and understand how these beliefs were affected by real-world events (the measles outbreaks of 2019). In addition to presenting a promising way forward for promoting the MMR vaccine, this approach has clear implications for encouraging the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines, especially among parents of young children. At the same time, this work provides the foundation for richer understandings of intuitive theories and belief revision more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Sampling-Dependent Transition Paths of Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water

Abstract In this note, we apply transition path theory (TPT) from Markov chains to shed light on the problem of Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) equatorward export. A recent analysis of observed trajectories of submerged floats demanded revision of the traditional abyssal circulation theory, which postulates that ISOW should steadily flow along a deep boundary current (DBC) around the subpolar North Atlantic prior to exiting it. The TPT analyses carried out here allow attention to be focused on the portions of flow from the origin of ISOW to the region where ISOW exits the subpolar North Atlantic and suggest that insufficient sampling may be biasing the aforementioned demand. The analyses, appropriately adapted to represent a continuous input of ISOW, are carried out on three time-homogeneous Markov chains modeling the ISOW flow. One is constructed using a high number of simulated trajectories homogeneously covering the flow domain. The other two use much fewer trajectories which heterogeneously cover the domain. The trajectories in the latter two chains are observed trajectories or simulated trajectories subsampled at the observed frequency. While the densely sampled chain supports a well-defined DBC, whether this is a peculiarity of the simulation considered or not, the more heterogeneously sampled chains do not, irrespective of the nature of the trajectories used, i.e., observed or simulated. Studying the sampling sensitivity of the Markov chains, we can give recommendations for enlarging the existing float dataset to improve the significance of conclusions about long-time-asymptotic aspects of the ISOW circulation.

Fostering collusion through action revision in duopolies

We design an experiment to study the implications of allowing players to revise their actions in a Cournot duopoly game. Payoffs are determined only by the quantities selected at the end in a real-time revision game. On the other hand, in a stochastic revision game, opportunities to adjust quantities arrive randomly, and the quantities selected at the last revision opportunity are implemented. Contrasting results emerge: while real-time revision results in choices that are more competitive than the static Cournot-Nash, significantly lower quantities are implemented when revisions are stochastic. The results hold for different arrival rates of revision opportunities. Our findings demonstrate that the ability to revise actions can sustain partial cooperation. Although quantity adjustment choices display substantial heterogeneity, the main implication of the theory of revision games put forth by Kamada and Kandori (2020) is supported.

Conceptualizing and Examining Change in Communication Research

ABSTRACT Communication research often focuses on processes of communication, such as how messages impact individuals over time or how interpersonal relationships develop and change. Despite their importance, these change processes are often implicit in much theoretical and empirical work in communication. Intensive longitudinal data are becoming increasingly feasible to collect and, when coupled with appropriate analytic frameworks, enable researchers to better explore and articulate the types of changes underlying communication processes. To facilitate the study of change processes, we (a) describe advances in data collection and analytic methods that allow researchers to articulate complex change processes of phenomena in communication research, (b) provide an overview of change processes and how they may be captured with intensive longitudinal methods, and (c) discuss considerations of capturing change when designing and implementing studies. We are excited about the future of studying processes of change in communication research, and we look forward to iterations between empirical tests and theory revision that will occur as researchers delve into studying change.

Toward dual-process theory 3.0.

This commentary is sympathetic to De Neys's revision of dual-process theory but argues for a modification to his position on exclusivity and proposes a bold further revision, envisaging a dual-process theory 3.0, in which system 1 not only initiates system 2 thinking but generates and sustains it as well.

The subject of proof and the burden of proof in civil proceedings in the Anglo-Saxon and continental legal systems of foreign countries

The article deals with the problems of the concept and legal nature of the subject of proof and the distribution of the burden of proof in civil proceedings in the countries of the Anglo-Saxon and continental legal systems. The authors point out the need for a fundamental revision of the Russian theory of evidence and making the necessary changes to procedural legislation, taking into account the positive experience of the legal regulation of the subject of proof in the procedural legislation of other states and the reception of certain positively tested norms of procedural legislation of foreign countries in terms of the regulation of the subject of proof and the distribution of the burden of proof in Russian procedural legislation. The authors note that the advantage of English and American law is the detailed consolidation of the mechanism of the disclosure of evidence and the sanctions for violation of its order, which amount to the inability to refer to evidence that has not been disclosed in accordance with the established procedure or disclosed with its violation. Currently, the rules for the disclosure of evidence are also fixed in the current civil procedural legislation. The sanctions for violation of the procedure for the disclosure of evidence have not been established. The paper notes that the legislative structure of the active role of the court in evidentiary activities according to the model of the French court could find consolidation in Russian civil proceedings. The authors conclude that the mechanism for determining the subject of proof is fixed in the procedural legislation of Russia, taking into account the type of substantive law applicable to disputed legal relations, detailing the general rule for the distribution of the burden of proof, fixing the mechanism of private rules for the distribution of the burden of proof.

Young Danish audiences and British screen content: A critical reflection on transnational consumption, geo-linguistic regions, and cultural proximity

Abstract Drawing on survey and interview data from a pilot study undertaken online in Denmark (March–July 2020), this article provides exploratory insights about how young audiences in Denmark (aged 16–34, with a background in higher education) engage with British television and film as viewing shifts from broadcast television to online on-demand services. First, drawing on survey data, we concentrate on consumption habits and genre preferences regarding British content and compare it to Danish, Nordic, and American content. Second, drawing on interviews, we address the significance of cultural and particularly linguistic proximity in determining the consumption and reception of British content. Revealing that young Danes in the pilot study feel greater linguistic proximity to English than to other Scandinavian languages, the research suggests the need for more nuanced theorisations of cultural and linguistic proximity, along with the revision of cultural distance and geo-linguistic regions theory.

INVESTIGATING THE LEDDO, JAYANTI AND DUAN (2019) REVISED PROSPECT THEORY VALUE FUNCTION WITH PAKISTANI STUDENTS

Prospect Theory (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979) is a highly influential theory that predicts decision making when people are confronted with choices involving gains or losses with different degrees of uncertainty. Prospect Theory argues that people are generally risk averse when it comes to seeking gains and risk seeking when it comes to avoiding losses. Leddo et al. (2019) noted that the original formulation of Prospect Theory did not take into account people’s goals. They argued that people would be willing to take risks to achieve goals but become more risk averse once those goals are achieved, and they would become risk averse when confronted with losses in order to avoid a highly negative outcome but become more risk seeking to negate the negative outcome once that outcome occurred. Leddo et al.’s research confirmed this hypothesis, leading to a revision of Prospect Theory’s value function. The present research investigates whether the same revised value function can predict decisions made by people in other cultures. Accordingly, the present paper investigates whether the Leddo et al. (2019) findings will hold up with people from Pakistan, a poor country with a capitalistic economy. In the present study 80 adult professionals were given scenarios involving business decisions involving gains or losses above or below defined aspiration and avoidance levels (four scenarios in total with 20 participants per scenario). Results showed that participants demonstrated more risk-seeking behaviors for decisions involving losses than those involving gains, consistent with the original Kahneman and Tversky (1979) framework and inconsistent with the revised Leddo et al. (2019) framework but demonstrated more risk-seeking behaviors for decisions involving outcomes below the avoidance and aspiration levels than for decisions involving outcomes above the avoidance and aspiration levels, consistent with the revised Leddo et al. (2019) framework.

DEFINITIONS OF SURGICAL CARE TO WOUNDED WITH SOFT TISSUES DEFECTS GUNSHOT WOUNDS ON THE III AND THE IV LEVELS OF MEDICAL CARE MAINTENANCE DURING THE ATO/JFO

Relevance. The large number of wounded in modern military conflicts “encourages” and in some cases requires revision and modernization of previous views, concepts and theories of medical care providing to wounded during military operations. The optimal concept for the surgical care provision transformation to wounded with soft tissues gunshot defects is to change the approach and tactics of viewpoint at soft tissues gunshot defects which should tactically and strategically rely on the principles of reconstructive and restorative surgery which corresponds to NATO countries medical protocols.
 Objective: to establish the characteristics of the main and additional diagnostic and treatment schemes the content and volume of surgical care for the injured with soft tissues gunshot defects in the conditions of the III and IV levels of medical care providing in the Military Medical Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.
 Materials and methods. 342 wounded were included into the study who were treated in the health care system of the Ukrainian Armed Forces from December 2016 to December 2021. 128 of them consisted the main group and 214 - the comparison group.
 The third level of medical support was formed and implemented at the operational level at the expense of surgical departments (clinics) of the Military Medical Clinical Centers of the Northern and Eastern Regions, medical institutions of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and provided for the provision of specialized medical assistance: diagnosis of injuries and necessary inpatient treatment of the wounded with the aim of their fastest return to military units or referral to the fourth level of medical care.
 The fourth level of medical care (highly specialized treatment and rehabilitation) was formed and implemented at the strategic level on the basis of Military Medical Clinical Centers (National, Southern, Central and Western regions Region), research institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and provided for provision of highly specialized medical care using high-tech equipment and highly specialized medical procedures of high complexity.
 Results. In general, the experience of the Ukrainian Armed Forces medical support during ATO/JFO showed the high efficiency of specialized surgical treatment of the injured with soft tissues gunshot defects in highly specialized departments of treatment and prevention institutions of the IV level using the most effective diagnostic and treatment technologies. We believe that a similar transformation of medical care provision to the wounded took place due to the fact that, in accordance with the proposed and implemented differentiated surgical tactics with a multimodal approach to wounded with soft tissues gunshot defects reconstruction, new staffs of medical companies of brigades and battalion medical posts were proposed and approved during the JFO, the positions of riflemen were introduced paramedics of departments, combat medics of platoons, senior combat medics of companies.
 Taking into account the results obtained it should be noted that the system of medical care providing for the transition to a higher level should include:
 - the possibility of qualified medical assistance providing from the II level aimed at recovery, stabilization, and in some cases saving the life of a wounded serviceman on the basis of "damage control resuscitation" which meets the NATO protocols requirements;
 - available in terms of time and operational situation, the use of air evacuation for the purpose of wounded with gunshot defects of soft tissues, which demonstrates an increase in the rate of preservation of 20-25% of the volume of the damaged anatomical structure;
 - use of modern additional technologies in the form of dynamic digital thermography and audio doppler.
 Conclusions. The listed positions obtained during the surgical care implementation at the III-IV levels of medical care have demonstrated that the use of additional alternative portable technologies meets the requirements and conditions of a rapidly changing theater of operations in a modern military conflict.