Map Revision Research Articles

STRATEGIC NOISE MAP FOR BELGRADE NIKOLA TESLA AIRPORT

Environmental noise management is a critical aspect of public health policy, particularly within the European Union, which established Directive 2002/49/EC to standardize noise assessment and mitigation efforts across member states. Serbia has integrated the Directive's provisions through its Law on Environmental Noise Protection and accompanying by-laws. This paper presents the strategic noise mapping process for Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, Serbia's largest international airport, marking a significant milestone as it is the first time a strategic noise map is being developed for a major airport in Serbia. The legal framework, methodology, and results of this mapping process are discussed in detail. Utilizing the CNOSSOS-EU:2015 method and the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) for acoustic calculations, the study defines the affected areas, noise indicators, and population exposure based on 2023 air traffic data. The results indicate that the Lden noise levels exceeding 55 dB impacted 24,223 residents, while the Lnight noise levels exceeding 50 dB affected 7,493 residents. The analysis also includes the estimated number of dwellings, schools, hospitals, and people affected by different noise levels, providing necessary data for developing action plans aimed at mitigating noise pollution. Additionally, the study examines the potential health impacts, including population annoyance and sleep disturbance, using dose-effect relationships as defined by the European Commission. The results underline the importance of ongoing noise monitoring and the need for timely revisions of strategic noise maps and action plans to ensure compliance with both national and EU regulations. This research contributes to the broader effort of environmental noise management, offering insights into the methodologies and challenges of strategic noise mapping for airports in Serbia.

Revision of the North West province vegetation map

Revision of the North West province vegetation map

Planetary Geologic Maps: Essential Tools for Scientific Inquiry and Space Exploration

AbstractPlanetary geologic maps are crucial tools for understanding the geological features and processes of solid bodies in the Solar System. Over the past six decades, best practices in planetary geologic mapping have emphasized clear and objective observation, geological interpretation, multi‐sensor fusion, and iterative revision of maps based on new data. We summarize here four ways in which maps serve as indispensable instruments for scientific investigation, from enhancing observations to interrogating surface processes. With respect to space exploration, we underscore the role of planetary geologic maps as tools to link testable, hypothesis‐driven science to exploration goals and provide actionable information for hazard identification, resource evaluation, sample collection, and potential infrastructure development. To further advance the field of planetary geologic mapping, international collaboration is essential. This includes sharing data and maps through FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) platforms, establishing standardized mapping practices, promoting diverse nomenclature, and fostering continued cooperation in space exploration.

A Street Guide Map of Biu using a Geospatial Technique In Biu Town Borno State Nigeria

The aim of this project is to produce a street guide map that will ease navigation within the study area. While the objectives are; digitize details of features within the study area, create and link the attribute table with the spatial data and to produce guide map of the study area. Satellite image (2023) downloaded from the Google earth pro was used to extract the road network of Biu and transferring the data to ArcMap for detailed analysis. The street names were obtained through questionnaires. 146 Roads were within three classes of Road Network Namely Major Road (5), Tarred Street (88) and Untarred Street (53). This field work revealed that some of the Road was not tarred and the new constructed ones were not documented. It shows that some of the Road was not named according to the standard and some were not named at all. From this study, I recommend that the naming system should be standardized across the study area and that recommended that provision should be made for street map revision on a yearly basis so as to account for changes.

DeepQs: Local quality assessment of cryo-EM density map by deep learning map-model fit score

Cryogenic electron microscopy maps are valuable for determining macromolecule structures. A proper quality assessment method is essential for cryo-EM map selection or revision. This article presents DeepQs, a novel approach to estimate local quality for 3D cryo-EM density maps, using a deep-learning algorithm based on map-model fit score. DeepQs is a parameter-free method for users and incorporates structural information between map and its related atomic model into well-trained models by deep learning. More specifically, the DeepQs approach leverages the interplay between map and atomic model through predefined map-model fit score, Q-score. DeepQs can get close results to the ground truth map-model fit scores with only cryo-EM map as input. In experiments, DeepQs demonstrates the lowest root mean square error with standard method Fourier shell correlation metric and high correlation with map-model fit score, Q-score, when compared with other local quality estimation methods in high-resolution dataset (<=5 Å). DeepQs can also be applied to evaluate the quality of the post-processed maps. In both cases, DeepQs runs faster by using GPU acceleration. Our program is available at http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/DeepQs for academic use.

GIS-based revision of a WUDAPT Local Climate Zones map of Bern, Switzerland

Urban areas are particularly affected by heatwaves through the intensification of heat stress by the urban heat island effect. For effective climate change adaptation, information about microscale surface cover, structures, and human activity in cities is needed to depict the underlying causes of urban heat stress. The framework of “Local Climate Zones” (LCZs) classifies and standardizes urban areas based on such characteristics. To date, most LCZ mapping workflows use satellite imagery as input. The resulting maps may lack some important details, and thus benefit from the use of additional geodata. We introduce a novel approach that combines the geodata of urban canopy parameters with the remote sensing-based LCZ map of Bern, Switzerland. City-specific urban canopy parameters are calculated and used to adjust established value ranges, if necessary. The most common misclassification patterns are identified and misclassified pixels are corrected using a decision tree and k-nearest-neighbor algorithm. Results show that the conformity with the urban canopy parameter values markedly increased, especially in the distinction of water surfaces, non-built areas, and building height. However, for high-resolution LCZ maps, this also leads to unnecessary heterogeneity, which may require further postprocessing. Given sufficiently available urban canopy parameter data, the proposed workflow is simple and easily adaptable for other cities. It could prove useful in urban climate studies and city planning to enhance an existing LCZ map in a contextualized manner quickly.

A Modified Mercalli Intensity map of Bangladesh: a proposal for zoning of earthquake hazard

Bangladesh is vulnerable to a variety of natural hazards including frequent tropical cyclones, floods and, less commonly, earthquakes and tsunamis. The country has developed an effective response mechanism for frequently experiencing hazards. However, at the same time, the nation has not developed an effective response mechanism for earthquake as a result of limited experiences with this type of hazard in the recent past. This research constructs a new catalogue consisting of 144 earthquakes (between 810BC and 2015) occurring within Bangladesh and the adjacent region. From this new catalogue, the effects of earthquakes are available for 80 events which are used in order to construct the geography of hazard in Bangladesh. The construction of a detailed Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) map using the new earthquake data suggests that this will be useful for supporting future risk reduction efforts in Bangladesh. Specifically, the findings support the revision of the current seismic zoning map of Bangladesh to include Chittagong and Dhaka in the high-risk zone for effective earthquake risk reduction. Finally, this research concludes that analyses of long-term data helps to identify new hazard exposure and develop knowledge that is useful to formulate new disaster risk reduction policies and rectify existing know zones in Bangladesh.

The development and potential application of a land use monitoring programme for high nature value farmland and forest quality and quantity in the Republic of Ireland

Conserving natural resources and halting biodiversity loss are key environmental objectives of the European Union. High Nature Value farmland and forest (HNVFF) areas are associated with high biodiversity and other public goods. Currently, there are few dedicated HNV farmland and no HNV forest quality and quantity monitoring systems implemented in Europe, and none are in use in the Republic of Ireland. This study presents a conceptual framework to monitor quality, quantity, and change of HNVFF areas in the Republic of Ireland. The methods were tested using a set of monad sampling cells distributed across a range of representative landscapes. High resolution sampling cell habitat cover maps were developed using a national spatial database and recent orthoimagery, and a subsequent revision of the cell maps was performed using historical orthoimagery. This enabled a simulation of a 13-year monitoring cycle to compare trends in HNV farmland and forest quality, quantity, connectivity, and habitat categorical change. A contrasting trend of decreasing HNV farmland and increasing HNV forest quantity was observed over the monitoring period.Categorical habitat change detection identified a range of HNV habitat loss and gain, driven predominantly by land use intensification, but also by ecological succession and technogenic pressures. To upscale the monitoring to national scale, a sampling strategy using a recent landscape classification is proposed. The national monitoring approach aims to meet the needs of evolving policy requirements. This provides a useful example for countries seeking to establish their HNVFF and other land cover monitoring systems.

A graph-based method for interactive mapping revision in DL-Lite

Discovering the semantic relationships among heterogeneous ontologies has been one of the core research topics in Semantic Web. As ontology matching systems inevitably adopt heuristic strategies, wrong mappings are often contained in final alignments. Most methods for mapping revision depend on dealing with logical incoherence. However, erroneous mappings that do not cause incoherence may be left out. Hence, manual validations with domain expertise are needed. Nevertheless, existing interactive methods for mapping revision still suffer from two limitations. Firstly, revision methods designed to present friendly graphical interfaces and contextual information related to mappings pay little attention to reducing manual decisions, leading to the efficiency problem. Secondly, revision methods focusing on automated reasoning to reduce manual decisions employ models of high complexity, leading to the practicality problem when dealing with alignments across large-scale ontologies. To address these problems, we propose a novel graph-based method for interactive mapping revision, aiming to reduce the manual efforts as much as possible. DL-Lite ontologies and their mappings are encoded into an integrated graph, where the mapping arcs will be judged by the experts. We define the decision space tailored for mapping revision, which can be used to improve the efficiency of manual making decisions. After a manual decision is made in each interaction, the mapping arcs will be automatically updated in the integrated graph. The whole update process modeled in our defined graph-based decision space could be accomplished in polynomial time. We further design an impact function based on the integrated graph and weights of mappings, which can display the most influential mappings to experts. In this way, the number of manual decisions can be reduced further. To cope with the practicality of our method for alignments of large-scale ontologies, we introduce the notion of “reliable” mappings as an attempt to alleviate the burden of experts for making decisions, and propose two soft principles to ensure the reliability of selected mappings. Moreover, we define influence relation and design a corresponding algorithm to enhance the method for detecting incoherence of the integrated graph, which is transformed from the ontologies beyond DL-Lite and their mappings. We implement our method and evaluate its efficiency by 16 alignments generated across real-world ontologies. Experimental results show that our proposed method can improve the efficiency by 19% on average and save more manual decisions than other interactive revision methods in most cases.

Identifying critical thinking skills used by experts versus novices to construct argument maps in a computer-aided mapping tool

Research shows that using computer-aided mapping tools improves critical thinking skills, but prior research provides limited evidence to show how the use of specific critical thinking skills increases map quality. This qualitative study observed 4 experts and 5 novices use a computer-aided mapping tool to construct argument maps. The analysis of video recordings with think-aloud protocols and retrospective interviews revealed the use of a five-step argument mapping process (read claims, position conclusion, position claims, link claims, revise links) with the experts using a more sequential application of the five-step process and producing more accurate maps than novices. The novices showed the tendency to position and link claims as a joint action, making map revision more cumbersome. The experts exhibited the tendency to work backward from conclusion to claim while the novices exhibited the reverse tendency. This study’s findings identify processes that differentiate experts from novices and validate specific thinking skills that can be used to improve map quality, and how these processes can be operationalized in terms of discrete mapping behaviors performed on screen that can be mined and analyzed in mapping tools to assess and diagnose students’ mapping skills.

Competency Map development as an identity movement: a Canadian perspective

ABSTRACT Extant research on competency-based accounting education has largely ignored how competency map development is a political process. Combining interviews and documentary analysis, we explore the evolution in the Canadian Professional Accounting (CPA) Canada Competency Map, from its implementation in 2013 through its first review in 2019, to study how changing levels of information technology coverage in the Map reflect changing perceptions about the centrality of IT to the profession’s collective identity. We present the Map revision as an identity movement whereby stakeholders mobilize competing institutional logics to articulate incongruent visions for the profession’s collective identity. Our study makes three contributions to the literature: First, we show that a competency map is the outcome of a collective identity movement. Second, we demonstrate how professions adapt their collective identity to external threats. Finally, we theorize on the role of professional accounting bodies as arbitrators of competing collective identities.

Impact of Conservation Planning and Implementations on Cultural Heritage Values in the Historic Urban Site of Kuşadası

The study aims to evaluate the impact of the conservation planning and implementations on the cultural heritage values in a cultural landscape: Kuşadası, Aydın, Turkey. The study is limited to the decisions published on the Internet: decisions between 2013 and 2016. The methodology includes literature research, archive research in the related Regional Commission on the Conservation of Cultural Property, the Regional Directorate of Foundations, and the local administration. A site survey comprehending base map revision and photographic documentation, visual analysis, historical research and comparative study, and evaluation of conservation activities regarding concepts of conservation is also part of the research. As a result, conservation issues stem from inappropriate conservation implementations threatening the integrity of cultural heritage. The majority of the conservation implementations have focused on a single building scale. Unlicensed constructions stemming from insufficient control by the local administration in the historic urban environment and the lack of implementation of the conservation plan to remove inharmonious buildings and masses threatening the integrity of the urban layout. Preparation of a management plan, revision of the twenty-five-year-old conservation plan, and determination in their application are considered as indispensable for sustaining authenticity and integrity.

Improvement of Traction Calculations and Driving Modes of Traction Rolling Stock

Purpose. The authors aim to improve the methodology of traction calculations and operation modes of traction rolling stock by applying optimization models and the law of mechanical energy conservation. Methodology. The article provides a flowchart of the algorithm for performing traction calculations. Based on the analysis of existing methods of influence of track circumstances on the train movement equations and formalization of the train as a material point, a model of concentric influence in the transition nodes of profiles steepness was proposed, a method of uneven loading of bogies on bumpy and mountain traffic profiles was introduced, expressions for dividing the train by a finite value of sets were proposed. Based on the law of mechanical energy conservation, a method was developed for determining the value of controlled specific forces necessary for dynamic solving the equation of train motion. The algorithm for searching for specific traction and braking forces is graphically displayed, and methods of recursive functions are used when the specific forces exceed the maximum permissible values of traction characteristics of locomotives. Findings. Differences in the methods of existing rules of traction calculations and the proposed methodology for the influence of the track profile are graphically displayed and mathematically calculated. The need to revise the existing calculation rules is mathematically proved, the values for a freight train weighing 609 tons on the locomotive depot service shoulder were set. The impossibility of obtaining such values by accurate methods based on the rules of traction calculations is analyzed, and the need to create new mode maps when revising weight standards is determined. Based on the research results, it is proposed to introduce mathematical models in the locomotive traction calculation rules. Originality. A method for improving traction calculations based on revaluation of the influence of the track profile on rolling stock is proposed. A methodology for modulating the operation of traction rolling stock is introduced and mathematical methods for finding the specific values of the required controlled forces in traction, run-out and braking modes based on train traffic schedules are proposed. Practical value. The results of the research will improve the accuracy of calculations, allow for energy-efficient revision and development of regime maps of train management, help reduce the cost of train traction and search for hidden opportunities to improve the carrying capacity of existing railway lines, and also contribute to improving the efficiency of the country's railway comple

Implementation and future challenges of seismotectonic mapping system for earthquake emergency response

Earthquake emergency response maps represent a set of geographical maps related to the seismic activity, geological tectonic background, assessment of economy and population losses, secondary disaster probability, as well as other information for emergency response and rescue. It requires producing these kinds of maps as quickly as possible after an earthquake. The seismotectonic map is one of the most important maps for earthquake emergency response. In this study, we developed an earthquake emergency response system to produce the map automatically. This paper introduces a intelligent system framework using spatial analysis, version management and web communication technology for emergency response, data maintenance, remote map revision, version management and statistics, which is not discussed in previous studies. The system based on MySQL, ArcGIS platform, python, and curl. It can detect the earthquake fast report proactive. When capturing the official report, it activated the response function module. The system achieved the first version mapping, fault data pushing, and earthquake catalogue updating by data-driven method automatically and rapidly. The mapping process can be divided into map layout and expert knowledge. The expert knowledge part can be divided into a geography map and explanatory note. The system performed well on the map layout and geography map. The explanatory note in the map, which introduces regional tectonics and expert knowledge, can provide the nearest fault’s name, active age, and feature in the first version. Experts need to produce the second version manually. The fault data of 5°×5°area centred on the main shock is clipped and sent to a specified mailbox. The system added the earthquake parameters to the database. The result shows that this system finished these work well automatically and reduce the responds time and data maintenance time. If the earthquake causes serious calamity, seismogeology experts need to collect, summarize and analyse literature, document, and other information for successor versions and even predicting aftershock and disaster. It is practically needed to build a more intelligent and efficient system to produce a successor version of the map and push more knowledge in the future. The challenge in the future is to develop a more intelligent system to self-explain the seismotectonic map and push expert knowledge. This goal can only be achieved by processing expert knowledge data like regional lithology, tectonic structure, paleo earthquake, and historical earthquake in the database layer, data access layer, and business logic layer of the system.

Legal Protection for Parties Who Suffer Losses Due to Changes in Land Registration Maps

In the procces of land certifivation Payakumbuh city at 2018 untul 2019, trere are 54 parties who submit the application of land remeasurement. The application of land remeasurement is the consequence of the difference between the land measurement that were written on the certificate and real its riel size. The difference of land measurement causes legal insecurity to certificate holder. This legal insecurity is againts the clause of article 28D paragraph (1) UUD 1945. It is interesting to do research in the from of scientific work in the forn of thesis with research problems; How is the process of remeasurement to land that already has certificate in Payakumbuh city; How is the protection of the law to the party who is harmed by the revision of land registration map; How is the proccess of the revision of land registration map based on the rresult of land remeasurement in Payakumbuh City. The research method used is a research method with an empirical judirical research, descriptive analysis with object of study includes the revision of land registration map. The main sources of empirical judirical research are field research and literature research. The thecnique of data processing by editing and data analysis, relate to the revision of land registration map. From the result of the study and discussion it was concluded that the head of the land office can correct the land registration map if there is technical error inthe land size data on the land registration map and the holder of the land right is asked to dign a declaration letter to receive the result of the land remeasurement by the land office.

Curriculum Mapping

Objective: The objective of this study was to outline the process and results of a curriculum map revision. Methods: A revision process was developed for curricular competencies and measurable abilities (MAs). A crosswalk of the original MAs to the revised MAs and curriculum mapping reports for the 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 academic years were evaluated. Results: The number of competencies decreased from 12 to 11 and MAs increased from 90 to 98. The MA word count decreased from 1719 to 1498 (12.9%); 25 were combined, 26 were deleted, seven were divided, and 47 were created. Course learning outcomes (CLOs) mapped to a mean of 139 and 39 MAs prerevision and postrevision, respectively. Prerevision, 86.9% of CLOs mapped to an MA. Postrevision, 100% of CLOs mapped to an MA. Conclusion: Our revision process reduced redundancy and complexity and addressed gaps. Institutions searching for a model to assist with curriculum mapping and revisions may find our process useful.

Natural language processing and entrustable professional activity text feedback in surgery: A machine learning model of resident autonomy

BackgroundEntrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) contain narrative ‘entrustment roadmaps’ designed to describe specific behaviors associated with different entrustment levels. However, these roadmaps were created using expert committee consensus, with little data available for guidance. Analysis of actual EPA assessment narrative comments using natural language processing may enhance our understanding of resident entrustment in actual practice. MethodsAll text comments associated with EPA microassessments at a single institution were combined. EPA—entrustment level pairs (e.g. Gallbladder Disease—Level 1) were identified as documents. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), a common machine learning algorithm, was used to identify latent topics in the documents associated with a single EPA. These topics were then reviewed for interpretability by human raters. ResultsOver 18 months, 1015 faculty EPA microassessments were collected from 64 faculty for 80 residents. LDA analysis identified topics that mapped 1:1 to EPA entrustment levels (Gammas >0.99). These LDA topics appeared to trend coherently with entrustment levels (words demonstrating high entrustment were consistently found in high entrustment topics, word demonstrating low entrustment were found in low entrustment topics). ConclusionsLDA is capable of identifying topics relevant to progressive surgical entrustment and autonomy in EPA comments. These topics provide insight into key behaviors that drive different level of resident autonomy and may allow for data-driven revision of EPA entrustment maps.

Banded amphibolites in the Alps: a new interpretation in relation to early Paleozoic peraluminous magmatism

The Strona-Ceneri Zone is located south of the Insubric line, where Alpine overprint is mainly brittle and of low grade or even absent. Apart from the unmetamorphic Permo-Carboniferous sediments and intrusiva the Strona-Ceneri Zone is an Ordovician gneiss complex composed of paragneisses, migmatites, peraluminous orthogneisses and banded amphibolites associated with meta-gabbros and meta-ultramafics. Despite of the individual characters of the other Ordovician gneiss terranes north of the Insubric line, most prominently the Aar Massif, the Gotthard, Silvretta and Ötztal nappes, they show analogous lithological formations and pre-Mesozoic structures indicating similar genetic processes. A revision of geological maps and new field observations in these gneiss terranes indicate characteristic spatial relationships of banded amphibolite formations with migmatites and orthogneisses. The contrasting chemistries of the peraluminous rocks (para- and orthogneisses) and the basaltic amphibolites with a lack of intermediate lithologies in between can be explained by the setting of peraluminous arc magmatism within a subduction–accretion complex. In this model the amphibolites represent primary basalts which ponded at the base of the subduction–accretion complex and delivered the heat for the production of peraluminous melts. Volume estimations indicate a “zone of intermingling” composed of immiscible basalts and peraluminous melts with a total thickness of several kilometers. In this “zone of intermingling” the protoliths of the banded amphibolite formations were generated. Steep strike-slip faults, which are important structures for the syn-magmatic cratonization of subduction–accretion complexes, provide pathways for the emplacement of magmas, migmatites and intermingled materials. This results in the formation of steeply oriented sheets of orthogneisses, deformed migmatites and banded amphibolite formations, respectively. Finally, the paper lists many other peri-Gondwanan regions with an early Paleozoic peraluminous arc magmatism, indicating a similar setting on a global scale.

Change Detection Based on Artificial Intelligence: State-of-the-Art and Challenges

Change detection based on remote sensing (RS) data is an important method of detecting changes on the Earth’s surface and has a wide range of applications in urban planning, environmental monitoring, agriculture investigation, disaster assessment, and map revision. In recent years, integrated artificial intelligence (AI) technology has become a research focus in developing new change detection methods. Although some researchers claim that AI-based change detection approaches outperform traditional change detection approaches, it is not immediately obvious how and to what extent AI can improve the performance of change detection. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art methods, applications, and challenges of AI for change detection. Specifically, the implementation process of AI-based change detection is first introduced. Then, the data from different sensors used for change detection, including optical RS data, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, street view images, and combined heterogeneous data, are presented, and the available open datasets are also listed. The general frameworks of AI-based change detection methods are reviewed and analyzed systematically, and the unsupervised schemes used in AI-based change detection are further analyzed. Subsequently, the commonly used networks in AI for change detection are described. From a practical point of view, the application domains of AI-based change detection methods are classified based on their applicability. Finally, the major challenges and prospects of AI for change detection are discussed and delineated, including (a) heterogeneous big data processing, (b) unsupervised AI, and (c) the reliability of AI. This review will be beneficial for researchers in understanding this field.

Evolution of salt structures of the Pyrenean rift (Chaînons Béarnais, France): From hyper-extension to tectonic inversion

The Chaînons Béarnais is a salt-detached fold belt in the northern Pyrenees that formerly occupied the axis of the Cretaceous Pyrenean rift. Geological map revision and cross-section construction from surface geology and industrial well and seismic reflection data emphasize the role of salt diapirism in the folding of the belt during the Cretaceous extension and the subsequent Pyrenean orogeny. Pre-rift Triassic evaporites played a fundamental role during rifting, allowing the sedimentary basin lying above to detach and slide down the hyper-extended margins onto a central exhumed mantle tract. Since the Early Cretaceous (and locally probably since the Jurassic) a system of low-amplitude salt walls evolved in shallow marine environments punctuated by episodic emersion. During the main stage of crustal extension, in late Aptian to early Cenomanian times, carbonate shelves rapidly drowned giving rise to deeper marine sedimentation. This was a period of major rise of salt walls, progressively detached from their substratum. These salt walls enclosed minibasins that accumulated thick flysch deposits arranged in growth stratal patterns. Depocenter migration and foundering of previous diapiric highs controlled further flysch deposition during the Late Cretaceous, while moderate extension probably persisted until the onset of the Pyrenean compression. During the late Santonian to Paleogene Pyrenean orogeny, the sedimentary lid of the Chaînons Béarnais basin climbed back along the Triassic detachment onto the colliding continental margins, leading to salt wall squeezing and further rising. Based on the Cretaceous timing and style of growth folding, we suggest that salt wall squeezing was not solely related to the Pyrenean compression, but shortening affected the diapiric ridges during the syn-rift sliding by gravity and crowding in the basin center, as the rifted margins were pulled apart from beneath. This makes the Chaînons Béarnais belt a unique field analog for contractional salt-tectonic systems in distal continental margins.