Revised Child Manifest Anxiety Research Articles

Comparatively, interpret the family drawings test for normal and divorced children as well as orphans and abandoned (9 to 14 years old) with an emphasis on the study of anxiety, depression, and aggression

Introduction: For childrens mental health, different levels of family environment dysfunction are considered as risk factors. Aim: The aim of the study was to comparatively interpret the family drawings test for normal and divorced children as well as orphans and abandoned (9 to 14 years old) with an emphasis on the study of anxiety, depression, and aggression. Method: The present study was causal-comparative research. The statistical population included children aged 9 to 14 years from normal families, children of divorce, orphans, and abandoned in Tehran. The sample size consisted of 50 normal and 50 children from the other three groups who were determined based on the purposive assignment method and available sampling. For collecting the data, the Buss and Perry's Aggression Questionnaire, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Child Depression Inventory, and also the Corman family Drawing test were used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 through analysis of variance and multiple comparisons (Scheffe). Results: Findings showed that there is a high correlation between the scores of the anxiety index, depression, and aggression of children with the scores of these variables in the children's drawing test (P=0.000) on the other hand, the results of analysis of variance and Scheffe test showed that there was a significant difference between normal children and divorced children as well as orphans and abandoned (P=0.000, F=581.870) and the level of anxiety, depression, and aggression of abandoned children (196.15), orphaned children (186.69) and divorced children (174.55) was more than normal children (111.94). Conclusion: According to the interpretation of the tests, it can be concluded that children from divorced as well as orphans and abandoned children are more depressed, anxious, and aggressive than normal children and regarding these components, abandoned children were worse off than orphans and divorced children.

Validation of the French version of the « Meta-Cognition Questionnaire » for adolescents (MCQ-Af): Evolution of metacognitive beliefs with age and their links with anxiety during adolescence.

IntroductionThe Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire for Adolescents (MCQ-A) measures individual differences of metacognitive beliefs and monitoring thought to be involved in the onset and maintenance of psychological disorders, especially in those involving anxiety. This assessment tool has been employed in research and clinical settings involving French-speaking adolescents, but appropriate validation has yet to be conducted. This article aims to first validate the francophone version of the MCQ-Af using measures sensitive to the expression of anxiety, and secondly, to examine the influence of age and gender on metacognitive beliefs, anxiety and their links.Method214 adolescents (114 females) between 13 and 17 completed the MCQ-Af (French version) as well as the Revised-Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS), French version, to assess anxiety manifestations. Structural validity was examined with confirmatory factor analyses. Three models were compared to the higher order five factor model proposed in the original validation study. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were also performed. Student’s t tests as well as simple and stepwise regressions were conducted to assess for age and gender.ResultsThe five correlated factors retained in the original version of the MCQ were replicated, and confirmatory factor analyses yielded comparable fit indices for a covariate factor model, as well as for a bifactor model. The bifactor model was privileged for theoretical reasons. Analyses were performed on a shortened questionnaire of 27 items as 3 items (2, 12 and 14) had non-significant loadings in prior path analyses. Age and gender differences were found in specific sub-factors of the MCQ-Af; positive and negative metacognitive beliefs seem to increase with age; girls seem to score higher on the negative metacognitive beliefs and thought control dimensions. The study further reports specific links between anxiety manifestation and negative and positive metacognitive beliefs, as well as confidence in one’s memory. A modest influence of age and gender on this link was also highlighted.ConclusionThe present research provides the first evidence that the MCQ-Af is a valid and reliable instrument to assess individual differences of metacognitive beliefs in French-speaking adolescents. Nevertheless, it highlights that caution should be taken in regards of 3 items in particular (items 2, 12 and 14). Furthermore, age and gender in assessed samples of adolescents might influence the scores of the different dimensions of the questionnaire.

Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Adolescent Version of the General Behavior Inventory in Korean Youth

Objectives:We examined the factor structure of the Adolescent version of the General Behavior Inventory (A-GBI) for Koreans.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 220 adolescents (age, 12–18 years) who completed the A-GBI through the Department of Psychiatry at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, from October 2011 to December 2018. Caregivers of the study participants completed the Parent version of the GBI (P-GBI) 10-item Mania Scale. The adolescents were evaluated based on the A-GBI, Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), and Revised-Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Subsequently, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using the maximum likelihood method with direct oblimin rotation and correlation analyses with other scales were performed.Results:The EFA identified a two-factor structure as having the best fit: factor I included depressive symptoms and factor II included hypomanic/biphasic symptoms. Factor I was very strongly correlated with the A-GBI depressive subscale (r=0.990, p<0.001) and strongly correlated with CDI (r=0.764, p<0.001) and RCMAS (r=0.666, p<0.001). Factor II was also very strongly correlated with the A-GBI hypomanic/biphasic subscale (r=0.877, p<0.001) and weakly correlated with CDI (r=0.274, p<0.001) and RCMAS (r=0.332, p<0.001).Conclusion:The above findings support a two-dimensional model of mood symptoms in Korean youth.

Prevalence of depression and anxiety among children in rural and suburban areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh: A cross-sectional study.

Background:Psychiatric morbidity in children and adolescents is a major concern as they become more complex and intense with children's transition into adolescence.Aim:The aim of this study is to assess and compare the prevalence of depression and anxiety among children residing in rural and suburban area of eastern Uttar Pradesh and understand the burden of these problems in our society.Materials and Methods:Children, in the age group 11–18 years, were divided into 2 groups: Group I – 100 children from rural area Tikri; Group II – 100 children from suburban area Sunderpur. Their sociodemographic details were recorded. Children's Depression Inventory and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale were used to screen for depression and anxiety in children, respectively. The final diagnosis was done using present state examination in accordance with International Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders 10. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test.Results:The prevalence of depression was found to be 14.5% while that of anxiety disorder was found to be 15%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of depression or anxiety in rural and suburban areas (P > 0.05). Depression and anxiety were more prevalent in middle adolescence, in females, and in lower-middle socioeconomic group. Depression was more prevalent in the students of class 9th –12th, whereas anxiety was more in students of lower classes. Depression was more prevalent in joint families. These differences show some important trends regarding factors affecting these problems.Conclusion:This study yields useful information which could be of use in early management of psychiatric disorders present in the community and prevent their development into chronic disorders.

Depression, Anxiety, Hopelessness and Self-esteem in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents in Kosovo

Aim of the study The present study aims to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety in a clinical sample of adolescents and also examine the relationship between depression levels, anxiety, hopelessness, and self-esteem. Methodology It is a cross-sectional correlational study conducted in a clinical sample of 91 adolescents (Mage=14.56, SD=2.376) referred in the Mental Health Unit for Children and Adolscents in Prizren. The measures used include The Revised Children Manifest Anxiety Scale, Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, Self-esteem Rosenborg Scale dhe Hopelessnes Children Scale (Kazdin). Results Results showed a prevalence rate of 28.6% for depression (26 cases) and 31.9% for anxiety (29 cases). Low self-esteem was prevalent at a rate of 48.3% (42 cases) and hopelessness at a rate of 18.4% (16 cases). Depression correlates positively with age (r=.284, p Conclusions The best predictor for depression levels are anxiety levels, and vice versa. These findings have important practical implications for clinical work.

Family dynamics and psychosocial functioning in children with SCI/D from Colombia, South America

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the connections between family dynamics and the psychosocial functioning of children with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D).Design: Cross-sectional.Setting: Participants were recruited from communities in Neiva, Colombia.Participants: Thirty children with SCI/D and their primary caregiver participated. Children were between 8 and 17 years of age, and had sustained their injury at least six months prior to data collection.Interventions: NA.Outcome measures: Participating children completed measures assessing their own psychosocial functioning (Children's Depression Inventory, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale-2, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory), and their primary caregiver completed measures of family dynamics (Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale- Fourth Edition, Family Communication Scale, Family Assessment Device- General Functioning, Family Satisfaction Scale, Relationship-Focused Coping Scale).Results: A correlation matrix showed a number of significant bivariate correlations between child and family variables, and three multiple regressions showed that family satisfaction, empathy, and flexibility significantly explained 27% of the variance in child worry; family satisfaction and communication explained 18% of the variance in child social anxiety; and family cohesion and communication explained 23% of the variance in child emotional functioning.Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of rehabilitation professionals considering the association between family dynamics and the psychosocial functioning of children with SCI/D when working with this population.

Psychosocial outcomes among youth with spinal cord injury by neurological impairment

ObjectiveExamine psychosocial outcomes of youth with spinal cord injury (SCI) as a function of neurological level (paraplegia/tetraplegia) and severity (American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS)).DesignSurvey research.SettingThree pediatric SCI specialty centers in the USA.ParticipantsYouth with SCI ages 5–18 with neurological impairment classifications of: tetraplegia AIS ABC (tetraplegia ABC), paraplegia AIS ABC (paraplegia ABC), or AIS D.Outcome MeasuresChildren's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Children's Depression Inventory.ResultsThree hundred and forty youth participated; 57% were male; 60% were Caucasian, 21% Hispanic, 7% African-American, 2% Native American, and 3% reported “other”. Their mean age was 8.15 years (standard deviation (SD) = 5.84) at injury and 13.18 years (SD = 3.87) at interview. Ninety-six youth (28%) had tetraplegia ABC injuries, 191 (56%) paraplegia ABC injuries, and 53 (16%) AIS D injuries. Neurological impairment was significantly related to participation and quality of life (QOL). Specifically, youth with paraplegia ABC and AIS D injuries participated in more activities than youth with tetraplegia ABC (P = 0.002; P = 0.018, respectively) and youth with paraplegia ABC participated more often than youth with tetraplegia ABC (P = 0.006). Youth with paraplegia ABC reported higher social QOL than youth with tetraplegia ABC (P = 0.001) and AIS D injuries (P = 0.002). Groups did not differ regarding mental health.ConclusionInterventions should target youth with tetraplegia ABC, as they may need support in terms of participation, and both youth with tetraplegia ABC and AIS D injuries in terms of social integration.

Reduced autobiographical memory specificity in bereaved Afghan adolescents

This study investigated the effect of bereavement (father death due to war in Afghanistan) on autobiographical memory specificity in Afghan adolescents living in Iran. Participants consisted of bereaved (n=70) and non-bereaved (n=33) Afghan adolescents. The measures included Farsi versions of the Autobiographical Memory Test, Mood and Feeling Questionnaire, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Impact of Event Scale. Results indicated that the bereaved group retrieved a significantly lower proportion of specific memories and a significantly greater proportion of extended and categoric memories than the non-bereaved group. Additionally, depression symptoms and reduced autobiographical memory specificity were significantly correlated. These findings suggest that bereaved adolescents have impaired autobiographical memory specificity.

Étude transversale de l’anxiété trait dans un groupe de 111 enfants intellectuellement surdoués

Intellectually gifted children are often thought to display a high risk for psychopathology. However, this assertion has received only few direct arguments to date, and there is in fact a lack of knowledge on this subject. The aim of this study was to compare trait-anxiety - which is considered as a sensitive and early indicator of psychoaffective difficulties in children - in intellectually gifted children to the norm. One hundred and eleven children aged 8 to 12 and with an intellectual quotient (IQ) higher than 129 participated in the study. They were recruited in a hospital department of child and adolescent psychiatry and through psychologists' private practice, where they attended consultation because of academic underachievement and/or social maladjustment. All the children were examined by trained psychiatrists and psychologists: none had a present or past medical or psychiatric condition and, additionally, none had an elevated score on the French version of the Children's Depressive Rating Scale Revised (Moor & Mack, 1982). Parents filled in a questionnaire for the collection of socio-demographic data and children answered the French version of the Revised-Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS; Reynolds, 1999), a 37-items self-assessment of trait-anxiety, the psychometric properties of which have been validated in children with high IQ. Mean scores and subscores on the R-CMAS in the whole studied group and as a function of gender and age were compared to French normative data (Reynolds, 1999) by calculation of 95% confidence intervals; subgroups were compared using Student's t-tests. Proportions of children who's score and subscores exceeded anxiety cut-off norms were compared to normative data using chi-square tests. Statistical significance was considered at the P<0.05 level. The studied group comprised mainly boys, and members of a sibling. Parents mainly lived as man and wife, had high academic levels, and had a professional activity. The confidence intervals of the R-CMAS scores and subscores all comprised their normative value, which denotes that no difference was statistically significant. Comparisons for age and gender showed no significant difference. Proportions of results exceeding the cut-off scores and subscores did not significantly differ from the norms. General and dimensional trait-anxiety levels in the studied group were comparable to normative data. These results are in accordance with previous studies of trait-anxiety in children and adolescents with high IQ, which all showed normal or decreased levels. These findings do not corroborate the hypothesis that intellectual giftedness constitutes a risk factor for psychopathology. The studied group was a clinical one, which could limit the generalisation of the results. However, mental disorders were ruled out, and the psychometric and socio-demographic characteristics of the group were in keeping with those described for the general population of gifted children. Moreover, considering that participant children displayed academic underachievement and/or social maladjustment, it can be supposed that their anxiety levels were not lower than those in the general population of gifted children. Secondly, the potentially confusing effect of socio-demographic variables (underrepresentation of low socio-economic levels and single-parent families) could not be statistically taken into account, due to the absence of a specific control group. Intellectually gifted children seem not to display increased trait-anxiety. However, further studies are necessary to investigate psychological functioning in gifted children and their risk for psychopathology.

PROTOCOL: Psychosocial Interventions for School Refusal Behavior With Elementary and Secondary School Students

PROTOCOL: Psychosocial Interventions for School Refusal Behavior With Elementary and Secondary School Students

외과적 뇌질환을 가진 학령기 아동의 수술 전 정서적 불안정감과 어머니의 양육스트레스에 관한 예비연구

Objectives：This study was conducted to compare emotional problems in children with neurosurgical diseases prior to surgery as well as levels of parenting stress experienced by mothers of children treated with surgery and those without surgery. The goals was to provide a basis on which comprehensive treatment interventions could be established. Methods：Subjects included 78 elementary school children who visited the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery as well as their mothers. The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Revised Children Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) were administered to children. The Parenting Stress Indexs (PSI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to their mothers. Results：The children with neurosurgical diseases showed higher levels of depression prior to surgery. In their mothers, parenting stress was relatively higher and parenting competence was lower. In particular, for those children who under-went surgery, depression was significantly higher. Specifically, they exhibited more negative expectations, and negative self-image. In mothers of children who underwent surgery, depression was significantly higher. Conclusion：Our results suggest higher levels of emotional distress and parental stress in children who undergo neuro-surgical operations and their mothers, respectively. Based on this, the necessity for surgical and comprehensive psycho-logical intervention is suggested. KEY WORDS：Children·Neurosurgical Disease·Surgery·Emotional Stress·Parenting Stress.

Harcèlement moral et pronostic professionnel chez 126 patients d’une consultation de pathologie professionnelle

Le surdon intellectuel – aussi appelé « précocité intellectuelle » ou « haut potentiel intellectuel » – chez l’enfant est souvent considéré comme un facteur de risque psychopathologique. Le but de cette étude était de mesurer l’anxiété trait – envisagée comme un marqueur psychopathologique général – dans un groupe d’enfants surdoués et de le comparer à la norme.Cent onze enfants ayant un quotient intellectuel supérieur ou égal à 130 ont répondu à la version française de la Revised-Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS ; 33).Les scores moyens à la R-CMAS et ses sous-échelles ont été comparés aux données normatives françaises (33) par le calcul d’intervalles de confiance à 95 %. Les proportions des enfants ayant obtenu des scores et sous-scores supérieurs aux seuils d’anxiété ont été comparées aux mêmes données normatives par des tests du Khi2.Les intervalles de confiance obtenus pour la totalité du groupe étudié et selon le sexe et l’âge, ainsi que les comparaisons pour les scores et sous-scores excédant les seuils, indiquaient que l’ensemble des résultats ne différait pas statistiquement des valeurs normatives.Le niveau d’anxiété trait chez les enfants surdoués étudiés ne semble pas excéder celui de la population générale. Cela ne tend pas à confirmer l’hypothèse selon laquelle le surdon intellectuel chez l’enfant constituerait un facteur de risque psychopathologique. Pour autant, des études supplémentaires seraient nécessaires afin de mieux caractériser ce risque chez les enfants surdoués.Intellectually gifted children are often thought to display a high risk for psychopathology. However, this assertion has received only few direct arguments to date, and there is in fact a lack of knowledge on this subject. The aim of this study was to compare trait-anxiety – which is considered as a sensitive and early indicator of psychoaffective difficulties in children – in intellectually gifted children to the norm.One hundred and eleven children aged 8 to 12 and with an intellectual quotient (IQ) higher than 129 participated in the study. They were recruited in a hospital department of child and adolescent psychiatry and through psychologists’ private practice, where they attended consultation because of academic underachievement and/or social maladjustment. All the children were examined by trained psychiatrists and psychologists: none had a present or past medical or psychiatric condition and, additionally, none had an elevated score on the French version of the Children's Depressive Rating Scale Revised (Moor & Mack, 1982). Parents filled in a questionnaire for the collection of socio-demographic data and children answered the French version of the Revised-Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (R-CMAS; Reynolds, 1999), a 37-items self-assessment of trait-anxiety, the psychometric properties of which have been validated in children with high IQ.Mean scores and subscores on the R-CMAS in the whole studied group and as a function of gender and age were compared to French normative data (Reynolds, 1999) by calculation of 95% confidence intervals; subgroups were compared using Student's t-tests. Proportions of children who's score and subscores exceeded anxiety cut-off norms were compared to normative data using chi-square tests. Statistical significance was considered at the P < 0.05 level.The studied group comprised mainly boys, and members of a sibling. Parents mainly lived as man and wife, had high academic levels, and had a professional activity. The confidence intervals of the R-CMAS scores and subscores all comprised their normative value, which denotes that no difference was statistically significant. Comparisons for age and gender showed no significant difference. Proportions of results exceeding the cut-off scores and subscores did not significantly differ from the norms.General and dimensional trait-anxiety levels in the studied group were comparable to normative data. These results are in accordance with previous studies of trait-anxiety in children and adolescents with high IQ, which all showed normal or decreased levels. These findings do not corroborate the hypothesis that intellectual giftedness constitutes a risk factor for psychopathology.The studied group was a clinical one, which could limit the generalisation of the results. However, mental disorders were ruled out, and the psychometric and socio-demographic characteristics of the group were in keeping with those described for the general population of gifted children. Moreover, considering that participant children displayed academic underachievement and/or social maladjustment, it can be supposed that their anxiety levels were not lower than those in the general population of gifted children. Secondly, the potentially confusing effect of socio-demographic variables (underrepresentation of low socio-economic levels and single-parent families) could not be statistically taken into account, due to the absence of a specific control group.Intellectually gifted children seem not to display increased trait-anxiety. However, further studies are necessary to investigate psychological functioning in gifted children and their risk for psychopathology.

Psychological Functioning in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

This study examined 38 patients (age 6-18 years) with recurrent cardiac arrhythmias who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation of ectopic myocardial foci. Psychological functioning was assessed by the Pediatric Symptom Checklist, Short Mood and Feeling Questionnaire, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Arrhythmia Anxiety Queries prior to ablation and at 3-month follow-up. The patients resembled a normal population without elevations in anxiety or depression. After ablation, the patients showed reductions in the "fear of their heart problem" and increases in "the things that they enjoy." The patients who underwent a curative ablation had better functioning than those who did not show improvement. Children appear to have the opportunity for an improved quality of life after ablation.

Clonidine Challenge in Childhood Anxiety Disorder

To evaluate the neurohormonal and subjective mood response of children with anxiety disorder to clonidine challenge Children with DSM-IV diagnoses of anxiety disorder (ANX) (n = 24) and normal controls (n = 15) were given a challenge of intravenous clonidine (1.3 micrograms/kg) and provided neurohormonal and mood self-report assessment over a 180-minute period. The ANX group differed from normal controls in Hamilton Anxiety Rating, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale score, and maximum change from baseline (delta max) in growth hormone (GH). Clonidine-stimulated GH concentration of the ANX group was significantly elevated compared with that of controls but returned to baseline within 2 hours. A subgroup with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (n = 9) had significantly higher delta max GH (17.5 +/- 10.1 ng/mL) than the group with other anxiety disorders (ANX-OCD) (9.1 +/- 5.8 ng/mL) and controls (5.7 +/- 4.1 ng/mL). GH response to clonidine challenge is not blunted in ANX subjects. This finding is in contrast to adult disorder and suggests that adrenergic postsynaptic receptor down-regulation is not a feature of childhood anxiety. These findings suggest enhanced central adrenergic sensitivity in ANX which is most pronounced in OCD and argue against a neurobiological continuum from childhood to adult anxiety disorder.

Mother-child agreement on self-report of anxiety in abused children

This study investigates the lack of agreement in maternal and child report of child anxiety with a sample of abused and nonabused clinic-referred children. Based on the literature, it was predicted that nonabused clinic-referred children would report more symptoms of anxiety than their mothers would report for them. It was also predicted that mothers of abused children would report greater anxiety symptoms for their children than the children's self-report. Finally, it was predicted that maternal psychopathology, specifically anxiety, would increase the probability that mothers would overreport their children's anxiety. Mother-child agreement based on anxiety symptoms assessed by the Quay Behavior Problem Checklist and the Revised-Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale was obtained on 54 male and female outpatients, 5 to 16 years of age. Overall, mothers reported significantly more anxiety for their children, than the children's own self-report, irrespective of abuse history. The implications of the findings are discussed with respect to the validity of maternal and child report. Directions for future research are also offered.

The Assessment of Depression in Children

Evaluation of the overlap in symptomatology of depressed, anxious, and depressed and anxious children is described. Fifty-nine children from grades 4 through 7, including 14 who received a DSM-III-R diagnosis of a depressive disorder, 11 with a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, 16 with a comorbid depressive and anxiety disorder, and 18 nondisturbed controls, completed the Children's Depression Inventory, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Hopelessness Scale for Children, and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Diagnoses were determined by the children's responses to a well-respected semi-structured clinical interview. Results indicated that all three diagnostic groups differed significantly from the non-disturbed controls across all of the self-report paper-and-pencil measures. However, in general, the three diagnostic groups could not be differentiated based on their responses to these measures. Implications for the negative affectivity hypothesis and future research are discussed.

Do childhood anxiety measures measure anxiety?

The Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R), Revised-Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS), and the Modified State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC-M) are three widely used self-report measures of childhood anxiety. While previous studies have established the reliability of these measures, their validity in discriminating anxious from non-anxious youngsters remains to be established. The present study examines the discriminant validity of the three measures by comparing clinic referred samples of boys with an anxiety disorder (n = 105) or ADHD (n = 59) with a community sample of never-psychiatrically-ill boys (n = 49). Results indicated that the two patient groups differed significantly from the never-psychiatrically-ill group on the RCMAS and STAIC-M, but the anxious and ADHD groups did not differ from each other. None of the three groups differed on the FSSC-R. The implications of these findings for the assessment of childhood anxiety disorders are discussed.

Relationship between personality adjustment and high intelligence: Terman versus Hollingworth.

Work by Terman helped refute the negative stereotype that highly intelligent children were maladjusted, but Hollingworth contended that children in the very highest IQ groups were prone to maladjustment problems. The present study examines whether the relationshp between intelligence and personality adjustment is negative or positive within the gifted range. Subjects are 83 7- to II-year-old children, with IQs between 120 and 168, who were enrolled in either a public or private school gifted program. Results with both parent- and child-report instruments (Personality Inventory for Children, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale) support the view that intelligence is positively related to adjustment.

Dimensions, levels and reliabilities on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale with learning disabled children.

The factor structure of the Revised-Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale was investigatedfor a sample of 106 children attending public school classes for the learning disabled. Coefficients of congruence and Cattell's salient variable similarity index were determinedfor the five factors and the general anxiety factor that had emerged in the normative sample and the factors from the LD sample. Strong support Was found for for the existence ofthree of the original subscale factors (Physiological, Concentration and Lie I) and the General Anxiety (Ag) factor for the LD children. Several of the factors showed significant alteration based on responses of the LD children. The mean performance of theLD children on Total Anxiety, Worry, Concentration and Total Lie was significantly higher than that of the normative sample. Internal consistency data are reported, and implications of the findings are discussed.

Long-term stability of scores on the Revised-Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale.

Long-term stability of scores on the Revised-Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale.