Review Of Immunology Research Articles

IL-25 as a potential therapeutic target in allergic asthma.

Allergic asthma is a prevalent disease characterized by intermittent airway hyperresponsiveness resulting in airway narrowing, debilitating wheezing and shortness of breath that in severe cases can prove fatal. Notably, the number of sufferers, especially among children, has increased dramatically over recent decades and the WHO estimates that 235 million people worldwide suffer from this disorder. Asthma can be induced by a variety of provocative allergic stimuli and is associated with pulmonary inflammatory infiltrates including T helper 2 (Th2) cells and type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) secreting the type-2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 IL-9 and IL-13. These cytokines coordinate the inappropriate muscular contraction, immunoglobulin E production, eosinophilia and mucus hypersecretion that typify asthma. Despite being characterized for over a century, asthma is often underdiagnosed and there have been few therapeutic advances since the introduction of steroids in the 1950s (e.g., antileukotrienes and anti-IgE treatment). In part, this is due to the complexity of the disease with the existence of subtypes of asthma only now being fully realized. These recent improvements in our understanding have resulted in clinical trials establishing the potential of biological asthma treatments such as antibodies that neutralize IL-5 and IL-13. However, these therapies only work in subsets of asthma patients, leading to an unmet need for additional novel treatments. A triad of lung epithelium-derived cytokines, IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), that lie upstream of the effector type-2 cytokines, have emerged as important mediators in asthma and are therefore potential treatment targets [1]. IL-25 was identified in 2001 and found to induce type-2 immune responses in human and animal studies [2]. It is a member of the IL-17 cytokine family and in contrast to IL-17A elicits type-2 cytokine production via its receptor IL17 receptor beta (IL-17RB, IL-25R) [3]. Although IL-25 is reported to be expressed by a range of structural (including bronchial epithelial cells and endothelial cells) and immune cells (Th cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, basophils and mast cells), it is generally difficult to detect IL-25 protein, presumably because it is produced in low amounts or consumed rapidly. Thus, the cellular sources of IL-25 and the mechanisms by which it is released during disease still remain unclear. A range of immune cells are responsive to IL-25, such as Th2 and Th9 cells, ILC2, monocytes, eosinophils and natural killer T cells; all of which have been shown to contribute to asthma pathogenesis. Mouse models have indicated that IL-25 may represent an important target in asthma, IL-25 as a potential therapeutic target in allergic asthma

Is sentinel node susceptibility to metastases related to nodal immune modulation?

Sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), the initial site of regional metastases, directly receive lymph containing immune-modulatory cytokines and tumor cells from primary melanomas. Immune-suppressed SLNs are ideal for studies of tissue susceptibility to metastases. They show reduced antigen-presenting dendritic cells, activated T cells, high endothelial venules, and transvenular immigration of T cells. Tumor-induced immune suppression contributes to establishment of nodal metastases. SLNs may serve as an effective model to study reversal of tumor-induced immune suppression. We reviewed this topic in Nature Reviews of Immunology in 2006. We here summarize the Nature paper and provide additional results from ongoing studies and the recent literature.

Preview of Immunological Reviews for 2015

Preview of <i>Immunological Reviews</i> for 2015

When cancer and immunology meet

It is both exciting and challenging to assemble an issue of Immunological Reviews on hematologic malignancies in 2014. Both scientifically and clinically, the pace of advances has accelerated in the last few years. However, blood cancers remain a highly diverse group of diseases with many mechanisms of pathogenesis that require different clinical approaches. This diversity makes a comprehensive review of blood cancers a challenge. Instead, we have focused on in depth discussion of aspects of these topics that are either rapidly evolving or of particular interest to basic immunologists. The latter set of topics is itself diverse. Most blood cancers are themselves disruptions of the hematopoietic and immune systems. Some articles in this issue highlight the comparisons between normal immunologic development and the diseases that are associated with disruptions of immune development. A number of pieces focus on molecular mechanisms that are critical to both normal immunologic development and, when disturbed, cancer development. Others are focused on harnessing the immune system to treat blood cancers. This area has, in the last two years, achieved clinical responses that have long been sought (1, 2). A theme that runs through many of these reviews is the complexity of the immune system but the remarkable advances that years of research have made possible in both understanding biology and generating new therapies.

The challenge of treating orphan disease.

Uncommon or orphan diseases are less frequently addressed in mainstream medical journals and, as a consequence, their understanding and clinical recognition may rely on case series or anecdotal data with limited guidelines and management directions. The study of selected underrepresented autoimmune and allergy conditions is the subject of the present issue of Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology to provide peculiar perspectives on common and rare themes. First, allergy remains a major concern for physicians worldwide despite the limited developments over the past years, particularly for antigens such as mite or Alternaria alternata, and due to the increasing incidence of drug hypersensitivity. Second, the female predominance of autoimmune diseases such as systemic sclerosis is well recognized but enigmatic, and a unifying hypothesis remains elusive. Third, the management of conditions triggered by infectious agents as in Guillain-Barre syndrome or mixed cryoglobulinemia is challenging, and clinical guidelines are needed in the setting of infections and autoimmunity. Fourth, gamma-delta T cells represent major players in innate immunity and are the subject of extensive studies in autoimmune diseases to provide new therapeutic targets for disease prevention or modulation in the near future. Ultimately, we acknowledge the major developments in the broad fields of rheumatology and immunology and expect that microbiota definition, epigenetics studies, and microRNA analysis will provide new exciting avenues toward the understanding and treatment of chronic and acute inflammation.

Editorial –In this Issue: Innate Immunity in Normal and Pathologic Circumstances

In this issue of the International Reviews of Immunology, we host several reviews dedicated to the innate immunity in normal and diseased states. Tan et al. discuss the molecular nature of the innate immune response as a consequence of co-engagement of distinct Toll-like receptors. Schwarz et al. present a regulatory loop leading to increased myelopoiesis through the engagement of CD137L by CD137+ T cells. Kolandaswamy et al. present transcriptomic evidence that distinguishes between two major subsets of monocytes. In a different review, Minasyan presents an interesting hypothesis that erythrocytes have a dominant role in clearing bacteria within the blood stream while leukocytes’ role is mostly extra-vascular. Yan et al. discuss the pivotal role of the liver, its pre-existing and associated pathology, in sepsis. Zhang outlines the implications of declining neutrophils and impact to long-term management of HIV-associated disease. Finally, Lal et al. discuss the multiple roles of γδT cells in innate and adaptive immunity.

Significance of antigen and epitope specificity in tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, because (i) diagnosis is usually made too late to avoid spread of infection to contacts; (ii) vaccination with bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) does not prevent the most prevalent pulmonary disease; and (iii) defaulting from lengthy chemotherapy leads to an increase in drug resistant strains. The continued impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infections remains a major aggravating factor in TB resurgence. Intensive research on the specificity and function of immunological responses is of major importance since protective host defense is critically dependent on T cells, which selectively recognize only certain antigens and epitopes of the tubercle bacillus. Such knowledge is therefore necessary for designing a novel effective vaccine and better diagnostic tools. The specificity of the host immune response may also help to explain how the intracellular tubercle bacilli evade host resistance, probably by decoy pro-inflammatory actions of some of their antigens and/or immunomodulatory constituents, which lead to chronic infection and lung pathology. The 12 articles in this Research Topic in the section Microbial Immunology of the journal Frontiers in Immunology review current knowledge, as well as gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of T and B cell recognition of antigens and constituent epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The abundant occurrence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-permissive epitopes in tubercle bacilli has important implications for the development of both subunit vaccines and diagnostic tests (1, 2). Moreover, an evolutionary interpretation has been that selection of Mtb strains carrying protective MHC-permissive epitopes could have extended the survival of infectious individuals and hence was advantageous for the protracted aerosol transmission of the pathogen (1).

An Inflammatory Profile that Predicts the Development of Neutralizing Antibody Breadth

AIDS Research and Human RetrovirusesVol. 30, No. S1 Towards Broadly Neutralizing Antibody InductionAn Inflammatory Profile that Predicts the Development of Neutralizing Antibody BreadthAnne Sophie Dugast, Kelly Arnold, Michelle Hoffner, Florencia Pereyra, Michael Seaman, Bruce Walker, Douglas Lauffenburger, and Galit AlterAnne Sophie DugastRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United StatesSearch for more papers by this author, Kelly ArnoldMIT, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, United StatesSearch for more papers by this author, Michelle HoffnerRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United StatesSearch for more papers by this author, Florencia PereyraRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United StatesSearch for more papers by this author, Michael SeamanCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Boston, MA, United StatesSearch for more papers by this author, Bruce WalkerRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United StatesSearch for more papers by this author, Douglas LauffenburgerMIT, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, United StatesSearch for more papers by this author, and Galit AlterRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United StatesSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:30 Oct 2014https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.5057.abstractAboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View article"An Inflammatory Profile that Predicts the Development of Neutralizing Antibody Breadth." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 30(S1), pp. A35–A36FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byOntogeny-based immunogens for the induction of V2-directed HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies30 January 2017 | Immunological Reviews, Vol. 275, No. 1Virological features associated with the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 23, No. 4 Volume 30Issue S1Oct 2014 InformationCopyright 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Anne Sophie Dugast, Kelly Arnold, Michelle Hoffner, Florencia Pereyra, Michael Seaman, Bruce Walker, Douglas Lauffenburger, and Galit Alter.An Inflammatory Profile that Predicts the Development of Neutralizing Antibody Breadth.AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses.Oct 2014.A35-A36.http://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.5057.abstractPublished in Volume: 30 Issue S1: October 30, 2014PDF download

Expression of MAIT Cells in Blood and Genital Mucosa of HIV Infected and Uninfected Women

AIDS Research and Human RetrovirusesVol. 30, No. S1 Mucosal Target and Effector CellsExpression of MAIT Cells in Blood and Genital Mucosa of HIV Infected and Uninfected WomenAnna Gibbs, Edwin Leeansyah, Andrea Introini, Taha Hirbod, Joshua Kimani, Terry B. Ball, Kristina Broliden, Johan K. Sandberg, and Annelie TjernlundAnna GibbsKarolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Solna, Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author, Edwin LeeansyahKarolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author, Andrea IntroiniKarolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Solna, Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author, Taha HirbodKarolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Solna, Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author, Joshua KimaniUniversity of Nairobi, Department of Medical Microbiology, Nairobi, KenyaSearch for more papers by this author, Terry B. BallUniversity of Manitoba, Department of Medical Microbiology, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaPublic Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author, Kristina BrolidenKarolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Solna, Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author, Johan K. SandbergKarolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this author, and Annelie TjernlundKarolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Solna, Stockholm, SwedenSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:30 Oct 2014https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.5081.abstractAboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View article"Expression of MAIT Cells in Blood and Genital Mucosa of HIV Infected and Uninfected Women." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 30(S1), pp. A47–A48FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByRole of MAIT cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: New players in old game6 November 2017 | International Reviews of Immunology, Vol. 37, No. 2 Volume 30Issue S1Oct 2014 InformationCopyright 2014, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Anna Gibbs, Edwin Leeansyah, Andrea Introini, Taha Hirbod, Joshua Kimani, Terry B. Ball, Kristina Broliden, Johan K. Sandberg, and Annelie Tjernlund.Expression of MAIT Cells in Blood and Genital Mucosa of HIV Infected and Uninfected Women.AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses.Oct 2014.A47-A48.http://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.5081.abstractPublished in Volume: 30 Issue S1: October 30, 2014PDF download

Unique topics and issues in rheumatology and clinical immunology.

Clinicians are facing unexpected issues in everyday practice, and these may become counterintuitive or challenging. Illustrative examples are provided by the hypersensitivity to universally used immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids or antibiotics such as beta-lactam. Secondly, additional issues are represented by the discovery of new pathogenetic mechanisms involved in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis or other chronic inflammatory diseases, genomic susceptibility to enigmatic diseases such as giant cell arteritis, or the shared role of specific mediators such as semaphorins. Third, the therapeutic armamentarium has dramatically changed over the past decade following the introduction of biotechnological drugs, and new mechanisms are being proposed to reduce adverse events or increase the drug effectiveness, particularly on cardiovascular comorbidities. Finally, rare diseases continue to represent difficult cases, as for Cogan's syndrome, with limited literature available for clinical recommendations. For these reason, the present issue of Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology is timely and dedicated to these and other unique topics in clinical immunology and allergy. The aim of this issue is thus to help clinicians involved in internal medicine as well as allergists and clinical immunologists while discussing new pathways that will prove important in the near future.

HTLV-1: ancient virus, new challenges

Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) is an ancient pathogen for human being but arising and recognized recently. The routes of transmission are vertical (mainly by breastfeeding), unsafe sexual contacts and through contaminated blood components specially in whom need frequent and repeated blood transfusions such as permanent anemia due to blood loss in hemophilia and major thalassemia. Patients who should undergo hemodialysis in their lifelong are another instance for increased risk of HTLV-1 exposure. The main HTLV-1-associated diseases are tropical spastic tetraparesis (HAM/TSP), an inflammatory myelopathy and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Although HTLV-1 is scattered around the world, only in endemic areas where prevalence rate is more than 1%, viral burden of infection have accumulated. Japan, Southern and Central parts of Africa, Caribbean basin and Iran are examples of endemic areas of HTLV-1. In this article, a rapid and brief review of HTLV-1 virology, immunology and pathogenesis have emerged. In addition, a short debate has driven about current statues of HTLV-1 in Iran.

THU0554 12/15-Lipoxygenase Counteracts the Activity of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Monocytes

BackgroundGlucocorticoids (GC) are drugs of choice for the treatment of many autoimmune diseases. Our previous studies have shown that GC treatment does not generally suppress monocyte functions but induces a...

FRI0410 The Impact of Pregnancy on Lupus Flares in Korean Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: 15-Year Experience, Single-Center Study

BackgroundSystemic lupus erytematosus (SLE) is a multi-organ autoimmune disease that affects women of childbearing age. SLE and lupus nephritis have more maternal and fetal complications than the general population. However,...

THU0009 Pregnancy; the Worthy Challenges for Patients with Lupus Nephritis: 15-Year Experience, Single-Center Study

BackgroundThe lupus flare rate during pregnancy was reduced with pre-pregnancy counseling and effective strategies. However, limitation of using immunosuppressant, the outcome of the lupus pregnancies with renal flare can be...

AB0480 Towards A Novel Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell Based Immunotherapy for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

BackgroundTolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) can be considered as an attractive strategy to treat autoimmune diseases. The tolerogenic potential of autologous tolDCs has not yet been evaluated to treat systemic lupus...

PWE-151 Comparison Of Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis Patients’ Characteristic In Caucasian, Asian And Black Ethnic Groups: A Single Centre Experience

IntroductionAutoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a disease of unknown aetiology characterised by interface hepatitis, hypergammaglobulinaemia and circulating autoantibodies.1,2 It is associated with Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DR3/DR4 allotypes which are common...

Transplantation: moving to the next level.

This issue of Immunological Reviews bridges two traditionally separate fields. While the average immunologist may think of “transplantation” as a single entity, it has, for largely practical reasons, been split into two separate fields, namely hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and organ transplantation. In allogeneic HCT, which was originally used as a rescue therapy for the marrow toxicity of high-dose chemotherapy and/or irradiation employed to treat a hematologic malignancy, the recipient’s immune system is severely compromised and the greatest concern has been the attack of immune cells in the donor inoculum on the severely immunocompromised recipient. This attack, which caused the sometimes fatal syndrome known as graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), was so severe when HLA barriers were transgressed that until recently the practice of HCT has been largely confined to the HLA-identical or near-identical donor situation, severely limiting the availability of this curative therapy. Even in the present day, as approaches to performing HLA-mismatched HCT have permitted more widespread transplantation in this setting, the incidence of significant GVHD is in the 30–40% range in the least immunogenic combination involving HLA-identical sibling donors, despite the use of pharmacologic immunosuppression as GVHD prophylaxis(1). Thus, GVHD remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality following HCT.

Clinical, Radiological and Inmunological Features in Children with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Review

In the whole world, tuberculosis (TB) continues being an important health problem. It produces a great number of deaths in children, mainly in the wake of the HIV epidemic. In addition, the globalization with the increased of the international travels and the immigration makes that TB control be more difficult. This is a clinical, radiological and immunological review in children TB where we search to contribute the data in the literature.

A revisit from birth to till date: Bibliometric analysis of Annual Review of Immunology

Background: This study examines some of the characteristics of Annual Review of Immunology and highlights some of its notable points. Annual Review of Immunology was chosen for this study because it got 1 st rank among life science journals and 3 rd rank in overall category in recent rankings published by SCImago Journal & Country Rank Methodology/Principal findings: This paper presents bibliometric analysis of “Annual Review of Immunology” from its birth to till date i.e. 1983-2012. This journal has 30 volumes and each volume contains an average of 25 reviews. A total of 772 reviews appeared in Annual Review of Immunology since the first issue published in April 1983, to the end of April 2012. The reviews are categorized according to volume wise number of reviews , authorship pattern, percentage of degree of collaboration among co-authors followed by degree of collaboration among co-authors, degree of collaboration with number of authors, length of review, affiliations and citations of reviews. All parameters are presented in the form of tables and graphs to make it easily understandable. Conclusions/Significance: On the basis of this study we can conclude that Annual Review of Immunology should be a highly preferred journal for communication by the library and information science professionals. This study will be helpful for library professional in collection development and weeding out of journals.

Preview of Immunological Reviews for 2014

Preview of <i>Immunological Reviews</i> for 2014