Review Comments Research Articles

Economic evaluations of treatment of depressive disorders in adolescents: Protocol for a scoping review.

Depressive disorders in adolescents are common and impairing. Evidence-based treatments are available; however, at a cost. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we anticipate increased demand for treatment services for adolescents with depression. We also anticipate that economic resources will be strained. Identifying cost-effective strategies to optimally treat depression in adolescents is imperative. This protocol for a scoping review aims to describe the literature with respect to economic evaluations of treatments for depression in adolescents. We will conduct a scoping review using established methods and reporting guidelines. MEDLINE, Embase, PsyclNFO, Econlit, and the International HTA Database will be searched from inception to June 13, 2023, with an update closer to time of manuscript submission, while the NHS Economic Evaluation Database archives will be searched from inception to December 2014. Publications that contain economic evaluations, in the context of a clinical trial or a model-based study, testing a treatment of depression in adolescents will be selected for inclusion. Extracted data items will include: economic evaluation perspectives, health outcome variables and costs used in economic evaluations, types of analyses performed, as well as quality of reporting and methodology. A narrative synthesis with summary tables will be used to describe our findings. Our findings will help identify gaps in the literature with respect to economic analyses for the treatment of depression such that these gaps can be filled with future research. Policy-makers, funders and administrators may also use our findings to inform their decisions around provision of various treatments for depression in adolescents. osf.io/5fteb (note that information on this link will be updated upon acceptance for publication based on reviewer comments).

Simultaneous Parkinsonism and Dementia as Initial Presentation of Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: A Systematic Review

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (IDAVFs) are abnormal vascular connections between dural arteries and various venous structures within the brain. IDAVFs, rarely present with parkinsonism and dementia concurrently, making this a unique and underexplored clinical scenario. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to comprehensively analyze cases of IDAVFs manifesting as both parkinsonism and dementia. We assessed databases from inception to September 18, 2023. We identified studies describing patients with IDAVFs initially presenting with dementia or parkinsonism. Inclusion criteria encompassed case reports and case series, while excluding review articles, guidelines, technical notes, comments, conference abstracts, and editorials. The systematic search resulted in the initial screening of 383 studies, with 33 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Among these, 29 were case reports, often describing 3 or fewer patients. From the remaining 4 case series, data pertinent to patients presenting both parkinsonism and dementia were selectively extracted, yielding a total study population of 43 patients. The anatomical distribution of IDAVFs within this cohort was diverse, with the transverse and sigmoid sinuses being the most common locations. Although most of these patients received endovascular therapy, a few underwent microsurgical occlusion or combined surgical and endovascular treatment. IDAVFs presenting with both parkinsonism and dementia represent a rare clinical entity. This systematic review provides valuable insights into the clinical characteristics, treatment options, and outcomes for such cases. However, additional research involving larger cohorts is essential to better comprehend the underlying mechanisms and establish standardized therapeutic guidelines.

Peer review declaration

All conference organisers/editors are required to declare details about their peer review. Therefore, please provide the following information: • Type of peer review: Single-blind / Double-blind / Triple-blind / Open / Other (please describe): Double-blind All the accepted papers have been submitted to strict peer-review by 2-3 expert referees. • Conference submission management system: http://www.chairin.cn/conferences/msee2023 • Number of submissions received: 254 • Number of submissions sent for review: 174 (submitted for reviewing) • Number of submissions accepted: 95 • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received × 100): about 37% • Average number of reviews per paper: 2-3 • Total number of reviewers involved: 116 reviewers and about 30 local committees All papers submitted to our conferences will go through a rigorous review process. The local committee members (about 30 faculty from the organizers) will go through all submitted papers. The papers which do not follow format requirement or are out of topics will be rejected. The conference editors will overlook all papers and assign papers based on the fields to TPC chair on their research area. TPC chairs will assign papers to TPC members based on their research interest and expertise. TPC members need to find at least two scholars to review each paper. We have more than 60 TPC members. For the reviewers, we have contacted several universities which offer PhD students to join our reviewer team. At the same time, each paper can recommend up to three reviewers. We may and may not use these recommended reviewers. If there are no related reviewers, the papers will be rejected.The paper review results will be sent back to the conference by email or by submission/review system. The TPC chairs will look over the reviewer comments and make final decisions.The papers are reviewed based on originality, technical strength, organization, and appropriateness to the conference. • Contact person for queries: Ms Kun Zhang, Email: 371707670@qq.com, Tel: 13554301922 Please submit this form along with the rest of your files on the submission date written in your publishing agreement.The information you provide will be published as part of your proceedings.

THE PROJECTILE CALIBER AND TYPE DETERMINATION BY SUPERIMPOSITION ON THE EXIT CRANIAL VAULT DEFECT

A case of group identification of a firearm projectile using a comparative study by the overlay method is presented. Morphological characteristics of the exit gunshot bullet fractures are generally used to establish the direction and number of shots. Identification was carried out by exit gunshot injury to the bones of the skull vault of the skeletonized corpse. The shape and size of the gunshot perforated fracture displayed the caliber of the bullet and its lateral profile. Examination of the bone remains established a single penetrating gunshot bullet wound of the 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) and the skull. In this case the entry injury, located on the anterior arch of the atlas and the basilar part of the occipital bone, did not have identification significance. Peer Review History: Received: 22 October 2023; Revised: 23 November; Accepted: 29 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, drambia44@gmail.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, shmahe@yemen.net.ye Dr. Rima Benatoui,Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, Algeria. benattouiryma@gmail.com Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com

TOXICITY PROFILING OF THE CO-ADMINISTRATION OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF PIPER GUINEENSE AND QUININE IN RATS

Background: The co-administration of medicinal plant products with orthodox drugs is not uncommon with a view to enhancing efficacy and improving treatment outcomes. However, reports indicated that such combinations may also enhance associated toxic effects. We recently reported that though the co-administration of essential oil of P. guineense (EOPG) and Quinine has the potential to improve treatment outcomes in experimental cerebral malaria, the observed deaths associated with higher co-administered doses necessitated the need for further toxicological evaluation. Method: Rats were randomly divided into 12 groups (n=10), consisting of control, quinine, EOPG (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg), and their respective Quinine combinations. Control received vehicle (5% Tween 80 in distilled water), Quinine was given at a dose of 20 mg/kg stat, then 10 mg/kg twice daily for the next two days, while other groups were treated once daily for 3 days. All doses were administered intraperitoneally and rats were assessed for weights and novelty-induced behaviors (NIB). On day 4, rats were randomly sub-grouped into Treated and non-dosing Recovery (n=5) and sacrificed on day 4 and 18 respectively. Blood and organ samples were processed for hematological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluation. Results: In this study, analysis of our results showed that co-administration of EOPG and Quinine revealed significant alterations in body and organ weights, rearing, grooming, and locomotion, as well as biochemical and hematological, and liver histoarchitecture, with potential for persistent toxicity. Conclusion: We propose that the earlier reported death associated with the co-administration of EOPG with Quinine in experimental cerebral malaria may be associated with increased toxicity on the liver and risk of heart-related diseases. This study concludes that despite the beneficial effects of EOPG/Quinine co-administration at lower doses, caution is advised. Peer Review History: Received: 20 October 2023; Revised: 15 November; Accepted: 29 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, gorkemdulger@yandex.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, gehankandeel9@yahoo.com Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id

BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS AMONG MALNOURISHED CHILDREN: CAUSES, ASSOCIATED FACTORS, AND OPHTHALMIC ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF COMMON BACTERIAL ISOLATES

Background and aims: More than 15 million children worldwide are thought to have one or more congenital or acquired visual impairments. If their immune system is defective due to poor nutrition, children are more susceptible to eye infections and other eye disorders. The ongoing, intense war and disruption of social services have had a clear impact on the overall health and nutritional status of children and the entire population in Yemen. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study bacterial conjunctivitis in malnourished children by identifying bacterial causes and associated factors and determining patterns of ocular antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates. Subject and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the three selected places (Alkhpt hospital in Al-Kapt district, Al-Khamis hospital in Al-Khamisdistrict, and Al-Joumhori hospital in Al-Mahwatt city), from November 2022 until June 2023. The first clinical investigations of malnutrition and conjunctivitis were done by doctors in the hospitals and recorded in the pre-designed questionnaire. Collected eye swabs were investigated for bacteriological agents and antibiotic susceptibility according to standard laboratory methods in the National Center of Public Health Laboratories Sana’a (NCPHL). Results:The study included 351 males (46.4%) and 406 females (53.6%). 143 children (18.9%) suffer from moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and 55 (7.3%) from severe acute malnutrition (SAM), with total global acute malnutrition equal to 198 (26.2%).There was a highly significant association of bacterial conjunctivitis with MAM (OR=3.1, p<0.0001), SAM (OR=2.9, p<0.0001), and severe stunting (OR=2.2, p<0.0001). Conclusions: The severity of acute malnutrition was very high in the study area, reaching a critical phase and exceeding the emergency threshold. The commonest causative organisms of bacterial conjunctivitis were S. aureus and Branhamella catarrahalis. Since there isn't a single medication that can effectively treat these diverse species of bacteria, it's best to look into bacteriological culture and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity. Peer Review History: Received: 3 November 2023; Revised: 11 December; Accepted: 9 January 2024, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, amanyalboghdadly@gmail.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Nkechi Obiofu Ezenobi, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, nkechi.ezenobi@uniport.edu.ng Dr. Nicola Micale, University of Messina, Italy, nmicale@unime.it

A HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE GLOBAL POPULATION IN TERMS OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATES: IS HUMANITY READY TO FACE FUTURE PANDEMICS?

For now, the spotlight is turning away from the recent Corona epidemic, but this should not pass without some important lessons being learned. Knowing that the epidemic is continuing and spreading, with 662 million new cases recorded in the year 2023. The arms race between countries has led to increased investment in biological weapons, highlighting the military human participation in spreading epidemics. Despite scientific and technical progress, humanity is not equipped to deal with microbial epidemics, and therefore the safeguards taken by public health officials in combating epidemics must be re-evaluated. The current mortality rate for SARS-CoV-2 is low, but some other viral diseases have high mortality rates, so if a pandemic occurs due to it worldwide, as happened with COVID-19, it will be a disaster. The WHO database provides a comprehensive view of COVID-19 cases and deaths, enabling public health measures to be implemented globally according to a recent revision until the end of 2023. Major affected countries in terms of total morbidity and mortality include the USA, India, France, Germany, Brazil, Japan, Russia, Turkey, Spain, Viet Nam, Australia, China, Argentina, Mexico, Indonesia, Poland, Colombia, Austria, Portugal, Greece, Ukraine, Chile, and Malaysia. The Coronavirus appears to affect developed countries more than developing countries, but the efficiency in collecting cases affects the reliability of interpreting data in this way in general. Despite the progress made, much effort remains to be made to combat the disease in its mild form at this time. Modeling disease spread helps understand community characteristics and assists public health authorities with management and control measures. Collaboration and quantitative risk index projections are crucial for pandemic prevention and control. Peer Review History: Received: 24 October 2023; Revised: 13 November; Accepted: 22 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, sally.elzahaby@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, shmahe@yemen.net.ye Dr. Ogbonna B. Onyebuchi, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, summitpharm@yahoo.com

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOID CONTENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF CUSCUTA REFLEXA

Background: The aim of the study was to identify functional groups and antioxidant activity of the Cuscuta reflexa (C. reflexa) stems extract. Due to the reach of medicinal components, it has been using among Indian subcontinent people to treat various chronic diseases for ancient era. However, there are lacks of study on antioxidant activities of C. reflexa with its potential therapeutic compounds, therefore this study motivated to investigate more on its stems extract for further explore. Methods: Soxhlet extraction method was employed to extract phenolic compounds from C. reflexa stems. The effect of extraction time (1-4 h) and concentration of ethanol (45%, 60%, 75% and 90%) on the percentage of yield, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) was investigated. The functional groups of phenolic compounds were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). DPPH and ABTS•+ radical scavengers were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Results: Data showed the highest percentage of yield (10.22±0.14% w/w), TPC (64.11±0.17%, mg GAE/g d.w.) and TFC (41.08±0.34%, mg QE/g d.w.) at 3 h with 75% ethanol. FTIR results revealed the presence of functional groups associated phenolic compounds which are the band at 1260 cm−1 illustrations the C–O groups of polyols existence and C – O –C of ester for presence of quercetin which represent the hydroxy flavonoids in the extract. DPPH and ABTS•+ radical scavengers were showed very potent antioxidant activity with IC50 295.12±1.33 and 245.43±0.78 μg/mL. Conclusion: Phenolic and flavonoids enriched C. reflexa extract may play a potential role as a natural nutritional and therapeutic source in Bangladesh. Peer Review History: Received: 27 October 2023; Revised: 19 November; Accepted: 28 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, alialkaf21@gmail.com

ACUTE TOXICITY AND HEPATO-RENAL PROTECTION OF LIME JUICE, HONEY AND THEIR FLAVONOID-RICH FRACTIONS IN HIGH FAT-DIET INDUCED OBESE RAT MODEL

Introduction: A major consideration for the use of alternative herbal medicine from natural compounds is the concern of safety due to possible toxicity. This study evaluated the safety and hepato-renal protection of fresh lime juice (FLJ), raw honey (RH) and their flavonoid-rich fractions in obese rat induced high fat-diet (HFD). Methods: Oral acute toxicity (LD50) study involved 24 female Wistar rats, divided into 8 groups of 3 rats, administered 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg of FLJ, RH, methanol flavonoid rich fraction of lime juice (MFLJ) and ethyl acetate flavonoid rich fraction of honey (EAFH) respectively, for 14 days. Simultaneously, for the anti-obesity study, 24 neonate Wistar rats of 21-days old, divided into 2 groups of 12 rats (for obesity induction phase-1, for two weeks), and regrouped into 4 groups of 4 rats (14 days treatment phase-2), were used. Results: Result of LD50 on FLJ, RH, MFLJ, and EAFH showed no toxicity, no motility, and body weight of rats was not adversely affected evenup to 2000 mg/kg.The increased body weight of the HFD-obese rats was significantly (p<0.05)reduced compared to control. There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase after MIX, MFLJ and EAFH administration, compared with control. Also, total protein and bilirubin concentrations was not significantly (p<0.05) different compared to control. Administration of EAFH significantly (p<0.05) reduced the concentrations of creatinine, urea, potassium, and chloride; while MIX and EAFH significantly (p<0.05) increased their concentrations compared to control. Conclusion: It may be concluded that FLJ, RH, MFLJ, and EAFH are safe for consumption and also possess liver and renal protection. Peer Review History: Received: 27 October 2023; Revised: 19 November; Accepted: 28 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, gehankandeel9@yahoo.com

ANALYSIS OF HARDWARE REMOVAL IN MAXILLOFACIAL TRAUMA: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY IN A MILITARY HOSPITAL IN SANA'A, YEMEN

Background and objective: Dental trauma is a significant problem for total dental health in terms of expenses, frequency, and age (young patients). Collaboration between various professionals, including oral surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, dentists, orthodontists, and periodontists, frequently results in the treatment process. Surgical treatment may entail placing plates for fractures and shattered bones for long or permanent periods, and may require their removal for many reasons. Therefore, this study sought to ascertain the reasons for plate removal in individuals referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Military Hospital in Sana'a, Yemen during a period of 3 years. Method: The study included 57 Yemeni patients who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at the Military Hospital in Sana’a during the period 2021-2023. Cases of hardware removal were extracted from the medical records to include sex, age, medical history, accident history, type of fracture, primary complaint, period from the date of the first operation, approach to the operation, tooth in the fracture line, and extracted tooth. Results: Gunshot injuries (40.4%) and explosive injuries (31.6%) were the most common causes of maxillofacial fractures. Mandibular fractures (68.4%) were the most frequent, followed by orbital and zygomatic fractures (12.3% each). The main reason for hardware removal was infections (29.8%), followed by patient preference (22.8%) and visible exposed hardware (15.8%). Mini-plates (68.4%) were the most commonly removed hardware, and the extra-oral approach (56.1%) was the most frequently used for removal. There was a significant association between orbital fractures and the incidence of positive discharge, as well as between reconstructive plates and the incidence of positive discharge. Longer plate usage, exceeding 24 months, increased the probability of positive discharge. Tooth involvement and extraction were minimal. Conclusion: Gunshot and explosive injuries were the main causes of maxillofacial fractures, while infections, patient preferences, visible exposed devices, and pain and discomfort were the main reasons for removal of devices. Mandibular fractures were the most common and orbital fractures carry a higher risk of infection, while small plates have shown lower rates of infection. Prolonged panel use beyond 24 months increased the probability of positive discharge. Peer Review History: Received: 25 October 2023; Revised: 18 November; Accepted: 24 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, gehankandeel9@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, sansan4240732@163.com Dr. Hasniza Zaman Huri, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, hasnizazh@ummc.edu.my

POSTMORTEM HEART DISSECTION FOR SUDDEN DEATH EXAMINATION

The article describes the postmortem heart examination technique during a forensic autopsy of adults. The heart examination technique is based on the recommendations of scientific societies of pathologists, publications on autopsy techniques used in recent decades. The achievements of morphologists of the second half of the 20th century are also taken into account. The postmortem heart examination technique provides an examination of the coronary vessels, as well as myocardium and heart valves. The possibilities for examination of the elements of the conductive system are also represented. The following method ensures preservation of topographic relationships of morphological structures within the heart and possibility of its re-examination. The postmortem heart examination includes the following stages: examination of the coronary arteries, the making of three transverse incisions from the apex to the middle of the ventricles, “blood flow” incisions taking into account the localization of the main nodes of the conducting system, as well as the peculiarities of the examination of the heart valves. Peer Review History: Received: 12 October 2023; Revised: 21 November; Accepted: 27 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, shmahe@yemen.net.ye Dr. Rima Benatoui,Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, Algeria. benattouiryma@gmail.com Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com

PREVALENCE OF BLATEM, BLASHV, AND BLACTX-M GENES AMONG ESBL-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM THE BLOOD SAMPLES OF ICUS PATIENTS OF UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN

Aim and Objective: With the emergence of organisms such as Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), which are resistant to multiple medications (multidrug-resistance), concerns about how best to treat infections have significantly increased. The current study examined the molecular features of ESBL in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli that resulted in bloodstream infections as well as the pattern of antibiotic resistance to gather useful data on the infection's epidemiology among Yemeni ICU patients. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on sepsis patients admitted in intensive care units at four hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen, between January, 2021 and April, 2022. Blood cultures were used on patients suspected of having sepsis. Standard laboratory procedures were then used to isolate and identify possible bacterial infections, and the disk diffusion method was used to test for microbial susceptibility. All strains were tested for Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) production using the Modified Double Disc Synergy Test (MDDST). Following analysis, polymerase chain reaction, β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M) were identified. Results: The results of the conventional PCR experiment revealed that 33.3% of the blaCTX-M genes, 0.0% of blaSHV, and 100% of blaTEM were present in the strains of ESBL-producing E. coli that were collected. It was discovered that the E. coli isolates' patterns of antibiotic resistance to 23 different antibiotics differed greatly. The bulk of the E. coli isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant (MDR). Furthermore, MDR characteristics were observed in 85% of E. coli isolates. Conclusion: Control and surveillance of antibiotic resistance depend on an understanding of the resistance genes and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens within a given geographic area. The current study's findings showed that MDR was very common. According to the current study's findings, TEM was significantly more common than other ESBL gene types. Peer Review History: Received: 7 November 2023; Revised: 12 December; Accepted: 6 January 2024, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Rola Jadallah, Arab American University, Palestine, rola@aauj.edu Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, edress2020@gmail.com

OUTCOME OF AZITHROMYCIN AND MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE ON HISTOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN RATS’ LIVER

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used flavouring, mediated hepatotoxic and pro-inflammatory responses. Azithromycin (AZT), an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory activity, may be co-consumed with MSG to present unknown outcomes on the liver, a major organ for the detoxification of xenobiotics. Aim: This study evaluated the effect of AZT and MSG on histologic and biochemical changes in rats’ liver. Methods: Thirty rats in five groups were for seven successive days orally exposed to groups 1, (distilled water 1 mL Kg−1), 2, (MSG 8000 mg/kg), 3, overdose AZT, OAZT (AZT 412.5 mg Kg−1), 4, therapeutic concentration AZT, TAZT, (AZT 82.5mg Kg−1), and 5, (TAZT 82.5 mg Kg−1 + MSG 8000 mg Kg−1). Liver function markers in therats’ serum and liver tissue, and changes in the liver histologic were assessed by acceptable protocols. The mean of numeric data were tested for significance at p value less than 0.05 by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: MSG treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased hepatic and serum alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), total bilirubin concentration (T-BIL), and direct bilirubin concentration (D-BIL) but decreased albumin concentration (ALB) compared to control and others. TAZT treatment caused a significant (p<0.05) decrease in these effects unlike MSG and OATZ treatments while TAZT + MSG co-treatment significantly (p<0.05) reversed these effects compared to MSG-treated rats. Rats’ liver sections for rats in groups 2 and 3 showed severe hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis compared to others while those in group 4 (TAZT) showed the normal hepatic histo-architecture comparable to those in group 1 (control). Those in group 5 showed marked cellular swelling and leukocytic infiltration in only the centrilobular areas, suggesting active restorative responses. Conclusion: Thus, TAZT significantly mitigated the compromised histologic and biochemical integrities of liver function due to MSG treatment in rats via probable normalization of their enzymatic and non-enzymatic indicators of liver function. This suggests that TAZT could be useful in managing histologic and biochemical malfunction of rats’ liver due to MSG assault. Peer Review History: Received: 12 October 2023; Revised: 9 November; Accepted: 13 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, maafayed@gmail.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Idoko Alexander, Caritas University, Enugu, Nigeria, idokoalexander1@gmail.com Dr. Dennis Amaechi, MrsFoluBabade Mini Estate, Flat 5 by Old Soldiers Quarter, Sabongari/Bwari, Abuja- Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. amaechitoexcel@yahoo.com

A REVIEW: THERAPEUTIC, MEDICINAL AND FOOD USES OF ALOE VERA

The history for the use of Aloe vera for medicinal purposes starts from about 3000 years. Medicinally, this plant may be able to treat skin cancer as well as sunburns, burns, and small wounds. More than 104 compounds from various parts of this plant, including minerals, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, sterols, anthraquinone, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, polysaccharides, sugars, and polyphenols, have been isolated thus far, according to scientific reports on phytochemical analysis of this plant. The biological activities of these compounds are diverse and include anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, diuretic, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cosmetic effects for medical therapy. This article mainly emphasizes therapeutic, medicinal and food uses of A. vera. Peer Review History: Received: 26 October 2023; Revised: 9 November; Accepted: 25 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, tamer_hassan@pharm.suez.edu.eg Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, alialkaf21@gmail.com

PENETRATING CRANIUM INJURY BY A CONCRETE NAIL: CASE STUDY

The article describes a case study, demonstrating the infliction of a single blind penetrating «gunshot» wound to the head with a concrete nail fired from a powder-actuated fastening tool. Forensic examination of the injury caused by atypical projectiles when fired from atypical firearms can be a difficult task. The results of a thorough autopsy examination of the body and the ante-/post-mortem discovery of atypical projectiles (or other foreign objects) in the victim’s body are the prerequisite for correct interpretation of the injury morphological features. Peer Review History: Received: 22 October 2023; Revised: 26 November; Accepted: 29 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, drmmziqbal@gmail.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Rima Benatoui,Laboratory of Applied Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Badji Mokhtar University Annaba, Algeria. benattouiryma@gmail.com Dr. Owanaro Peter, Nigeria, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. owonaropeter@gmail.com

THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF CENTELLA ASIATICA MACERATE ON SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY IN THE BITCH

Background and objectives: The management of post-operative complications such as severe inflammatory reactions, suture dehiscence and abdominal hernia in farm animals calls for a variety of practices, including the use of plant resources. The aim of this study is to explore practices for managing surgical complications in bitches and the healing properties of Centella asiatica. Methods: Discussions were organised with bitch owners about the practice of ovariohysterectomy and its importance for the well-being of the animals. The harvested plant was then prepared and the resulting crushed material was macerated, followed by the addition of drinking water. The subjects were divided into two batches of 6 animals: the control batch (batch 1) and the extract batch (batch 2). Before applying the macerate, the wounds were cleaned with distilled water and then an absorbent paper towel was used to dry them. Results : Application of C. asiatica macerate to post-operative wounds in female dogs showed good clinical applicability, with anti-inflammatory and wound-healing accelerating activity. The therapeutic potential of the plant is thought to be attributable to its most important bioactive components. Conclusion : The study argues that C. asiatica could be a better alternative for surgical wound closure, helping breeders to minimize intervention costs. Peer Review History: Received: 19 October 2023; Revised: 10 November; Accepted: 25 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, olorunsolaeo@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Adebayo Gege Grace Iyabo, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, funbimbola@gmail.com Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz, Mexico, aalexander_2000@yahoo.com

Unravelling Emotional Tones: A Hybrid Optimized Model for Sentiment Analysis in Tamil Regional Languages

Review comments from digital platform such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube used for identification of emotional tones from text. Nowadays, reviews are posted in different languages such as English, French, Chinese, and Indian regional languages such as Tamil, Telegu, and Hindi. Identification of emotional tones from text written in Indian regional language is challenging. During the translation of the regional language to the English language for sentiment analysis, lexical and pragmatic ambiguity are the major problem. The above problem arises due to dialects in language such as regional, standard, and social dialects. In this paper, dialect-based ambiguity problems solve through proposed Hybrid optimized deep learning transformer Models like M-BERT, M-Roberta, and M-XLM-Roberta for Tamil language dialects recognise and classified. The proposed algorithms provide better sentimental analysis after Hybrid optimization due to adaptation mechanisms, dynamic changes in the parameters and strategies in fine-tuning the search. The proposed Hybrid optimized algorithms perform better than existing algorithms such as SVM, Naïve Bayes, and LSTM with an accuracy of 95%.

The impact of consumers' sustainable electric-word-of-mouth in purchasing sustainable mobility: An analysis from online review comments of e-commerce

The traditional transport sector is under pressure to change its structure to be more sustainable and eco-friendly in light of the rising global issues regarding environmental pollution and climate change. However, the widespread adoption of sustainable mobility practices, fundamental to improving the sustainability of the transport sector, is still in its early stages. This highlights a substantial gap between the potential benefits of sustainable mobility and current application. Consumer choices in sustainable mobility options, influenced by factors including perceptions and preferences, are significant for shaping the future direction of environmental sustainability within the sector. Understanding these behaviors is essential for the broader acceptance of sustainable mobility. This study investigates consumers' purchasing decisions through gross sentiment and sustainable electronic word-of-mouth, which emphasizes consumer behavior in conveying messages related to sustainability on online platforms, and further evaluates the impact of the main components with an ablation study. The analysis of the 27,025 review comments revealed two important factors of the peripheral route that influence consumers' purchases: rating scores and the number of review comments, with indirect effects on overall sentiment and sustainability-related opinions. Based on the findings of this study, several academic implications, as well as practical cornerstones, are examined.

Curso de Escritura Académica. Edición, maquetación y revisión con MS Word

Second article in the series of four from the “Academic Writing Course”. This article reviews the essential functionalities of Microsoft Word. The main options are examined from the perspective of editing, formatting, and reviewing texts. The first section highlights the advanced options of Word, and then details layout options such as configuration, page orientation, line spacing, and line numbers. Next, the References menu is examined, focusing on the creation of indexes and tables of contents among other features. In the review section, comments, spell check, track changes, and split screen are highlighted. In short, this article provides a quick guide to the aspects of Word that we must master if we want to write fluently and present professional documents.

OPTIMIZATION NAÏVE BAYES ALGORITHM IN SENTIMENT ANALYSIS OF BUKALAPAK APP REVIEWS

Bukalapak application reviews on Google Play Store include useful information if processed correctly. The activity of analyzing application reviews is not enough to see the number of stars, it is necessary to see the entire contents of the review comments to be able to know the intent of the review. Sentiment analysis system is a system used to automatically analyze reviews. Review data is retrieved via the bukalapak application API and then classified using Naive Bayes Multinomial. A total of 1,000 reviews of bukalapak application users were collected to be used as dataset samples. The purpose of this research is to determine the accuracy level of sentiment analysis using the multinomial Naive Bayes algorithm. The stages of this research include, data collection, automatic labeling using python, pre-processing, sentiment classification, and evaluation. In the pre-processing stage there are 6 stages, namely Cleaning, Casefolding, Word Normalizer, Tokenizing, Stopword Removal and Stemming. TF-IDF (Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency) method is used for word weighting. The data will be grouped into two categories, namely negative and positive. The test results show an accuracy value of 90%, this result shows that the bukalapak application reviews tend to be negative. The research at this time only looks for accuracy values and provides an overview of the bulapak application to potential new users.