Review Section Research Articles

Nota editorial

In this issue, RDP Revista Digital de Posgrado publishes, in the Articles section, a research project in the field of International Relations: “Mexican consular assistance and protection abroad in response to the COVID-19 crisis: the case in Spain”; the second contribution appears in the area of Economics: “Socio-environmental risks derived from the loss of ecosystem services: The case of Ecatepec de Morelos, State of Mexico”. And in the Essays section there are two papers on Criminal Law: The first “The crime of money laundering”, and the second, “Graphology and Law collaborating to achieve Justice”. The Bibliographical Reviews section presents the digital publication Panorama Social de América Latina 2020, of CEPAL.

Metal Borohydrides beyond Groups I and II: A Review.

This review consists of a compilation of synthesis methods and several properties of borohydrides beyond Groups I and II, i.e., transition metals, main group, lanthanides, and actinides. The reported properties include crystal structure, decomposition temperature, ionic conductivity, photoluminescence, etc., when available. The compiled properties reflect the rich chemistry and possible borohydrides’ application in areas such as hydrogen storage, electronic devices that require an ionic conductor, catalysis, or photoluminescence. At the end of the review, two short but essential sections are included: a compilation of the decomposition temperature of all reported borohydrides versus the Pauling electronegativity of the cations, and a brief discussion of the possible reactions occurring during diborane emission, including some strategies to reduce this inconvenience, particularly for hydrogen storage purposes.

MÜELLİFİ BİLİNMEYEN BİR ESER: “RESÛL ḤAŻRETİNE ŞEYṬÂN ՙALEYHİ’L-LAՙNE GELDÜGİN BEYÂN İDER”

Klâsik Türk edebiyatı, varlığını XIII. asırdan XIX. asrın ilk yarısına kadar sürdürmüş kadim bir edebî gelenektir. Bu edebî gelenek, esas itibariyle şiir merkezlidir. Bununla beraber XII. asra kadar uzanan Türk nesir edebiyatından söz etmek de mümkündür. Hikâye ya da kısa hikâye, Türk nesir edebiyatı içerisinde değerlendirebileceğimiz türlerden bir tanesidir. Özellikle ilk dönemlerde; okuyucuyu eğlendirmek, onu dinî ve ahlaki açıdan eğitmek amacıyla yazılmış kısa hikâyelerin var olduğu görülür. Bu hikâyelerin çoğu kez müellifleri bilinmez. Bu çalışmanın konusu, imla açısından Eski Anadolu Türkçesi döneminin özelliklerini gösteren “Resûl Ḥażretine Şeyṭân ՙAleyhi’l-laՙne Geldügin Beyân İder” başlıklı kısa hikâyedir. Klâsik Türk edebiyatında nesir ve kısa hikâye hakkında özet bilgilerin verildiği giriş bölümünün ardından inceleme bölümünde, öncelikle teolojik olarak şeytan kavramı üzerinde durulmuş, daha sonra kısa hikâye çeşitli yönlerden ele alınıp incelenmiştir. Ayrıca inceleme bölümünde, farklı alt başlıklarda incelemeye esas olan kısa hikâyenin bulunduğu nüsha tanıtılmış, hikâyenin transkripsiyonlu metnine ve günümüz Türkçesine çevirisine de yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın son kısmına, kısa hikâyenin kayıtlı bulunduğu nüshanın tıpkıbasımı da eklenmiştir.

The Effects of Customs Policies on SMEs’ Performance

Purpose - This paper aims to examine the effects of customs policies on the performance of 38 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Kosovo, that currently are applying customs procedures. This paper gives a modest contribution to the SME field and human resource management. Much of this paper focuses on the development of SMEs' performance in Kosovo and the assistance of Customs as a state policy implementer. Moreover, these findings aim to identify, research, and derive results on the implementation of customs policies and the effects on the development of SMEs. In particular, this paper tries to ensure that companies in Kosovo are acting compatibly following the law. Design/methodology - Various articles have been considered very important as part of the literature review section. Moreover, this study consists of 38 small and medium enterprises. The surveyed enterprises extend along with the following cities: North Mitrovica, South Mitrovica, Pristina, Peja, Prizren, Klina, and Istog. Results are generated by the SPSS Software, and statistical tests led to the result verifications. Our results tend to verify, prove, and conclude the hypotheses.

What we expect from papers submitted to IJI

What we expect from papers submitted to IJI

COVID-19 and Bangladesh: Situation report, comparative analysis, and case study.

This paper describes different aspects of COVID-19 in Bangladesh and other countries with visualization and infographic images containing the virus's spreading, other information from the statistical format, and some case studies based on various important fields for a country educational, economic, etc. Firstly, literature review section this paper on COVID-19 related works and its type with previous virus transmission reports and its effect. Secondly, completing work describes through algorithms and methodology diagram, which contains the overall data analytics process, including data wrangling. In this phase, the total working procedure to complete further process. Thirdly, a complete situation report analysis on Bangladesh by infographics through dataset containing every perspective of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Comparative analysis with other top infected countries visualizes through the Data Visualization process and statistical analytics and case studies based on various impacts of lockdown on Bangladesh. Finally, a discussion presents the statistical summarization of COVID-19 in Bangladesh.

Instructor perceptions of engineering ethics education at Chinese engineering universities: A cross-cultural approach

During the past decade, governmental agencies, universities and programs, policymakers, and educators in China have been striving for reforming and “globalizing” the engineering ethics curriculum. Chinese scholars have proposed strategies for improving the teaching effectiveness of engineering ethics that integrate “global forms” derived from the “American-style engineering ethics” into the Chinese context. Nevertheless, limited empirical research is available that examines the alignment of these strategies and the cultures of engineering education in China (e.g., instructor perceptions of engineering ethics education). We argue that understanding how Chinese instructors perceive engineering ethics instruction is critical for designing instructional strategies sensitive to the Chinese sociocultural context. In this study, we reviewed the literature on teaching engineering ethics (primarily after the 2000s) and teased out a set of most “contested” questions concerning American educators since the emergence of engineering ethics education as an academic discipline. By using these questions as a guideline, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 Chinese engineering ethics instructors trained in three different fields: STS and philosophy of science and technology, engineering, and Marxist studies and ethical theories. This paper also briefly discussed how the ways Chinese instructors perceived engineering ethics education are connected to and distinct from the views held by American educators discussed in the literature review section. This paper is expected to shed light on the cultures of engineering ethics education in China and provide insights into formulating effective policies and teaching strategies sensitive to the Chinese context.

Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: From transmission to control with an interdisciplinary vision

There a lot of review papers addressing specific COVID-19 research sectors, then devoted to specialists. This review provides an in-depth summary of the available information about SARS-CoV-2 and the corresponding disease (also known as COVID-19), with a multi-disciplinary approach. After the paper introduction, the first section treats the virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, the medical implications of the infection, and the human susceptivity. Great attention is devoted to the factor affecting the infection routes, distinguishing among the possible human-to-human, environmental-to-human, and pollution-to-human transmission mechanisms. The second section is devoted to reporting the impact of SARS-CoV-2 not only on the healthcare systems but also on the economy and society. The third section is devoted to non-pharmaceutical behaviours against COVID-19. In this context, this review section presents an analysis of the European second wave allowing not only to focalize the importance of some restrictions, but also the relevance of social acceptance of some measures. The data reassumed in this work are very useful for interdisciplinary researchers that work in a team to find the basic available information about all the aspects connected with this pandemic (from virus diffusion mechanism to health information, from economic and social impacts to measures to reduce the pandemic spread), with great attention to social acceptance of restriction measures and of vaccines (that currently results to be insufficient to achieve community immunity).Then, this review paper highlights the fundamental role of the trans-multi-disciplinary research that is devoted not only to understand the basics of the pandemic to propose solutions but has also the commitment to find strategies to increase population resilience. For this aim, the authors strongly suggest the establishment of an international health-care trans-multi-disciplinary workforce devoted to investigate, mitigate, and control also future viral events.

The Rhetorical Structure of Literature Reviews in Egyptian-Authored English Research Articles in Linguistics

The present paper seeks to examine the rhetorical structure of the literature review (LR) sections of English research articles (RAs) written by Egyptian researchers in the field of linguistics. For this purpose, a sample of ten LRs was selected from RAs published in local and international English-medium journals in linguistics between 2013 and 2019. The study deployed hybrid techniques and approaches for data collection (random/non-random sampling) and data analysis (genre-based/corpus-driven and qualitative/quantitative). Findings showed rhetorical variation in the LRs written by both groups, especially concerning Move 2 and Move 3 that were used more frequently in the international sample than in the local one, where the focus was on Move 1. In addition, some new steps emerged. The findings also shed light on the problems within the rhetorical structure of the LRs published locally, implying that the lack of rhetorical knowledge is one of the major reasons that hinder writing professional LRs. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the generic structure of RA LRs by proposing a modified version of Kwan's (2006) model. It has pedagogical implications for teaching Egyptian and apprentice researchers how to write more effective RA LRs. Future studies on a larger corpus of complete RAs written by Egyptian and international researchers in soft and hard sciences are needed to provide more generalizable findings.

The informational value of multi-attribute online consumer reviews: A text mining approach

In the digital age, customers use online reviews to minimize the risks associated with purchasing a product. Major online retailers help customers choose the right product by exposing reviews that received many “helpful” votes at the top of the review section. Given that reviews that have received the maximum helpfulness votes are considered more important in purchase decisions, understanding determinants of helpfulness votes offers clear benefits to online retailers and review platforms. This study focuses on the effect of review informativeness, which is measured by the number of attributes discussed in a review, and its interplay of review valence on customers' perception of review helpfulness. We applied a word-level bigram analysis to derive product attributes from review text and examined the influence of the number of attributes on the review's helpfulness votes. More importantly, we also suggested the moderating role of review valence. Estimation results of the Zero-inflated Poisson models on 21,125 reviews across 14 wireless earbuds indicated that as more attributes are discussed in a review, the more the review can earn helpfulness votes from customers. Furthermore, the positive association between the number of attributes and helpfulness was enhanced among negative reviews. This study contributes to customers' information processing literature and offers guidelines to online retailers in designing a better decision support system.

Productivity Trend in Iranian Health Sector: A Descriptive Approach

Background: Low productivity and consequently increased health costs can cause various problems in society and the welfare of individuals. The first effect of the high cost of production in the health sector is the collapse of hospitals and health centers into a cost-inflation spiral. Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical study. A review section has been revised to describe the concept of productivity through narrative literature review in the descriptive section, using the time series data of 1991-2012 of the Statistics Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The micro and macro indicators of health economy and health sector productivity are presented and analyzed graphically with the help of Excel software Results: From the economic point of view, productivity is defined as the ratio of output to input. The results showed that inflation in the health sector was higher than general inflation in the period under study and that out of pocket expenses were made to cope with inflation in the health sector. On the other hand, the growth rate of production in the entire health sector was decreased, and the number of physicians and bed potency was reduced. Conclusion: The final result of this study showed that the productivity of the health sector is not in good condition. Despite the increase in the number of beds and doctors in the last two decades, the added-value and production of the entire health sector have not grown significantly.

A Note from the Editors

Our hopes, expressed in the previous issue (G&R 67.2, 254), that this issue will go into production in better circumstances, regrettably went unfulfilled. Hence, we are forced to repeat our apology to the readers regarding the Review sections: some are missing (reassuringly, however, fewer than in the previous issue), for the same reasons – some colleagues still have only a limited access to their books and offices, or no access whatsoever. The university libraries in many places, if they are open at all, are able to provide the books only with glacial speed. In addition, the job of our reviewers has been hampered by the decision of some major publishers to stop sending out physical copies of books and deliver them only in digital formats (more on this below, p. 168). Therefore, we repeat our thanks to the readers, reviewers, and authors for their continuing support, and would like to express our sincerest gratitude for the encouraging messages we received from our readers.

Editors’ Note

Editors’ Note

Introduction

On November 6, 2020, late in the sesquicentennial year of Dickens's death, two photographs of Dickens appeared on the front page of the New York Times Book Review. Arresting and similar images of the inimitable one sitting in a chair and revealed in half profile as taken by the Watkins Brothers circa 1860. Beneath them on the top of the Book Review section is the large-type title, “Dickensworld.” Indeed.The long essay that followed is ostensibly a review of a new biography of Dickens, but that is summarily dismissed, and what in fact is presented is a valuable musing on Dickens the man, his works, his afterlife, and especially his reputation, that begins with the following: This year is the 150th anniversary of the death of Charles Dickens — Dickens, who as time goes by emerges ever more conclusively as England's greatest novelist and the literary figure who has come to govern our sense of the Victorian era; to embody it, really. And who also happens, in all likelihood, to be the most popular novelist who ever lived.Readers of this journal will appreciate that ringing endorsement of the writer who we think, read, and write about. The author of that review essay is the venerable Robert Gottlieb, former editor-in-chief of Simon & Schuster and Alfred A. Knopf book publishers and The New Yorker magazine. He is surely as informed on literary matters of the present and past century as anyone who has graced the pages of the New York Times, so his views command respect. As editors we welcome his affirmations, including on the value of aesthetic judgment and, implicitly, the value of what we do as literary scholars.As editors today we often are presented with essays and perspectives that grind critical paths and take hard work before they emerge in print. We regularly cry out for help to identify the new ideas so as to help the author express them to us uninformed though learned readers and editors. We thank all of our outside readers for their continued help and support in bringing new understandings and appreciations to the world of Victorian fiction, even while currently struggling with the many obstacles brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic. And we appreciate Robert Gottlieb for bringing us back to the big picture, “Dickensworld,” and reminding a wide audience that Dickens matters a lot in these days when the humanities are being challenged as passé and irrelevant.Over the decades this journal has been open to all critical approaches, moods, and modalities, and has been well served—if we may say so ourselves—by a series of capable and respected editors. Things evolve, Dickens remains. We wish to thank our esteemed coeditor, Caroline Reitz—who has with our good wishes taken over as the executive editor of Clues: A Journal of Detection—for her companionship and dedication to Dickens Studies Annual: Essays on Victorian Fiction through Volume 51.For this current volume, we once more express our gratitude for important and practical assistance received from the following administrators at CUNY's Graduate Center: Interim Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs Julia Wrigley, former Interim President James Muyskens; Ph.D. Program in English Executive Officer Kandice Chuh; and Nancy Silverman, Academic Program Coordinator, Ph.D. Program in English. Anna Metreveli in the Business Office continues to be the ablest of facilitators.In addition, we extend thanks to Professor John O. Jordan, Director of the The Dickens Project at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Renee A. Fox, Co-Director; and Courtney Mahaney, Assistant Director of The Dickens Project. See also <http//dickens.uscs.edu>.We gratefully acknowledge our indebtedness to Paris Shih, a doctoral student in English at the Graduate Center who was our editorial assistant during the early period when this issue was in formation and to his successor Katharine Williams for their consistently efficient and reliable help.Finally, we thank the following members of the Journals Department at Penn State University Press for their encouragement, guidance, efficiency and support: Julie Lambert, Journals Manager; Astrid Meyer, Journals Managing Editor; and Rachel Lynn Ginder, Production Assistant and collaboratrice extraordinaire.—The Editors

Machine Learning Versus Deep Learning Performances on the Sentiment Analysis of Product Reviews

At this current digital era, business platforms have been drastically shifted toward online stores on internet. With the internet-based platform, customers can order goods easily using their smart phones and get delivery at their place without going to the shopping mall. However, the drawback of this business platform is that customers do not really know about the quality of the products they ordered. Therefore, such platform service often provides the review section to let previous customers leave a review about the received product. The reviews are a good source to analyze customer's satisfaction. Business owners can assess review trend as either positive or negative based on a feedback score that customers had given, but it takes too much time for human to analyze this data. In this research, we develop computational models using machine learning techniques to classify product reviews as positive or negative based on the sentiment analysis. In our experiments, we use the book review data from amazon.com to develop the models. For a machine learning based strategy, the data had been transformed with the bag of word technique before developing models using logistic regression, naïve bayes, support vector machine, and neural network algorithms. For a deep learning strategy, the word embedding is a technique that we used to transform data before applying the long short-term memory and gated recurrent unit techniques. On comparing performance of machine learning against deep learning models, we compare results from the two methods with both the preprocessed dataset and the non-preprocessed dataset. The result is that the bag of words with neural network outperforms other techniques on both non-preprocess and preprocess datasets.

Welcome from the Editors

Welcome from the Editors

APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM

Due to Covid-19 pandemic, the most of the organizations have permitted their employees to work from home. Also, it is every essential to have security at the highest level so that information will flow in the safe and trusted environment between the different organizations. There is always threat of misuses and different intrusions for communication of the data securely over the internet. As more and more people are using online transactions for the different purposes, it is found that the cyber attackers have become more active. Three in four organizations have faced the different cyber-attacks in the year 2020. So, the detection of intrusion is very important. The paper introduces the intrusion detection system and describes its classification. It discusses the different contributions to the literature in literature review section. The paper discusses the application of the different feature selection techniques for reducing the number of features, use of the different classification algorithms for the intrusion detection and it shows how machine learning is used effectively. KDD99 benchmark dataset was used to implement and measure the performance of the system and good results are obtained and the performance of the different classifier algorithms was compared. Tree based classifiers such as J48 and ensemble techniques such as random forest give the best performance on KDD99 dataset.

Afterword

This essay reflects on the contents of the Issues in Review section ‘Rethinking Performance in Early Modern England: Sources, Contexts, and Forms’.

Developing a package for the provision of spiritual services in healthcare centres in Iran

ABSTRACT Spirituality has a significant role in the individuals' physical and mental health, nevertheless health care professionals neglect these needs. This study was aimed at developing a package for the provision of spiritual services in healthcare centers. The study was conducted in two sections. In the review section, the papers related to the topic were selected among accredited scientific sites. In the qualitative section, the data were collected through Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and individual interviews, and was analyzed using content analysis. The package was designed at two levels: basic and specialized. At basic services, teaching spiritual life style and at the level of specialized services, evaluation and spiritual history, spiritual counselling, and care and spiritual support were envisaged. For implementation of spiritual interventions, an “Implementation Steering Committee” is suggested to be established while the main stakeholders in the healthcare system and experts from the seminary are in attendance.

Managing Editor’s Message

Managing Editor’s Message Jennifer Brady Six of the essays in this September issue (104.3) of Hispania take a deep dive into shared best practices in world language teaching. In their two essays, Deanna H. Mihaly, and Leah Kemp and Liana Stepanyan distill cultural empathy and creativity from the well-known five Cs: Communication, Cultures, Connections, Comparisons, and Communities (The National Standards 2015). Kimberly Morris and Rose Marie Brougham build off of the standards too by recognizing that language and cultural proficiency is intertwined with social responsibility and human connection. Mark Darhower and Dawn Smith-Sherwood’s essay also spotlights interpersonal connection, but this time as a bridge for language and literature courses, and they suggest that Integrated Performance Assessments (IPAs) be included in literature courses to aid in measuring communication. Rachel Showstack et al. discuss outcomes of the Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) framework (ACTFL 2017), which naturally builds off of the world language learning standards as a guide for meaningful and appropriate intercultural exchange. These essays prove that the teaching and learning languages standards can be applied in a variety of contexts from a variety of distinct approaches. The 2015 World-Readiness Standards for Learning Languages offers not only the five C goal areas, which are applicable at all levels of world language instruction, but also highlight three modes of communication (interpretive, interpersonal, presentational). Collaboration among over 15 professional organizations produced the 2015 World-Readiness Standards for Learning Languages, “a roadmap to guide learners to develop competence to communicate effectively and interact with cultural competence to participate in multilingual communities at home and around the world” (“A Collaborative Project”). The six aforementioned essays in this current issue of Hispania, I believe, encourage us to define more deeply and more intentionally the five Cs. What will we uncover when we explore the corners and edges of the five Cs? Where is there room for expansion and growth in our courses and programs? Empathy, resiliency, and social justice, for instance, are implicitly threaded across the five Cs, but not explicitly included. How can we, as educators of Portuguese and Spanish, spotlight these essential learning and teaching goals as we continue to guide students to reach and excel at the standards? Are there modifications to curriculum that we can make? What sort of experiential learning can we facilitate for students? Here is the take-home question that I want to ask: after the public health crisis and racial injustices of the recent years, what can we do as educators to make the learning of Portuguese and Spanish languages and cultures the approach by which students practice empathy, resiliency, and social justice? Is now not the perfect time to make these three objectives foundational pillars of our national standards for world language learning? This current issue also marks the final section of the Transformative Pedagogy in K–20 Portuguese and Spanish Classrooms. I am very grateful to our guest editorial team of Rachel Mamiya Hernandez (University of Hawai’i Mānoa), Comfort Pratt (Texas Tech University), and Martha Vásquez (San Antonio School District) for their insightful comments, time, and dedication to the project. Please read their introduction to the special feature in the pages ahead. We received 23 submissions for the second round. The guest editors and I evaluated the anonymous submissions. Then the four of us met to discuss the many outstanding essays. After some difficult [End Page 327] decisions, we chose to accept seven essays for the second part of the feature, which you can read in this current issue. I encourage you to read the essays from first section of the feature again (March 2021; 104.1) and to share the entire series (104.1 and 104.3) with your colleagues and networks. We truly hope that the special feature will spark many dynamic conversations that will continue to help to shape best practices in language learning and teaching for years to come. In addition to our book/media review section, curated by the talented Domnita Dumitrescu, five additional research articles make up this September issue. Pablo Camus and Mehak Advani present a task-based approach that enriches students’ participation in study abroad programs. Ana M. Fern...