Updated Literature Review Research Articles

Preventative Vaccination of Nonhuman Primates

Vaccination constitutes one of the most important means of preventing infectious disease in captive nonhuman primates (NHPs). Vaccination protocols for NHPs vary, as they are mostly guided by institutional preference, infection pressure, local availability, and recommendations by non-peer reviewed resources. Currently, no updated literature review about vaccination options for NHP is available. Therefore, we provide a detailed overview of published vaccination options for NHP. Our findings demonstrate that, while there are often insufficient scientific data to justify their use, the core vaccines used in most NHP species confer protection against tetanus, rabies, and measles. Where information is available, efficacy expectations, adverse effects, dosages and frequency of administration are provided. We advocate that the decision to vaccinate NHP for less common diseases, for which an off-label vaccine is available, should be grounded in a comprehensive risk assessment. This assessment should consider factors specific to the individual animal, the vaccine, the housing institution, the epidemiology of the disease, and relevant regulatory and ethical considerations.

Primary Retroperitoneal Mucinous Cystadenoma: Laparoscopic Resection and Literature Update.

Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma (PRMC) is a rare pathology. Until our last update literature review there is 49 cases published. We present the case number 50 to the scientific literature. A 43-years-old female that presented to our clinic with abdominal pain was diagnosed as retroperitoneal cystic lesion by computed tomography scan. She underwent laparoscopic resection with no complications. The histopathology reveled a PRMC with no malignancy futures. These rare cystic lesions should be included as differential diagnosis at the preoperative stage. The best management option is the complete surgical excision with no intraoperative spillage.

P-1545. Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy of Systemic Antibiotics for Treatment of Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract Background Acute pyelonephritis, a severe form of urinary tract infection (UTI), poses significant health risks including kidney damage and urosepsis. Current clinical guidelines, last updated in 2010, primarily focus on women with uncomplicated UTIs, leaving a gap in recommendations for broader cases. Our study aims to bridge this gap by conducting an updated literature review to evaluate the efficacy of various antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis. Figure 1: Flow diagram of study selection Methods We conducted a systematic review of PubMed and Embase databases from inception to July 2023. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults (≥18 years) treated for acute pyelonephritis across various care settings. Our review focused on English-language articles examining intravenous (IV), oral, and IV-to-oral antibiotic treatments. Studies reporting outcomes specifically for pyelonephritis were eligible. We performed a frequentist network meta-analysis to evaluate clinical success, microbiological cure, and composite clinical or microbiological cure of different antibiotic therapies.Figure 2:Network plot of RCTs evaluating A) clinical cure, B) microbiological cure, and C) composite outcome of clinical cure or microbiological cure Results We included 37 RCTs (Figure 1). Due to data limitations, we assessed antibiotic classes rather than individual antibiotics (Figure 2). For clinical cure (n=1290, 11 RCTs), both fluoroquinolones (Odds Ratio [OR]: 3.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-10.55; P-score: 0.8215) and cephalosporins (OR: 3.45, 95% CI: 1.30-10.55; P-score: 0.7420) outperformed trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), with fluoroquinolones ranking highest in efficacy. For microbiological cure (n=1270, 11 RCTs), aminoglycosides (OR: 19.85, 95% CI: 1.62-243.61; P-score: 0.8373), fluoroquinolones (OR: 13.69, 95% CI: 1.73-108.03; P-score: 0.7785), cephalosporins (OR: 10.33, 95% CI: 1.20-88.73; P-score: 0.5395), and carbapenems (OR: 9.92, 95% CI: 1.14-86.61; P-score: 0.5394) were superior to TMP-SMX. Aminoglycosides ranked highest in efficacy. Regarding composite outcomes (n=2164, 6 RCTs), cephalosporins (P-score: 0.9898) and fluoroquinolones (0.7377) ranked highest in efficacy.Figure 3:Efficacy of systemic antibiotics in A) clinical cure, B) microbiological cure, and C) composite outcome of clinical cure or microbiological cure in adult patients with acute pyelonephritis.League tables display the results [OR (95% CI)] of pairwise meta-analysis in the upper right half, when available, and the results of the network meta-analysis in the left lower half. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; TMP-SMX, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Conclusion In adults with acute pyelonephritis, fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins demonstrate the highest efficacy probability, while TMP-SMX exhibits the lowest. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

An Elusive Diagnosis of Solitary Maxillary Plasmacytoma: Case Report and Updated Literature Review

ABSTRACTObjectivesSolitary plasmacytoma is a rare neoplasm of plasma cells that typically manifests as a singular site of involvement in bone or soft tissue. The diagnosis of solitary plasmacytoma can be challenging, as clinical and radiographic findings may lack specificity, and the condition may imitate other more prevalent disorders. This report details a complex case of solitary maxillary plasmacytoma, underscores the diagnostic and management difficulties and provides a comprehensive literature review to enhance comprehension of this infrequent ailment.Case ReportThis article delineates the case of a 66‐year‐old female who presented with painless swelling in the maxillary region. The diagnosis was confirmed via biopsy of the lesion, which, in conjunction with immunohistochemical assessment, revealed a solitary plasmacytoma of the maxilla. The patient underwent treatment through curettage and has remained free of disease for 6 months.ConclusionSolitary maxillary plasmacytoma is an unusual condition that can pose challenges in terms of diagnosis and management. The present case report, along with the literature review, offers valuable insights into the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition, which could aid clinicians in delivering timely and appropriate management.

Advancements in Public First Responder Programs for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: An Updated Literature Review.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a leading cause of death worldwide, with a low survival rate of around 7% globally. Key factors for improving survival include witnessed arrest, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and early defibrillation. Despite guidelines advocating for the "chain of survival", bystander CPR and defibrillation rates remain suboptimal. Innovative approaches, such as dispatcher-assisted CPR (DA-CPR) and smartphone-based alerts, have emerged to address these challenges. DA-CPR effectively transforms emergency callers into lay rescuers, and smartphone apps are increasingly being used to alert volunteer first responders to OHCA incidents, enhancing response times and increasing survival rates. Smartphone-based systems offer advantages over traditional text messaging by providing real-time guidance and automated external defibrillator (AED) locations. Studies show improved outcomes with app-based alerts, including higher rates of early CPR, increased survival rates and improved neurological outcomes. Additionally, the potential of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to deliver AEDs rapidly to OHCA sites has been demonstrated, particularly in rural areas with extended emergency medical services response times. Despite technological advancements, challenges such as ensuring responder training, effective dispatching, and maintaining responder well-being, particularly during the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, remain. During the pandemic, some community first responder programs were suspended or modified due to shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) and increased risks of infection. However, systems that adapted by using PPE and revising protocols generally maintained responder participation and effectiveness. Moving forward, integrating new technology within robust responder systems and support mechanisms will be essential to improving OHCA outcomes and sustaining effective response networks.

Adult and pediatric orbital rhabdomyosarcoma: comparison of characteristics and outcomes

ABSTRACT Introduction Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a common pediatric orbital malignancy but is extremely rare in adults. This study assesses clinical and radiographic features, management, and outcomes in adult orbital RMS patients with comparison to pediatric patients. Methods A retrospective chart review from 2000–2023 at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute was conducted evaluating patients aged 0 to 100-years-old with biopsy-confirmed orbital RMS. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, clinical features, imaging, histopathology, management, and outcomes. Statistical analysis was conducted with Mann-U Whitney and chi-squared testing. Results Twenty-four patients were included, 15 children (mean age 6.4 ± 4.4 years) and 9 adults (35.7 ± 12.4 years). Patients in both groups presented with eyelid edema followed by proptosis with similar symptom duration (p = 0.31). Lesions were frequently located medially and inferiorly in both groups. At presentation, adults had significantly more metastatic disease in addition to bone, extraocular muscle, intracranial, and parameningeal involvement. The most common pediatric RMS subtype was embryonal (80%), whereas most adults were alveolar (77.8%, p = 0.001). Treatment in both groups frequently included chemoradiation. Both groups demonstrated similar local recurrence (p = 0.72), overall survival (p = 0.86), and ophthalmologic sequelae (p = 0.45), although pediatric follow-up duration was notably longer. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study is the largest report of adult orbital RMS from a single institution, highlights key comparisons in features and outcomes between adult and pediatric orbital RMS, and provides an updated literature review. While pediatric and adult orbital RMS clinical presentations are similar, adult disease more often demonstrates aggressive features, including alveolar subtype, local structure involvement, and lower disease-free survival.

Dialysis Headache: An Updated Literature Review.

The objective of this review is to describe recent updates in the understanding of dialysis headache. These recent findings will be placed in a historical context that reviews the clinical features, classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of dialysis headache. There is something intrinsic to the dialysis procedure itself that leads to headaches in susceptible individuals. Proposed mechanisms include fluid and electrolyte shifts, blood pressure parameters, the release of neuroinflammatory particles, and the mechanics of the dialysis procedure. Recent findings quantify the potential roles of CGRP and substance P in dialysis headache pathophysiology. Advances in dialysis techniques, like online hemodiafiltration, have also been found to vastly reduce headache incidence. Caffeine, which has anecdotally been considered potentially therapeutic for dialysis headache, may not actually provide benefit. Dialysis headache significantly impairs quality of life in many individuals on hemodialysis, a procedure which is itself already burdensome. A clearer understanding of the pathophysiology of dialysis headache has the potential to drive therapeutic advances.

Dexamethasone Intravitreal Injection in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery: an updated literature review.

This literature review synthetizes current evidence on the timing and efficacy of dexamethasone intravitreal injections for diabetic macular edema (DME) in patients undergoing cataract surgery, particularly phacoemulsification, to determine the optimal timing for improved outcome. A systematic review of the literature was conducted across key databases to identify peer-reviewed studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses addressing dexamethasone injections administered pre-, intra-, and post-operatively for DME in the context of cataract surgery. Studies were selected based on relevance to timing, visual outcomes, and inflammation control, with a focus on comparative efficacy. The findings suggest that timely dexamethasone injections can substantially reduce inflammation and enhance visual recovery for patients with DME undergoing cataract surgery. Studies indicate that preoperative injections may effectively dampen the inflammatory response triggered by surgical trauma, potentially preserving retinal integrity, while intraoperative and postoperative administrations contribute to sustained anti-inflammatory effects during the recovery phase. Comparative studies also highlight dexamethasone's advantages over other anti-inflammatory treatments, such as NSAIDs, particularly in preventing cystoid macular edema. Notably, there was considerable variation in dosage and timing across studies, underscoring the need for standardized treatment protocols. Dexamethasone intravitreal injections offer a valuable intervention for managing DME in diabetic patients undergoing cataract surgery, with optimal timing playing a crucial role in maximizing therapeutic benefits. Preoperative injections appear to be particularly beneficial in reducing the risk of postoperative inflammatory complications. Further research should focus on developing comprehensive guidelines for timing and dosage to standardize treatment and improve patient outcomes in this high-risk population.

Mycetoma in Somalia: an updated literature review

Introduction: Mycetoma is a chronic disabling inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of granulomatous masses in subcutaneous tissue extending to the skin, deep tissues, and bones. Findings: An exhaustive and detailed exploration of medical literature unveiled only 11 published articles addressing mycetoma in Somalia since 1927. Among these, six were case reports involving 12 patients, and three were case series encompassing 163 patients, resulting in a total of 175 reported cases. Notably, two articles in French lacking abstracts were excluded from the review. Considering Somalia shares geographical and environmental traits with other mycetoma-endemic regions, a heightened prevalence of the disease is anticipated in the country. It is essential to recognize, however, that mycetoma is not a notifiable disease, and the accuracy of disease reporting in Somalia is compromised due to various factors and consequently, the actual number of mycetoma cases in Somalia is likely to surpass the figures presented in this report. Conclusion: Ongoing research, international collaboration, and efforts to improve healthcare accessibility and awareness are essential. Encourage country to make mycetoma a notifiable disease with the integration of data collection in the national health information system. Addressing the environmental determinants, describe true burden, disability, impact of quality life, and implementing preventive measures can contribute to mitigating the impact of mycetoma in Somalia.

First-episode psychosis and white matter 10 years later: what have we learned? A literature review update

First-episode psychosis and white matter 10 years later: what have we learned? A literature review update

Pembrolizumab-induced acquired lipodystrophy: a case report and review of the literature.

Acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL) is a rare complication of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and is associated with immune-mediated loss of adipose tissue, peripheral resistance to insulin, and serious metabolic complications. Here we report a new case of ICI-induced AGL and provide an updated literature review of published cases. We report a 39-year-old female patient treated with adjuvant pembrolizumab for stage IIIC nevoid melanoma with ICI-induced AGL. After six cycles of pembrolizumab, she developed a 40 lb weight loss with fat wasting, a decreased leptin level, significant liver function abnormalities, hepatic steatosis, hypertriglyceridemia, and subsequently was found to have severe insulin dependence and resistance. No corticosteroids were given and pembrolizumab was discontinued. AGL persists at 3-year follow up and patient remains free of melanoma progression. Literature review identified an additional seven patients who developed ICI-induced acquired lipodystrophy, predominantly female. Of the identified cases, three patients received steroids without resolution of their acquired lipodystrophy, while one patient had resolution without steroid treatment. Five patients and our case were treated with ICIs for melanoma, and all had at least a partial response to treatment. ICI-induced acquired lipodystrophy is an exceedingly rare event with profound clinical consequences. Our case report and literature review better characterized the clinical course and treatment outcomes of these patients. With the increasing utilization of ICIs in treating cancer, further studies to better understand the underlying mechanism and to guide clinical management of the metabolic complications are needed.

Non-surgical management of BPH: An updated review of current literature and state of the art on natural compounds and medical therapy.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common urological disease that is strongly associated with the aging process and can lead to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). LUTS due to BPH can significantly affect the quality of life of many patients. Among the treatments available for BPH to improve symptoms and functional outcomes, drug therapy and surgical therapy are the options of choice. However, for most patients with symptomatic BPH, medical management remains the cornerstone of treatment. Pharmacologic interventions are often preferred as a first approach, being less invasive compared to surgery. Although the medical treatment of BPH is currently defined by the algorithms of international guidelines, the need for a more personalized approach is increasingly recognized given the wide and heterogeneous range of therapeutic options available. A review of medical therapy for BPH was conducted using relevant articles in PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. In this review, all drug treatments currently available on the international market whose efficacy is scientifically proven are reviewed and described (phytotherapy, alpha-blockers, muscarinic receptor antagonists, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, combination therapies, etc.). A total of 17 randomized clinical trials were selected for review. Further, 75 studies were included for analysis and discussion. As the treatment landscape continues to evolve, tailoring therapy to individual patient needs and preferences is likely to become increasingly important to ensure that treatment strategies are both effective and meet patient expectations.

Exploring New and Potential Indications for Botulinum Toxin Treatment: An Updated Literature Review.

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has traditionally been utilized to relieve tension in muscular and connective tissue diseases (CTD). However, its usage has rapidly expanded and now encompasses usage for neurological, gastrointestinal, psychological, cardiovascular, ophthalmology, orthopedics, and more. More recently, its usage has been utilized for sequelae of CTDs such as Raynaud's disease and reduced oral aperture secondary to scleroderma/systemic sclerosis. Beyond its current applications, BoNT holds promise in various medical fields but is not FDA-approved in these conditions. Thus, the design and conduction of well-designed randomized controlled trials are essential in establishing the efficacy and safety of BoNT treatment which can help accelerate regulatory approval for new indications. The versatility of BoNT suggests that its therapeutic applications continue to expand, offering novel therapies for a wide range of conditions. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the literature on BoNT's current FDA-approved indications and potential non-FDA uses in other medical conditions. Additionally, this reviewoffers potential insights and future possibilities for BoNT treatment.

Updates to Male Infertility: AUA/ASRM Guideline (2024).

In 2023 the American Urological Association (AUA) requested an Update Literature Review (ULR) to incorporate new evidence generated since the 2020 publication of this Guideline. The resulting 2024 Guideline Amendment addresses updated recommendations to provide guidance on the appropriate evaluation and management of the male partner in an infertile couple. In 2023, the Male Infertility Guideline was updated through the AUA amendment process in which newly published literature is reviewed and integrated into previously published guidelines. An updated literature search identified 4093 new abstracts. Following initial abstract screening, 125 eligible study abstracts met inclusion criteria. On data extraction, 22 studies of interest were included in the final evidence base to inform the Guideline amendment. The Panel developed evidence- and consensus-based statements based on an updated review to provide guidance on evaluation and management of male infertility. These updates are detailed herein. This update provides several new insights, including revised thresholds for Y-chromosome microdeletion testing, indications for pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging in infertile males, and guidance regarding the use of testicular sperm in nonazoospermic males. This Guideline will require further review as the diagnostic and treatment options in this space continue to evolve.

Challenges of Extracting and Determining Cannabinoids in Different Matrices.

Introduction: Accurate and precise analysis of cannabinoids is important for elucidating their therapeutic potential and developing therapies, which are targeted toward different medical conditions. A wide range of cannabis products are present on the market and are available in different dosage forms, including dried flowers, extracts, and consumables. The aim of this article is to provide an updated narrative review of literature on challenges of analyzing cannabinoids in plant material, oils, and edibles. Method: Literature search was conducted to identify sample preparation and analytical techniques for determination of cannabinoids in plant material, oils, and edibles and associated challenges. Results: Challenges related to determination of cannabinoids in plant material include matrix complexity, co-extraction of unwanted compounds during sample preparation, and differences in matrix composition between calibration standards and sample extracts. During analysis of cannabinoids in oil, the unique properties of carrier oils need to be taken into consideration. Analysis of cannabinoids in edibles can be considered to be challenging due to the wide range of matrix types that are available on the market, rendering analysis resource-intensive, time-consuming, and impractical. Discussion: Analysis of cannabinoids in plant material, oils, and edibles requires a multifaceted approach that includes regulatory guidance, method development, and technological innovation. In the face of an evolving analytical landscape where novel cannabinoids are being identified and require determination, there is a need for the development and validation of standardized accurate and precise analytical methods, which are specifically tailored for each matrix.

SA59 Evaluating the Optimal TKI for Patients With ALK Positive Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (aNSCLC) in the First Line (1L) Setting: An Updated Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and Network Meta-Analysis (NMA)

SA59 Evaluating the Optimal TKI for Patients With ALK Positive Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (aNSCLC) in the First Line (1L) Setting: An Updated Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and Network Meta-Analysis (NMA)

Cost and Cost Effectiveness of Treatments for Psoriatic Arthritis: An Updated Systematic Literature Review.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory disease characterised by a variety of clinical manifestations. Considering the economic burden posed by PsA and the increasing number of treatment options, economic evaluations are required to better allocate available resources. This work aims to update a previous published literature review on PsA cost-of-illness and cost-effectiveness analysis. A search was performed of English-language literature between January 2017 and March 20, 2024 in Medline/PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library using the terms 'psoriatic arthritis', 'cost of illness' and 'cost effectiveness'. Data on decision model, time horizon, population, treatment options, perspective, type of costs, relevant results and authors' conclusion were extracted from the reviewed articles. Finally, the quality of the included studies was evaluated. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria: 16 cost-of-illness and 11 cost-effectiveness/cost-utility analyses. PsA is characterised by high direct and indirect costs. Drug costs as well as hospitalisation and absenteeism were the major drivers of the observed costs. The cost-effectiveness analyses reported the dominance or the cost effectiveness of biologic therapies compared with non-biologic PsA treatment. Biological options like bimekizumab and ixekizumab have demonstrated a better cost-effectiveness profile in PsA patients compared with other treatments (i.e., other biological treatments). There was an increased number of economic evaluations compared with the previous review. PsA is still associated with significant economic burden worldwide. The main cost was represented by therapies, specifically biological therapies. Amongst the biological therapies, bimekizumab and ixekizumab appear to provide the most economic benefit. Finally, new economic studies are needed to enrich knowledge on the economic burden of subgroups of PsA patients as well as early treatment of PsA with new therapies.

Connecting the Past and Present: An Updated Literature Review of Aquagenic Syringeal Acrokeratoderma.

Aquagenic syringeal acrokeradermatoma (ASA) is a dermatological condition characterized by the transient appearance of edematous, white, translucent papules on the palms, typically triggered by water exposure. While ASA is most commonly associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) and predominantly affects young females, there has been a significant increase in ASA cases since the most recent update in 2015. The COVID-19 pandemic increased the number of patients diagnosed with ASA following exposure to the viral infection. The growing body of literature suggests a multifactorial etiology for ASA, with potential links to CF, medication use, and possibly COVID-19-related behavioral changes. Due to the recent increase in cases of ASA, an updated review seeks to quantify the existing literature that has been published on the prevalence of this condition. This review sought to find those newly diagnosed cases between the years 2014 and 2024. Through a literature review, we were able to find 57 cases of ASA since the last significant update to the total number of cases found in the literature. This review includes the prevalence of CF, a known etiology of ASA, as well as demographic information and known status of exposure to COVID-19.

Reevaluating Melatonin’s Efficacy in Alzheimer’s Disease: A 20th‐Anniversary Updated Literature Review of Sleep Disturbances and Treatment Trials

Reevaluating Melatonin’s Efficacy in Alzheimer’s Disease: A 20th‐Anniversary Updated Literature Review of Sleep Disturbances and Treatment Trials

Endoscopic transoral approach to accessory parotid tumors-an updated approach and literature review.

Transoral endoscopic resection is an updated treatment of accessory parotid gland tumors. The aim of this study was to present the endoscopic transoral resection surgical technique and clinical outcomes of accessory parotid tumors. Articles on endoscopic transoral approach for accessory parotid tumors were searched in PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Web of Science databases. Patient information from these articles was extracted and retrospectively analyzed along with data from patients we treated. The procedure was reported in detail using a classic case. A total of 119 articles were identified through database searches, of which 7 were included in the final analysis, providing medical information for 30 patients. Additionally, 10 cases of endoscopic transoral surgery were performed at West China Hospital of Stomatology and the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University from January 2022 to April 2024. There are five male patients and five female patients, with a mean age of 42.50±15.56 years. The average operation time was 54.70±7.73 minutes. Lesion diameters varied from 1 to 3 cm, averaging 1.90±0.57 cm. Most patients were diagnosed with pleomorphic adenoma. One patient was diagnosed with mucoepidermoid carcinoma according to intraoperative frozen biopsy, and a complete parotid lobectomy was performed with traditional standard S-shaped incision instead. All of the 40 patients were aesthetically satisfied during postoperative follow-up, with only five patients reporting postoperative complications: swelling, hydrops, and transient facial palsy. The endoscopic transoral approach to accessory parotid tumors avoids external facial scars and offers good aesthetic outcomes.