Review Of Theoretical Models Research Articles

Bubble mass transfer in fluids under gravity: a review of theoretical models and intensification technologies in industry

Bubble mass transfer is a common phenomenon in industrial applications. In this paper, bubble dynamics in both still and turbulent flow were introduced first, followed by the mass transfer properties of a single bubble and bubble swarms. Then, bubble mass transfer models for different scenarios were summarized, including three classical models, extended models, eddy diffusion and whirlpool theoretical models, and semi- or empirical correlations. Finally, existing methods for mass transfer intensification in industries were reviewed. Despite extensive researches, the mechanism for bubble mass transfer has not been fully understood. Models are commonly limited to some specific conditions and the accuracy is limited, especially for bubble swarms and bubble mass transfer in turbulent and non-Newtonian fluids. Also, the mass transfer intensification methods have their own limitations. Additional exploration of knowledge on bubble mass transfer models and further improvement in mass transfer intensification technologies are still required in the future.

Financial management strategies in emerging markets: A review of theoretical models and practical applications

Financial management in emerging markets presents unique challenges and opportunities, driven by dynamic economic conditions, regulatory frameworks, and cultural nuances. This review explores theoretical models and practical applications of financial management strategies tailored to these contexts. Emerging markets often exhibit high volatility, limited access to capital, and underdeveloped financial systems, necessitating innovative approaches to resource allocation, risk management, and investment decision-making. Theoretical models such as agency theory, pecking order theory, and the trade-off theory are evaluated for their applicability in emerging market settings. These models provide insights into capital structure optimization, corporate governance, and cost of capital considerations. Additionally, behavioral finance theories are reviewed to address the role of investor psychology and market inefficiencies in shaping financial decisions. Practical applications of financial management strategies in emerging markets focus on leveraging microfinance, fintech innovations, and sustainable finance solutions to overcome systemic constraints. Strategies such as dynamic working capital management, diversification of funding sources, and risk mitigation through hedging instruments are examined. Furthermore, the role of government policies, regulatory frameworks, and international financial institutions in shaping market dynamics is analyzed. This review underscores the critical importance of adapting financial management practices to local conditions while embracing global best practices to enhance resilience and growth. It highlights successful case studies demonstrating how firms in emerging markets have navigated economic and institutional challenges to achieve financial stability and competitive advantage. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, financial managers, and researchers seeking to deepen their understanding of financial management strategies in emerging markets. Future research directions include exploring the integration of artificial intelligence in financial decision-making and assessing the impact of geopolitical shifts on financial management practices.

What is job crafting? Review of theoretical models of job crafting

In recent years, there has been a clear increase in the interest in positive phenomena in work psychology. One of such issues is employee-initiated behavior aimed at transforming working conditions in order to increase job satisfaction and match it to one's needs and abilities. These behaviors are referred to as job crafting. With the development of research on this issue, different theoretical concepts and definitions of job crafting were created and then evolved. The aim of the work is to systematize them and perform a critical analysis. The article analyzes 5 theoretical models of job crafting: Wrzesniewski and Dutton's model, Tims and Bakker's model, Zhang and Parker's model, Bindl et al.'s model, and Kooij et al.'s model The publication presents the differences between these models, and strengths and critical points of each of them. Med Pr. 2021;72(4):423-36.

A Supply Chain Management Study: A Review of Theoretical Models from 2014 to 2019

A Supply Chain Management Study: A Review of Theoretical Models from 2014 to 2019

소셜커머스 이론에 관한 연구

소셜커머스 이론에 관한 연구

Students’ Continuance of Using E-Learning System: A Review of Conceptual Frameworks

This research presented a review of conceptual framework regarded to find the factors of students’ continued use of online learning system. The outcomes were reported according to a systematic review on the recent research articles (from 2013 until 2019) related with continued use of e-Learning system. From review of theoretical models and related theories we recommend to use Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to measure students’ intention to continued use of e-learning system. The discussion of this research obtained revealed that the most common factors influence students’ intention to continued use e-learning are performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social, self-efficacy, perceived usefulness and behavioral intention to continued use.

In the Company of Wisdom: Transforming Cemeteries into Spaces of Learning in Late Antique Milan

The intellectualization of Christianity and the cult of martyrs are often studied as separate phenomena. Using Milan as a case study, I argue that the didactic, exegetical, and aesthetic practices associated with the classrooms of ancient grammarians and philosophers were imported into cemeteries and martyrial shrines by elite, educated bishops. The article begins with a review of theoretical models, drawn largely from the field of geography, which guide the analysis of Milan’s western (ad martyres) cemetery. This is followed by four sections, each of which highlights a stage in the cemetery’s development: 1) a presentation of evidence for burial and care for the dead in the pre-Ambrosian era; 2) an analysis of the pedagogical methods employed by Ambrose in the two parts of De excessu fratris; 3) a review of Ambrose’s interventions at the site in the 380s; and 4) a discussion of the post-Ambrosian decoration of the shrine of San Vittore in Ciel d’Oro in the trajectory of a process of intellectualization. The result was a transformation of cemetery space where two sets of practices, funerary and pedagogical, merged and co-existed, sometimes in harmony, and oftentimes in conflict, both contributing to the evolution and “becoming” of the funerary space.

Learning English as a Foreign Language: A Review of Theoretical Models and the Impact of Role Models in Language Learning

Learning English as a Foreign Language: A Review of Theoretical Models and the Impact of Role Models in Language Learning

Community reactions to tourism development：a review of theoretical models

Community reactions to tourism development：a review of theoretical models

Factors of Attractiveness of the Leading Russian Universities. Overview of Literature and Econometric Analysis

Attractiveness of a university means being in demand and reflects its ability to attract the best students. The aim of this research is to identify key factors influencing the best students’ choice in Russia. Average unified state examination (USE) scores of successful candidates for admission to the universit y, are used as a dependent variable. The paper provides a review of theoretical models and empirical studies of high school entrants’ decision criteria. Our econometric analyses show that the key factors of university selection are university’s brand, success of its graduates, quality of teaching staff and college’s location. In some cases research activity is also a significant factor. Those technical universities, which retained their specialization, are among the most in-demand, and demand for technical universities, which increased the share of students in economics, is below the average. The achieved results are useful for the heads of higher education institutions while developing evidence-based measures to increase demand for universities. First of all, there is a need for reputation improvement, which includes dissemination of information about achievements of graduates and scientific achievements, etc. on the internet.

Avoidance learning: a review of theoretical models and recent developments

Avoidance is a key characteristic of adaptive and maladaptive fear. Here, we review past and contemporary theories of avoidance learning. Based on the theories, experimental findings and clinical observations reviewed, we distill key principles of how adaptive and maladaptive avoidance behavior is acquired and maintained. We highlight clinical implications of avoidance learning theories and describe intervention strategies that could reduce maladaptive avoidance and prevent its return. We end with a brief overview of recent developments and avenues for further research.

Observación y evaluación de los profesionales en los programas de apoyo a la parentalidad en la primera infancia: proceso de elaboración de un instrumento.

The European Commission recommends designing policies to support parents in the exercise of parenting and provides guidelines for professional of support programs and family intervention. The article presents the process of developing an instrument designed for the observation and evaluation of professionals of Social Work involved in those programs serving families in early childhood. From the review of theoretical models and a process of discussion with practitioners the paper described the construction process and the structure of the instrument. The items of the instrument are organized into three sections: the organization of context, intervention in dyads father / mother, son / daughter and group activities aimed at families. In turn each of these sections includes various dimensions. The development of the instrument shows that it is essential to develop tools that help to promote reflection and professional assessment for interventions tailored to ensure the effectiveness of parental involvement programs.

The many faces of halogen bonding: a review of theoretical models and methods

Halogen bonds, the formally noncovalent interactions where the halogen acts as a Lewis acid, have brought several controversies to the theoretical world regarding its nature and components, e.g., charge transfer (CT), electrostatics, dispersion, and polarization. The debate on whether all characteristics are accounted for by electrostatics is examined, highlighting the importance of the CT and repulsive interactions. A number of strongly halogen‐bonded complexes are as covalent as metal–ligand coordination bonds. Different levels of computational methods are reviewed with the objective of finding the best accuracy/cost ratios. The unusual electronic anisotropy of the halogen donor and its interaction with a Lewis base demand specific calculation schemes. From the wave‐function theory methods, only the ones with empirical corrections (spin‐component‐scaled MP2 or CCSD, and MP2.5) are suitable when CCSD(T) is unattainable. Density functional theory functionals with a high amount of exact exchange are fast and reliable methods for halogen bonds, but double hybrids are more robust if other types of interactions are involved. Molecular mechanics methods can be useful, but only when specific corrections are added to compensate for the inability of such methods to describe CT. The most common method introduces a virtual site with a partial positive charge to account for the quantum chemical effect of the halogen bond. This methodology has been successfully applied to study protein–ligand interactions for drug design. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2014, 4:523–540. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1189This article is categorized under: Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures Structure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Thermochemistry

Variations in the Fine Structure Constant and Multidimensional Gravitation

A brief review of theoretical models explaining the variation in the fine structure constant α in space and time is given. A method is described for constructing models in which variations in α and other fundamental physical constants, including the gravitational constant G, follow from the dynamics of extra space-time dimensions in the framework of a multidimensional theory of gravitation that is nonlinear with respect to curvature. An explicit example of such a model is constructed for explaining the observed spatial and temporal variations in α.

The Radicalization of Homegrown Jihadists: A Review of Theoretical Models and Social Psychological Evidence

This article attempts to consolidate theorizing about the radicalization of Western homegrown jihadists. Five major models of radicalization are reviewed. The commonalities and discrepancies among these models are identified and analyzed in the context of empirical evidence in the field of terrorism research and social psychology. Three psychological factors emerge as contributors to radicalization: group relative deprivation, identity conflicts, and personality characteristics. Avenues for future research concerning the radicalization of homegrown jihadists are suggested, focusing on research that may not only be practical for counter-terrorism, but also feasible given the challenges of research with radicalized individuals.

Therapists' cognitive complexity: Review of theoretical models and development of an integrated approach for training.

Therapists’ cognitive complexity can influence a variety of clinical and educational processes, from how they make decisions to their engagement in classes and supervision. To date, cognitive complexity models have not been adapted or advanced to meet the demands of clinical training. We provide a review and critique of the current cognitive complexity models and examine the measures typically associated with these models. We also introduce a new model, the Therapists’ Cognitive Complexity Model, which includes three components of therapists’ cognitive complexity: session thoughts, metacognition, and epistemic cognitions. Implications for therapist training and suggestions for future research are provided.

The Pyramid: A Unified Model of Psychology Based on Trigger-Reciprocity Theory for the Etiology of the Normal and Abnormal Mind/Brain

A review of theoretical models that have attempted to integrate the relationship between the four basic responsemodalities studied in psychology—physiology, behavior, cognition, and affect—with the environment, or stress, is made. However, none of the models seem to adequately offer a clear, concise, easy-to-understand, visual model. A step toward such a model, called the pyramid, is made here. It fulfills some of the most importanttenants of theory, which is clarity and simplicity. All components of the model are explained, and potential heuristic directions are presented. It is believed that this model will serve as the most useful and thorough theoretical framework for psychology’s evolution. In addition, the pyramid offers a clear model for not only choosing treatment modalities but also combining treatment modalities as a framework for a multidimensional treatment package.

Electron emission in collisions of highly charged ions with atoms and diatomic molecules

A short review of theoretical models previously used to study single and multiple electron ionization in collisions of bare fast highly charged ions with atomic and diatomic molecular targets is given. Electron emission with simultaneous electron capture by the projectile is also considered. The principal mechanisms producing the different reactions are revisited. It is emphasized that two-center descriptions are necessary for an adequate description of the existing experimental data. The role of electron correlation in the initial bound state and during the collision process is analyzed as well as the presence of effects associated with the two-center character of diatomic molecular targets.

Interpersonal hostility and violence in vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of theoretical models and empirical evidence

There is strong evidence that anger and violence are prevalent problems in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, and a summary of relevant empirical studies is presented. However, the pathways responsible for development and perpetuation of anger and violence in this clinical population have been unidentified. Available information processing and neurobiological models regarding how anger and aggression may be dysregulated in response to trauma are reviewed. Anger and interpersonal violence in Vietnam veterans with PTSD may have a distinct etiology and maintenance compared to other disorders, and may be directly related to neurobiological and trauma-related factors. Although anger has not yet been directly modeled in accordance with theories of PTSD, these models may provide frameworks for investigating how anger may be associated with the development and maintenance of PTSD. Additional suggestions for future research are offered.

A REVIEW OF THE MODELLING OF WHEEL/RAIL NOISE GENERATION

Mechanisms associated with the interaction of the wheel and the rail dominate the noise production of railway operations at conventional speeds and remain significant even for high-speed trains. This wheel/rail noise may be divided into three main categories. Rolling noise occurs on straight track and is predominantly caused by undulations of the wheel and rail surfaces which induce a vertical relative vibration. Impact noise can be considered as an extreme form of rolling noise occurring at discontinuities of the wheel or rail surface. The excitation is again vertical, but non-linearities play a greater role. Squeal noise, occurring on sharp radius curves, is usually induced by a lateral excitation mechanism. A review of theoretical models that have been developed to predict these phenomena is given.