Review Of Diffusion Research Articles

ChemInform Abstract: A Review of Diffusion and Interfacial Reactions in Sandwich Thin‐Film Couples.

ChemInformVolume 45, Issue 3 Reviews ChemInform Abstract: A Review of Diffusion and Interfacial Reactions in Sandwich Thin-Film Couples. A. Ghorai, A. Ghorai Dep. Phys., Maulana Azad Coll., Kolkata 700 013, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorD. Roy, D. Roy Dep. Phys., Maulana Azad Coll., Kolkata 700 013, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author A. Ghorai, A. Ghorai Dep. Phys., Maulana Azad Coll., Kolkata 700 013, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorD. Roy, D. Roy Dep. Phys., Maulana Azad Coll., Kolkata 700 013, IndiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 January 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.201403229AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume45, Issue3January 21, 2014 RelatedInformation

A Review of Diffusion and Interfacial Reactions in Sandwich Thin-Film Couples

In this paper different techniques for sandwich thin film production, characterization and interfacial reactions have been reviewed in order to understand the kinetic behaviour in the above systems. The contact and composite resistance measurements are the indirect methods for this purpose, while X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Rutherford backscattering (RBS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), ion sputtering spectrometry (ISS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) which is also referred to as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are some of the direct methods. Trends indicate that interfacial reactions start at room temperature.

Constitutional Review in Chile Revisited: A Revolution in the Making

The purpose of this article is to present the main developments of Chilean constitutional law during recent times, specifically regarding the historical evolution of the constitutional review of statutes. This article advances the thesis that the latest trajectory of constitutional review in Chile shows that the Chilean constitutionality control system has advanced far from peacefully, from a diffuse review system pivoting around the Supreme Court of Justice toward a concentrated constitutional review scheme characterized by the primacy of the Constitutional Tribunal. Accordingly, the paper will review: (i) the main differences between civil and common law systems concerning judicial review; (ii) the historical evolution of the constitutionality control in that country before and after the creation of the Constitutional Tribunal in 1970; (iii) the main changes introduced by the constitutional amendment of 2005 to the functions and prerogatives of the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal; (iv) the juridical conundrums arising from writs of inapplicability, specifically the application of an “abstract control” instead of “a concrete control”; and (v) to illustrate the provocative title of this article, this paper will examine the ongoing conflicting situations that have arisen between the Supreme Court of Justice and the Constitutional Tribunal focusing on the most important cases dealing with pressing constitutional issues in that country.

Rapid assessment: an international review of diffusion, practice and outcomes in the substance use field

Rapid assessment: an international review of diffusion, practice and outcomes in the substance use field

Health promotion and the role of the school nurse: a systematic review.

This paper describes findings from a systematic review of the literature on the effectiveness of school nurses in promoting the health of school children. The paper gives a brief account of the background to the study and the search strategy adopted. Some key findings are presented and discussed. The brief for the review was to seek evidence of effectiveness in the practice of school nurses. The results of the review were disappointing, in that little research of acceptable quality was found and little could be said about effectiveness. The result is therefore a more diffuse review that gives a summary of descriptive research and current views and opinions, although it does also present some pointers for future research. The study was funded by Health Promotion Wales.

Diffusion in copper and copper alloys part V. diffusion in systems involving elements of group VA

A survey, comparison, and critical analysis is presented of data compiled from the scientific literature concerning diffusion in copper alloy systems involving elements in Group VA (As, Bi, N, P, Sb). Here the term ’’copper alloy system’’ is interpreted in the broadcast sense. For example, the review of diffusion in the Cu-M system reports all diffusion situations which involve both copper and element M, including diffusion of Cu in M or in any binary, ternary, or multicomponent alloy containing M; diffusion of M in Cu or in any alloy containing Cu; and diffusion of any element in any alloy containing both Cu and M. Topics include volume diffusion, grain boundary diffusion, tracer diffusion, alloy interdiffusion, electromigration, thermomigration, strain-enhanced diffusion and diffusion in molten metals. An extensive bibliography is presented along with figures, tabular presentation of data, and discussion of results.

Diffusion in copper and copper alloys part IV. Diffusion in systems involving elements of group VIII

A survey, comparison, and critical analysis is presented of data compiled from the scientific literature concerning diffusion in copper alloy systems involving elements in Group VII (Co, Fe, Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru). Here the term ’’copper alloy system’’ is interpreted in the broadest sense. For example, the review of diffusion in the Cu-M system reports all diffusion situations which involve both copper and element M. including diffusion of Cu in M or in any binary, ternary or multicomponent alloy containing M; diffusion of M in Cu or in any alloy containing Cu; and diffusion of any element in any alloy containing both Cu and M. Topics include volume diffusion, surface diffusion, grain boundary diffusion, tracer diffusion, alloy interdiffusion, electromigration, thermomigration, dislocation-pipe diffusion, and diffusion in molten metals. An extensive bibliography is presented along with figures, tabular presentation of data and discussion of results.

Abundance Anomalies, Diffusion and Constraints on F, A and B Stellar Envelope Models

SummaryA review of diffusion in F, A and B stars is presented. The basic equations are introduced in a simple and approximate way. Meridional circulation, magnetic fields, surface gravity and age are all factors that contribute to variations in anomalies for stars of a given effective temperature. Detailed calculations for each of these effects, as well as of radiation forces in the atmosphere, are needed before the required detailed comparison between theory and observations can be made for individual stars. When it is made this comparison should put strong constraints on stellar atmosphere or envelope models. At the present level of uncertainty no difficulty between theory and observations appears definitely established.

Diffusion in copper and copper alloys. Part III. Diffusion in systems involving elements of the groups IA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, and VIIB

A survey, comparison, and critical analysis is presented of data compiled from the scientific literature concerning diffusion in copper alloy systems involving elements in Groups IA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, and VIIB. Here the term ’’copper alloy system’’ is interpreted in the broadest sense. For example, the review of diffusion in the Cu-M system reports all diffusion situations which involve both copper and element M, including diffusion of Cu in M or in any binary, ternary or multicomponent alloy containing M; diffusion of M in Cu or in any alloy containing Cu; and diffusion of any element in any alloy containing both Cu and M. Topics include volume diffusion, surface diffusion, grain boundary diffusion, tracer diffusion, alloy interdiffusion, electromigration, thermomigration, dislocation-pipe diffusion, and diffusion in molten metals. An extensive biblography is presented along with figures, tabular presentation of data and discussion of results.

Diffusion in Copper and Copper Alloys, Part II. Copper-Silver and Copper-Gold Systems

A survey, comparison, and critical analysis is presented of data compiled from the scientific literature concerning diffusion in copper-silver and copper-gold systems. Here the term ``copper alloy system'' is interpreted in the broadest sense. For example, the review of diffusion in the Cu-M system reports all diffusion situations which involve both copper and element M, including diffusion of Cu in M or in any binary, ternary, or multicomponent alloy containing M: diffusion of M in Cu or in any alloy containing Cu; and diffusion of any element in any alloy containing both Cu and M. Topics include volume diffusion, surface diffusion, grain boundary diffusion, tracer diffusion, alloy interdiffusion, electromigration, thermomigration, strain enhanced diffusion, and diffusion in molten metals. An extensive bibliography is presented along with figures, tabular presentation of data and discussion of results.

Mechanics of Viscous Fingering in Miscible Systems

Abstract A simplified theory of viscous fingering in miscible systems has been developed. It predicts the correct functional relationship between pertinent variables and permits the calculation of the order of magnitude of fingering behavior for simple systems, such as linear or radial. The theory is based on the following four observations:cross-flow takes place only near the ends of fingers;the relative finger width is about 0.5;fingers can be suppressed by transverse dispersion, the suppression being quantitatively described by a critical ratio of dispersion times; andthe widths of extending fingers are close to the minimum size finger that can grow at any stage of displacement. Fingering is studied in two-dimensional linear and diverging radial systems, both theoretically and experimentally. For linear systems, the length of the fingered region is proportional to mean displacement; the finger width is proportional to square root of mean displacement; and there is a small initial region void of fingers because of suppression by longitudinal dispersion. For the radial system, two limiting conditions are recognized. If the mean displacement is small compared with the wellbore radius, the length of the fingered region is proportional to the mean displacement. The width is proportional to the square root of mean displacement. If the mean displacement is large compared with wellbore radius, length of the fingered region is proportional to mean displacement, but the number of fingers approaches a constant value. Also, in the radial case there is a small initial region void of fingers because of longitudinal dispersion. Introduction The behavior of viscous fingers in miscible systems has been of interest to the oil industry for many years. Previous studies have clearly shown the existence and nature of fingers in small models,1,2,3,4 Engineering techniques for extrapolating to reservoir situations have been proposed.5 Still, because of the lack of a real understanding of the mechanics of fingering, there remains uncertainty and disagreement as to the best way to scale or calculate fingering behavior in the reservoir. In this paper we discuss a study of the mechanics of fingering in miscible systems (i.e., why do fingers behave as they do?). A simplified theory is developed which we believe willpredict the correct functional relationship between pertinent variables,permit us to calculate the order of magnitude of fingering behavior for simple systems such as linear and radial, andgive further insight into the problem of scaling or otherwise extending the results to more complicated reservoir conditions. The paper includes the following sections:brief summary of the mixing behavior of miscible fluids in linear and radial systems;four fundamental observations of fluid flow (under fingering conditions);based on these four observations, a simplified theory of fingering in linear and radial systems is developed; andthe theoretical equations are compared with experimental fingering data measured in laboratory models. A Review of Diffusion and Dispersion As will be shown later, the behavior of viscous fingers in miscible systems is controlled in large degree by the mixing between the two fluids. A quantitative description of fingers will first require a quantitative description of mixing. Fortunately, much work has been done to clarify this subject; a fairly comprehensive review has been presented in a previous paper.7 For present purposes let usbriefly summarize the quantitative description of diffusion and dispersion (both longitudinal and transverse) within a differential element;present a simplification of the "width of mixed zone"; anddescribe the effect of geometry on width of mixed zone.

A Review of Diffusion and Dispersion in Porous Media

Abstract Because of the influence of dispersion on miscible-displacement processes, diffusion and dispersion phenomena in porous rocks are of current interest in the oil industry. This paper reviews and summarizes a great deal of pertinent information from the literature.Porous media (both unconsolidated packs and consolidated rocks) can be visualized as a network of flow chambers, having random size and flow conductivity, connected together by openings of smaller size. In such a porous medium, the apparent diffusion coefficient D is less than the molecular diffusion coefficient Do, as measured in the absence of a porous medium. For packs of unconsolidated granular material the ratio D/Do is about 0.6 to 0..7. For all porous rocks, both cemented and unconsolidated, the ratio of diffusion coefficients can also be represented as where F is the formation electrical resistivity factor and is the porosity.If fluids are flowing through the porous medium, dispersion may be greater than that due to diffusion alone. At moderate flow rates the porous medium will create a slightly asymmetrical mix zone (trailing edge stretched out), with the longitudinal dispersion coefficient approximately proportional to the first power of average fluid velocity (if composition is nearly equalized in pore spaces by diffusion). If the velocity in interstices is large enough, there will be insufficient time for diffusion to equalize concentration within pore spaces. In this region, longitudinal dispersion increases more rapidly than fluid velocity.At low velocities in interstices, transverse dispersion is characterized by a region in which transverse diffusion dominates. If the fluid velocity gets high enough, there will be a transition into a region where there is stream splitting with mass transfer but with insufficient residence time to completely damp-out concentration variations within pore spaces.There are several variables that must be controlled to get consistent longitudinal and transverse dispersion results, viz.,edge effect in packed tubes,particle size distribution,particle shape,packing or permeability heterogeneities,viscosity ratios,gravity forces,amount of turbulence, andeffect of an immobile phase. Introduction Diffusion and dispersion in porous rocks are of current interest to the oil industry. This interest arises because of the influence of dispersion on miscible-displacement processes.In a recovery process utilizing a zone of miscible fluid, there is the possibility of losing miscibility by dissipating the miscible fluid or by channeling or ‘fingering" through the miscible zone. Diffusion and dispersion are two of the mechanisms that may lead to mixing and dissipation of the slug. On the other hand, dispersion may tend to damp-out viscous fingers which may be channeling through the miscible slug. Hence, dispersion may be detrimental or beneficial (if it prevents fingering through the miscible zone). Therefore, it is doubly important that we understand these processes.In this paper we review, summarize and interpret a great deal of information from the literature. In particular, we will briefly discuss molecular diffusion in miscible fluids. Then we will discuss what differences to expect for diffusion in a porous rock. If there is movement of the fluid through the rock, then there may be an additional mixing or "dispersion". Furthermore, the dispersion longitudinally (in the direction of gross fluid movement) and transverse to the direction of fluid movement will not be equal. We will discuss both types of dispersion as well as several variables which can affect dispersion (viscosity differences, density differences, turbulence, heterogeneity of media, etc.). This group of variables has sometimes led to difficulty when comparing literature data. DIFFUSION OF MISCIBLE FLUIDS If two miscible fluids are in contact, with an initially sharp interface, they will slowly diffuse into one another. SPEJ P. 70^