Review Of Alternative Approaches Research Articles

The SOLA Model: A Theory-Based Approach to Social Quality and Social Sustainability

Sustainability is frequently discussed with reference to the “3-pillar” model distinguishing ecological, economic and social sustainability. However, social sustainability is treated as a residual category without adequate theoretical conceptualization. As a consequence, we find a wealth of approaches and models proposing a wide range of social indicators on individual and collective levels, both subjective and objective. While this diversity is fruitful given the range of social sciences involved and the diversity of social issues and social policies, communication between approaches and comparison of results is hindered by the lack of a common framework. The SOLA model offers an interdisciplinary, multi-level and comprehensive framework or meta-model structured by five modules (human ecology, 3 levels of social systems, ethical quality standards) which conceives social sustainability, social quality and quality of life in terms of evolving systems theory. We argue that the meta-model can facilitate systematic comparison of different approaches, bridge the gap toward natural and engineering sciences, and guide the development of social indicators. More specifically, two social indicator profiles are proposed to capture the divergence between two competing approaches to social sustainability: the social quality approach and the social capital approach. The focus in this article is on the presentation of the model and on conceptual issues of social sustainability and social quality. The model is based on an extensive review of alternative approaches. It is empirically validated in quality of life research in social and health care, and applied in on-going research on inclusive social policy.

Facilitating Smart Growth with Context-Sensitive Transportation Review of Site Development

In 2016, Montgomery County, Maryland revamped the approach with which the planning department reviews transportation impacts of site development. The development of the 2017 Local Area Transportation Review Guidelines included a comprehensive and collaborative review of alternative approaches to growth management and resulted in the development of more robust and multimodal analytic approaches, a set of context-sensitive and multimodal trip generation rates, and a commitment to continue the development of pro-rata share districts in lieu of traditional traffic impact studies. The 2017 guidelines were developed with the benefit of a review of contemporary best practices nationwide and a 30-person working group representing various transportation impact review stakeholder interests that convened 21 times over the course of 3 years. The new approach was developed to balance three potentially competing objectives: streamline the process in smart growth areas of the county, increase the degree of multimodalism, and increase the degree of robustness in the analytic approach and data. The key additions to the process included establishing policy area groupings based on transportation demand characteristics; developing a set of context-sensitive, multimodal trip generation rates; and introducing quantitative tests for non-auto impacts. This paper highlights both the process and outcomes of the updated approach.

Designing mine tailings for better environmental, social and economic outcomes: a review of alternative approaches

Abstract With the unprecedented rate of mining and mineral processing over the past decade, there has been an increasing level of concern worldwide about the fate of tailings and the irreversible consequences of contaminant release through dust, tailings dam seepage, dam wall failure, or direct disposal of tailings into waterways. It is likely that in the future the mining of higher tonnages of lower grade ore and the possibility of more extreme weather events associated with global climatic change, may increase the risks associated with mine tailings management. In this paper we review alternative tailings management methods that aim to improve environmental, social and economic outcomes. Three approaches in particular are highlighted: paste and thickened tailings; tailings reuse, recycling and reprocessing; and proactive management (e.g. the integration of sulphide flotation with cemented paste backfill). The aim of the present study is to scope the opportunities that could be gained by developing an integrated research framework that traces tailings properties back to the orebody. In the future models could be constructed to optimise environmental, social and economic outcomes of tailings management across the value chain through integrated orebody characterisation, mine planning, processing, disposal, re-processing, recycling and reuse.

Simulating flow separation from continuous surfaces: routes to overcoming the Reynolds number barrier

This paper provides a discussion of several aspects of the construction of approaches that combine statistical (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes, RANS) models with large eddy simulation (LES), with the objective of making LES an economically viable method for predicting complex, high Reynolds number turbulent flows. The first part provides a review of alternative approaches, highlighting their rationale and major elements. Next, two particular methods are introduced in greater detail: one based on coupling near-wall RANS models to the outer LES domain on a single contiguous mesh, and the other involving the application of the RANS and LES procedures on separate zones, the former confined to a thin near-wall layer. Examples for their performance are included for channel flow and, in the case of the zonal strategy, for three separated flows. Finally, a discussion of prospects is given, as viewed from the writer's perspective.

Simulating Flow Separation from Continuous Surfaces : Routes to Overcoming the Reynolds Number Barrier(2)

The paper discusses several aspects of the construction of approaches that combine statistical (RANS) models with large eddy simulation, with the objective of making LES an economically viable method for predicting complex, high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows. The first part provides a review of alternative approaches, highlighting their rationale and major elements. Next, two particular methods are introduced in greater detail - one based on coupling near-wall RANS models to the outer LES domain on a single contiguous mesh, and the other involving the application of the RANS and LES procedures on separate zones, the former confined to a thin near-wall layer. Examples for their performance are included for channel flow and, in the case of the zonal strategy, for three separated flows. Finally, a discussion of prospects is given, as viewed from the writer's perspective.

Immunologic aspects of otitis media.

The middle ear cleft is a modified gas pocket which functions normally when the gas contents are regulated by a normal eustachian tube, resulting in equalization of middle ear pressure to that of the environment. The most important regulator of this middle ear pressure is the eustachian tube, a critical passageway from the nasopharynx into the middle ear. Any alteration of eustachian tube mucociliary function caused by virus, allergy, pollutants, or alteration of the normal homeostasis of the nasopharynx will result in eustachian tube obstruction. This, in turn, leads to underventilation of the middle ear, and transudation of fluid. If bacteria or virus or viral-bacterial interaction leads to infectious disease of the middle ear, an immune response is produced as a result of the inflammatory response, allowing lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells to enter into the middle-ear mucosa. This article summarizes the immunologic reactivity in the middle ear following a viral-bacterial inflammatory reaction in the middle-ear mucosa. Although secretory IgA is critical for protection of the nasopharynx, its function in the middle ear has still not been resolved. The evidence strongly suggests that IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses are responsible for eradication of middle ear pathogens. Finally, a review of alternative approaches to the prevention of otitis media is briefly discussed in this critical period of emergence of resistant bacteria to available antibiotics.

Indoor Radon Reduction in Crawl-space Houses: A Review of Alternative Approaches

Indoor Radon Reduction in Crawl-space Houses: A Review of Alternative Approaches

Evaluation and accountability in spatial economic policy: A review of alternative approaches

Abstract In recent years evaluation has become a more prominent issue in policy research and practice. This is partly a consequence of government attempts to introduce new ways of monitoring and controlling the activities of the public sector. This paper explores the implications of different approaches to the evaluation of spatial economic policies. The issue is timely, given the major reforms that have been taking place, often with limited analysis of effectiveness of past programmes. Different types of evaluation reflect different values, assumptions and purposes. Those based on physical output measures have been important historically, but are not very revealing, particularly in economic development. Financial measures are increasingly important, but are narrow and restrictive. The wide remit and responsibilities of the public sector suggest that a broader approach should be adopted. Social accounting offers the potential to examine issues of quality, distribution, and the overall economic and social ...

Review of Alternative Approaches to the Study of Sexual Behavior.

Review of Alternative Approaches to the Study of Sexual Behavior.

Health education and the ideology of health promotion: a review of alternative approaches

Health education and the ideology of health promotion: a review of alternative approaches

Dual bases and some coupling coefficients for SU4⊃ SU2× SU2, SUn⊃ SOnand Sp4⊃ U2

General analytical expressions for isoscalar factors (reduced Wigner coefficients) for the couplings (p0) × (0q) to (λ 0 μ) and (p10) × (p20) to (λ ν 0) in the chains SU4 ⊃ SU2 × SU2 and SUn ⊃ SOn (n ≥ 3) are derived by using the algebra of complementary groups and methods of analytical continuation. A review of alternative approaches to the problem grounded on the concept of biorthogonal systems of non-canonical bases is given. It is demonstrated that the construction of dual bases (polynomial and stretched or related ones) is associated with the use of certain bilinear combinations of isoscalar factors and solutions of the boundary value problem for isoscalar factors. Overlaps are given for different non-canonical basis states of the two-parametric irreducible representations for the chains SU4 ⊃ SU2 × SU2, SUn ⊃ SOn and Sp4 ⊃ U2, as well as the expansions of the projected basis states for Sp4 ⊃ U2 in terms of canonical basis states. A new expression for some special SU2 Clebsch-Gordan coefficients is also given.

A Model and Measurement Methodology for Predicting Individual Consumer Choice

The authors describe a model and measurement methodology by which to predict the probability that an individual consumer will choose a product from an offered set of competing products. After a brief review of alternative approaches, they use a simple example to illustrate the proposed methodology. They demonstrate the empirical validity of the methodology by using data from an experiment in repetitive choice.

Effects of Child-Care Programs on Women's Work Effort

In recent years, Congress has considered a variety of work-subsidy programs designed to encourage work among welfare recipients. Many of these programs would subsidize individuals only if they work some minimum number of hours. Commonly used techniques cannot give direct answers to relevant policy questions since a tied offer is involved, and hence the offer cannot be treated as a simple wage change. The essence of the problem involves utility comparisons between two or more discrete alternatives. Such comparisons inherently require information about consumer preferences in a way not easily obtained from ordinary labor-supply functions. To make such comparisons, I present a method for directly estimating consumer indifference surfaces between money income and nonmarket time. Once these surfaces are determined, they can be used to compare a variety of alternative programs to investigate whether or not there is scope for Pareto-optimal redistribution of income transfers and time, improving the general level of welfare of the community at large without reducing the welfare of individuals receiving income transfers. Knowledge of these indifference surfaces allows us to estimate reservation wages to estimate the value of nonworking-women's time (Gronau 1973), laborforce participation functions, hours-of-work functions, and welfare losses due to income tax programs (Harberger 1964). I demonstrate that direct estimation of indifference surfaces allows us, at least in principle, to relax

An Experimental Modulation-Demodulation Scheme for High-Speed Data Transmission

An experimental low-cost system was designed to determine speed and reliability limitations on transmitting binary data over private telephone lines. A brief review of alternative approaches is given, with a description of the laboratory model. Performance of the equipment is reported with the reliabilities experienced at 600, 1000, 1600, and 2400 bits per second.