This article represents Part II of a four-part policy analysis that will be published over 4 consecutive months. The articles are based on a background article originally prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress, which has released its own report on the costs and effectiveness of prostate cancer screening among Medicare-aged men. The four parts will frame the debate, review early detection strategies for prostate cancer, review management strategies, and estimate the risks, benefits, and costs of an early detection program among older men. This article represents Part II of a four-part policy analysis that will be published over 4 consecutive months. The articles are based on a background article originally prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress, which has released its own report on the costs and effectiveness of prostate cancer screening among Medicare-aged men. The four parts will frame the debate, review early detection strategies for prostate cancer, review management strategies, and estimate the risks, benefits, and costs of an early detection program among older men.