Article Reviews Research Articles

Cellular and Molecular Effects of Steroid Sex Hormones on the Vocal Folds: A Scoping Review.

Steroid sex hormones (SSH) target cell nuclei to affect transcription. Although laryngeal tissue is theorized to be hormonally responsive, SSH receptor presence and cellular effects on the vocal folds are not well-established. A scoping review of this literature might inform future research. Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. This review followed JBI and PRISMA-ScR Guidelines. Two independent reviewers screened each title/abstract and full text according to eligibility criteria. Exclusion criteria included primary outcomes based on subjective interpretation and secondary effects on the vocal folds (e.g., voice). Three hundred and sixtyone articles were screened at the title/abstract level, 83 at the full-text level, and 32 met inclusion criteria. Fourteen studies were performed in humans and 15 in animals; 3 were review articles. In studies directly examining receptors (n = 17), estrogen receptors (ER) were found in 10 of 15 studies, progesterone receptors (PR) in 6/10, and androgen receptors (AR) in 6/9. When the effects of SSH on vocal folds were studied (n = 16), estrogen had effects in 10/13, progesterone in 3/3, and androgens in 4/5. ER and PR were mostly identified in epithelium and fibroblasts of lamina propria (LP) while AR was found in muscle, lamina propria, and epithelium. Existing evidence variably supports the presence of SSH receptors in vocal fold tissue; therefore, further clarification is needed. Estrogen and progesterone were most identified in mucosal tissue, where they decrease fibrosis and help maintain the epithelial barrier. Androgens appear to be pro-fibrotic in epithelium and hypertrophic in muscle. Laryngoscope, 2024.

Integrative Korean medicine treatment for low back pain with radiculopathy caused by Bertolotti syndrome: A CARE-compliant article and retrospective review of medical records.

Bertolotti syndrome (BS) is characterized by radiculopathy caused by structural anomalies. Despite the structural deformity, conservative treatment is predominantly recommended due to surgery-related complications. Because of the diagnosis complexity, the incidence and contributing factors of BS, remain controversial. We report the case of a patient with BS who was treated with integrative Korean medicine (IKM). Moreover, we evaluated the epidemiological characteristics of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) from medical records of patients diagnosed with LSTV at 4 different medical clinics of Korean medicine. A 33-year-old male patient with low back pain and severe radiculopathy was diagnosed with BS (Castellvi Type II) on magnetic resonance imaging at a local orthopedic clinic. Additionally, the medical records of patients with BS who had been treated with IKM in 4 different institutions of Korean medicine were analyzed, and the characteristics of patients suffering from BS were identified. The patient underwent IKM treatment for 40 days as an inpatient. The patient's condition was assessed using the Euroqol 5-dimension index and Oswestry Disability Index, and symptom severity was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale. IKM was effective in improving pain and functional disability without causing any adverse effects. In a retrospective review of medical records, the study identified symptom trends reported by patients with LSTV. IKM demonstrates potential efficacy in BS management, with notable trends in LSTV-related symptomatology warranting further investigation.

#BrazilianButtLift: The Reel Problem Regarding Gluteal Augmentation Surgery.

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Hemispheric asymmetries in borderline personality disorder: a systematic review.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by increased mood reactivity and affective instability. Since core structures involved in emotion processing, such as the amygdala, demonstrate strong lateralization, BPD is an interesting target for laterality research. So far, a systematic integration of findings on lateralization in BPD is missing. Therefore, we systematically reviewed studies published until February 2024 in PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo databases that measured hemispheric asymmetries and behavioral lateralization in patients with BPD. Inclusion criteria were (a) diagnosis of BPD and (b) results on hemispheric or behavioral asymmetries. Specifically for neuroimaging studies, hemispheres need to be assessed separately. Review articles and studies with disorders other than BPD were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle Ottawa Scale for non-randomized, non-comparative intervention studies. A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen studies investigated structural hemispheric asymmetries, five functional hemispheric asymmetries, two examined handedness, and one studied hemispheric asymmetry in visuospatial attention. Overall, studies examining structural asymmetries in BPD report bilateral volume reduction in the amygdala and hippocampus but a right-sided reduction in the orbitofrontal cortex. For functional lateralization, asymmetrical de/activation patterns in the default mode network in BPD and reduced right-frontal asymmetry were evident. Also, studies indicate a trend towards increased non-right-handedness in BPD. Risk factors for BPD, such as childhood abuse, may play a crucial role in the development of structural and functional alterations. However, the generalization of results may be limited by small sample sizes and varying study designs.

A - 77 A Systematic Review of Current Diversity Representation in Neuropsychological Research

Abstract Objective This study investigated current representation of diverse samples in research published in four leading neuropsychology journals. Methods We reviewed 367 articles published in 2023 from Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Neuropsychology, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, and The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 34 review articles and 4 editorial/announcements were excluded leaving 321 articles coded for age, education, gender/sex, race/ethnicity, and sample country. Results Overall, 89.41% of studies reported gender/sex and 50.46% reported race/ethnicity. Out of 63 original articles that included European populations (e.g., France, Sweden, Denmark, etc.), 93.65% reported gender/sex and 12.7% reported race/ethnicity. Out of 172 original articles that included United States (U.S.) samples, 95.93% reported gender/sex and 80.23% reported race/ethnicity. Studies of U.S. samples reported the following average sociodemographic variables: education 14.94 years (SD = 3.72), age 50.32 years (SD = 21.39), gender/sex 48.09% female and 51.90% male, and race/ethnicity was 65.11% White, 6.64% Black/African American, 2.18% Asian, 1.06% American Indian/Alaskan Native, 0.43% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and 24.57% unknown/other/mixed race. Additionally, 9.82% of participants were Hispanic/Latino. Conclusions Roughly half of studies did not report on race/ethnicity and this was particularly notable for European samples with more homogeneous populations. Studies with U.S. samples had equitable gender/sex representation but participants were predominantly White and older middle aged. Inconsistencies in how studies stratified race/ethnicity resulted in a large percentage of individuals being classified as unknown/other/mixed. This review highlights the need for more diverse representation in neuropsychological research as Hispanic/Latino, Black/African American, and Asian groups were represented at half their actual numbers in the U.S. population (18.5%, 12.2%, and 5.9% respectively).

Collaborative learning in the digital age: empowering tuberculosis researchers through virtual training.

Integrating whole genome sequencing (WGS) of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex into routine care, surveillance, and research in high tuberculosis burden settings remains challenging due to limited resources and skills. While technological platforms for scaling WGS are emerging, scaling wet lab and analytic components often depends on partnerships where such skills have been established. To address this, a virtual training program was developed. Over 12 weeks, 21 trainees from five Southern African institutes engaged in learning from curated theoretical content and interactive virtual meetings with experienced instructors. The training program, developed by a diverse team of experts in molecular biology, biomedical research, microbiology, and tuberculosis research, provided comprehensive coverage aligned with the latest advancements. Teaching strategies included interactive mentor-led sessions and real-time feedback, together with facilitated knowledge exchange and understanding. The virtual training program yielded several successes. Of note, trainees submitted three scientific articles for peer review, based on their acquired knowledge and its application in research. The program also fostered collaborations on Mycobacterium tuberculosis WGS among participants, showcasing the potential for networking and future joint projects. While the virtual training program encountered challenges related to the pandemic, limited resources, trainee engagement, and language barriers, these were creatively mitigated. To improve future training sessions, a platform assessing participant engagement and information retention is recommended. Wider collaborative efforts among experts and institutions in collating resources will lead to more comprehensive training programs. Addressing challenges such as internet connectivity issues and language barriers is crucial for ensuring inclusivity and enhancing the overall learning experience. In conclusion, the virtual training program successfully provided knowledge and skill training in WGS to trainees, leading to scientific article submissions and collaborations. Furthermore, content creators benefited from improved science communication and training opportunities.

TIBIAL DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURE, PANORAMIC REVISION

Introduction: Tibial fractures are quite common injuries. Since the tibia has a subcutaneous location, it is more likely to show exposed fractures. Exposed fractures of the tibial diaphysis are serious injuries that can result in significant long-term disability if not managed correctly. Objective: to detail current information related to tibial diaphysis fractures, etiology, epidemiology, anamnesis, physical examination, assessment, treatment, differential diagnosis, prognosis and complications. Methodology: a total of 29 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 17 bibliographies were used because the other articles were not relevant for this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: tibia fractures, osteosynthesis, tibia fracture, intramedullary nails, leg trauma, exposed fractures. Results: tibial diaphysis fractures present an incidence of 16.9 per 100,000 individuals per year, being more common in the male sex, with 21.5 per 100,000 individuals per year, compared to 12.3 per 100,000 in the female sex. The most common triggers in males of tibial diaphysis fractures are motor vehicle accident injuries and sports. Conclusions: It is important to recognize the management of tibial fractures since they have a relatively high incidence. It is not uncommon to encounter an exposed tibial diaphysis fracture, so it is essential to identify, as well as perform damage control and appropriate management. The individual should undergo a complete examination and it may be necessary to implement the trauma life support protocol. In this type of fracture it is crucial to assess the neurovascular situation. In addition, complementary examinations should be requested to allow the best diagnosis, classification and treatment of the injuries. The treatment of tibia diaphysis fractures will depend on the specific situation and the patient's condition; however, external fixators are usually used for damage control and later intramedullary nails are used. Tibial diaphysis fractures may be accompanied by compartment syndrome and other complications. KEY WORDS: trauma, fractures, tibia, treatment.

Evidence-based educational interventions to reduce intergroup bias among young children in conflict zones

Biases towards conflict out-groups pose significant barriers for conflict resolution. These biases can perpetuate social divisions, hinder positive intergroup relations, and impede long-term peacebuilding efforts. Therefore, intervening early, before biases are fully formed, is necessary. This article reviews existing knowledge and presents a research synthesis of effective educational interventions aimed to improve intergroup attitudes of young children (preschool and elementary school age) living in conflict zones towards the conflict out-group. The literature review includes interventions that have been implemented to address intergroup bias among such children. This review identifies effective strategies in existing literature and highlights areas for further research and development. These interventions provide practical strategies to reduce intergroup bias among children and foster positive intergroup relations; as such, they hold significant implications for educators, practitioners, and policymakers working in conflict zones. However, more longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of interventions and their impact on sustained attitude change. Moreover, interventions should be tailored to specific conflict contexts, considering cultural nuances and local dynamics. Overall, the present article may contribute to our understanding of how to effectively intervene and moderate intergroup biases and negative attitudes among children living in conflict contexts before biases become stronger and more fully formed in adulthood.

Using palm oil residue for food nutrition and quality: from palm fatty acid distillate to vitamin E toward sustainability.

Increasing global palm oil production yields a valuable palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) - a rich vitamin E (Vit-E) source and multifunctional ingredient in the food agro-industry - that can be utilized to achieve sustainability. This article reviews trends in the use and role of PFAD and its Vit-E in the food sector and proposes an integrated agro-industrial concept toward sustainability. Vit-E can be separated from PFAD with diverse and impactful pharmaceutical activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-ultraviolet effects. Based on in vivo experimental tests, PFAD and Vit-E supplementation can enhance the productivity and quality of livestock-based food products. PFAD is a plasticizer and antistatic packaging material in food packaging systems, and its derivatives can be used as food additives. Meanwhile, the Vit-E molecule in packaging can extend food shelf life by maintaining color stability, reducing lipid oxidation and rancidity, adding antimicrobial properties, and influencing changes in packaging properties such as water vapor, tensile strength, melting point and other physical properties. Toward sustainability, an integrated agro-industrial design has been proposed to implement clean production, increase the added value of palm oil industry residues, minimize environmental risks and increase profits to achieve long-term social welfare. In conclusion, PFAD residues and their Vit-E content have shown broad benefits in the food sector and prospects toward sustainability. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Examining attitudes to uptake and sustainment of technology among care aides in the delivery of care: a scoping review protocol

IntroductionCare aides are health workers who deliver hands-on care to patients across the healthcare continuum. The use of technology in healthcare delivery is increasing, and evidence regarding how care aides’...

Interdisciplinary perspective on architectural programming: current status and future directions

PurposeArchitectural programming, as a critical phase in construction projects, has been widely recognized for its importance and advantages throughout the construction process. With the rapid development of the socioeconomic landscape, architectural programming has garnered increasing attention from various other disciplines, becoming a key trend in interdisciplinary collaboration. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current status and future directions of architectural programming from an interdisciplinary perspective through scientometric analysis and systematic review.Design/methodology/approachThis study first collected English journal articles on architectural programming published between 1975 and 2024 from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. After an initial screening of titles and abstracts, 515 articles were selected for scientometric analysis to reveal the current state and advantages of architectural programming research in multidisciplinary fields. Subsequently, a second screening of full-text articles identified 75 journal articles for systematic review, focusing on research topics and challenges in interdisciplinary applications.FindingsThe study reveals an exponential increase in the number of papers related to architectural programming between 1975 and 2024, particularly in the last decade. Six key research topics of architectural programming in multidisciplinary fields were identified: (1) performance optimization and evaluation, (2) digitalization and automation development, (3) project management and decision support, (4) improvement of human and social welfare, (5) sustainable resources and environment and (6) educational practices of architectural programming. Additionally, the study identified the main challenges in the interdisciplinary application of architectural programming, including (1) incompatibility among disciplines, (2) limitations of data and methodologies and (3) insufficient social engagement. To address these challenges, three potential future directions were proposed: (1) establishing interdisciplinary teams and platforms, (2) enhancing multi-source data integration and digital transformation and (3) improving governance mechanisms and educational training.Originality/valueBy combining quantitative and qualitative methods, this study provides a comprehensive review of architectural programming research and applications in multidisciplinary fields, offering theoretical foundations and practical references for the future development of architectural programming. This review not only aids in understanding the overall status of current architectural programming research but also offers valuable insights and recommendations for future research directions and practical applications.

Trust Us—We Are the (COVID-19 Misinformation) Experts: A Critical Scoping Review of Expert Meanings of “Misinformation” in the Covid Era

Since the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic, prominent social actors and institutions have warned about the threat of misinformation, calling for policy action to address it. However, neither the premises underlying expert claims nor the standards to separate truth from falsehood have been appraised. We conducted a scoping review of the medical and social scientific literature, informed by a critical policy analysis approach, examining what this literature means by misinformation. We searched academic databases and refereed publications, selecting a total of 68 articles for review. Two researchers independently charted the data. Our most salient finding was that verifiability relied largely on the claims of epistemic authorities, albeit only those vetted by the establishment, to the exclusion of independent evidentiary standards or heterodox perspectives. Further, “epistemic authority” did not depend necessarily on subject matter expertise, but largely on a new type of “expertise”: in misinformation itself. Finally, policy solutions to the alleged threat that misinformation poses to democracy and human rights called for suppressing unverified information and debate unmanaged by establishment approved experts, in the name of protecting democracy and rights, contrary to democratic practice and respect for human rights. Notably, we identified no pockets of resistance to these dominant meanings and uses. We assessed the implications of our findings for democratic public policy, and for fundamental rights and freedoms.

Automatic delineation and prognostic assessment of head and neck tumor lesion in multi-modality positron emission tomography / computed tomography images based on deep learning: A survey

Accurately segmenting and staging tumor lesions in cancer patients presents a significant challenge for radiologists, but it is essential for devising effective treatment plans including radiation therapy, personalized medicine, and surgical options. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning (DL), has become a useful tool for radiologists, enhancing their ability to understand tumor biology and deliver personalized care to patients with H&N tumors. Segmenting H&N tumor lesions using Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) images has gained significant attention. However, the diverse shapes and sizes of tumors, along with indistinct boundaries between malignant and normal tissues, present significant challenges in effectively fusing PET and CT images. To overcome these challenges, various DL-based models have been developed for segmenting tumor lesions in PET/CT images. This article reviews multimodality (PET/CT) based H&N tumor lesions segmentation methods. We firstly discuss the strengths and limitations of PET/CT imaging and the importance of DL-based models in H&N tumor lesion segmentation. Second, we examine the current state-of-the-art DL models for H&N tumor segmentation, categorizing them into UNet, VNet, Vision Transformer, and miscellaneous models based on their architectures. Third, we explore the annotation and evaluation processes, addressing challenges in segmentation annotation and discussing the metrics used to assess model performance. Finally, we discuss several open challenges and provide some avenues for future research in H&N tumor lesion segmentation.

Осознанное обучение: принципы и возможности применения в высшем образовании

<p>The article provides an overview of the principles of mindful learning in the context of higher education. Mindful learning is an approach in which students and teachers tune their attention to increasing value and awareness of what is happening in the surrounding context, to their experience and reflection about it. The relevance of the research is related to the interest in the effects associated with mindful learning: positive impact on psychological well-being, development of socio-emotional skills, as well as increasing intrinsic motivation, improving attentiveness and concentration of students. The article reviews research indicating the effectiveness of this approach for both learning outcomes and the psychological well-being of students and teachers in the educational process. The theoretical contribution of this research lies in highlighting the research agenda in the field of mindful learning: defining concepts of mindful learning and mindful teaching, identifying the main principles of mindful learning. These results provide a basis for further research of mindful learning in higher education. The practical contribution of the research lies in presenting a methodological basis for introducing mindful learning into university disciplines. The research may be of interest not only to teachers and methodologists but also to students and their parents due to the increased interest in the effects of mindful learning.</p>

The efficacy of cannabidiol in the treatment of mental disorders: A systematic review of double-blind randomized clinical trials

INTRODUCTION: The therapeutic application of cannabidiol (CBD) is gaining interest due to the growing body of evidence supporting its use in the treatment of mental disorders. OBJECTIVES: To develop a systematic review to evaluate the scientific evidence supporting the use of CBD in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. METHODS: Only double-blind randomized clinical trials were used. The search for scientific evidence was carried out in the PubMed and BVS databases, with the descriptors “cannabidiol” and “mental disorders”. A total of 219 articles were found in PubMed and 79 in BVS, between the years 2020 to 2022, in the English language. Review articles, observational studies, manuscripts, repeated articles and articles that did not focus on the treatment of mental disorders using cannabidiol were excluded. Thus, 10 relevant studies remained for the present systematic review. RESULTS: Of the 10 articles selected, 90% presented positive results for the use of CBD in the treatment of various mental disorders. Among them, there was a higher prevalence of the use of the drug for the treatment of psychosis, anxiety and behavioral mechanisms, evidencing its usefulness and benefits. It was observed that in cases of psychosis, CBD significantly increased glutamate levels in the left hippocampus of patients, proving its effectiveness. In the research involving behavioral mechanisms, it was possible to verify that the use of CBD linearly decreased the levels of cortisol linked to stress in the patient's body, evidencing its therapeutic capacity. CONCLUSION: The use of CBD was useful in alleviating the symptoms of some mental disorders, such as psychosis, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism, behavioral problems and stress. In addition, the research still showed uncertain and sometimes even contradictory results, which reinforces the need for further investigations on the action of this drug in the treatment of mental disorders.

Approaches for posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring and their clinical benefits.

This review examines the progress of research on posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) that has focused on differences in the TDM of posaconazole after clinical application in different formulations and in different populations, the factors that affect posaconazole concentrations, the advantages of posaconazole TDM in terms of clinical efficacy and cost savings, and measurement methods. A literature search (2006 to 2024) was performed in PubMed and Embase with the following search terms: noxafil, posaconazole hydrate, posaconazole, drug monitoring, therapeutic drug monitoring, and TDM. Abstracts of review articles, prospective studies, and retrospective studies were reviewed. TDM should be implemented earlier for posaconazole tablets and injections than for oral posaconazole suspensions. Posaconazole TDM is beneficial for improving clinical efficacy, and the incidence of breakthrough invasive fungal infections (IFIs) can be significantly reduced by gradually adjusting the posaconazole dose in response to TDM in patients with inadequate trough concentrations. Early TDM allows more patients to achieve target therapeutic posaconazole concentrations. TDM can also facilitate dose adjustments, which reduce the cost of this expensive drug. Different assay techniques, including chromatography, microbiological detection, chemofluorimetry, paper spray mass spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis, can be used for posaconazole TDM. Posaconazole TDM has potential clinical utility and cost-saving benefits and could improve the outcomes of IFI treatment.

Advances in Zinc-Containing Bioactive Glasses: A Comprehensive Review

Bioactive glasses (BGs) have attracted significant attention in the biomaterials field due to their ability to promote soft and hard tissue regeneration and their potential for various clinical applications. BGs offer enriched features through the integration of different therapeutic inorganic ions within their composition. These ions can trigger specific responses in the body conducive to a battery of applications. For example, zinc, a vital trace element, plays a role in numerous physiological processes within the human body. By incorporating zinc, BGs can inhibit bacterial growth, exert anti-inflammatory effects, and modify bioactivity, promoting better integration with surrounding tissues when used in scaffolds for tissue regeneration. This article reviews recent developments in zinc-containing BGs (ZBGs), focusing on their synthesis, physicochemical, and biological properties. ZBGs represent a significant advancement in applications extending beyond bone regeneration. Overall, their biological roles hold promise for various applications, such as bone tissue engineering, wound healing, and biomedical coatings. Ongoing research continues to explore the potential benefits of ZBGs and to optimize their properties for diverse clinical applications.

Integration of Hydrogels and 3D Bioprinting Technologies for Chronic Wound Healing Management.

The integration of hydrogel-based bioinks with 3D bioprinting technologies presents an innovative approach to chronic wound management, which is particularly challenging to treat because of its multifactorial nature and high risk of complications. Using precise deposition techniques, 3D bioprinting significantly alters traditional wound care paradigms by enabling the fabrication of patient-specific wound dressings that imitate natural tissue properties. Hydrogels are notably beneficial for these applications because of their abundant water content and mechanical properties, which promote cell viability and pathophysiological processes of wound healing, such as re-epithelialization and angiogenesis. This article reviews key 3D printing technologies and their significance in enhancing the structural and functional outcomes of wound-care solutions. Challenges in bioink viscosity, cell viability, and printability are addressed, along with discussions on the cross-linking and mechanical stability of the constructs. The potential of 3D bioprinting to revolutionize chronic wound management rests on its capacity to generate remedies that expedite healing and minimize infection risks. Nevertheless, further studies and clinical trials are necessary to advance these therapies from laboratory to clinical use.

Use of a Novel Reverse Hip Replacement System to Address Dislocation and Instability.

While total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an enormously successful treatment for patients with end-stage degenerative arthritis of the hip, and surgeons have optimized existing hip implants and techniques, dislocation and instability persist as a leading cause of failure. Given the tremendous success of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty in enhancing the stability of shoulder reconstruction by reversing the anatomic seating of the ball and socket components, one manufacturer (Hip Innovation Technology, LLC, Woodstock, Georgia) has developed a novel Reverse Hip Replacement System (Reverse HRS) to address the need for greater stability in reconstruction of the arthritic hip joint. Rather than the traditional anatomic components that replace the head of the femur with a spherical ball and the acetabulum with a socket with polyethylene liner mounted into the pelvis, the Reverse HRS features a cup with polyethylene liner attached to the femoral stem and a spherical metal head attached to a central trunnion inside of the porous-coated acetabular shell fixed into the pelvis. This design provides dramatically enhanced stability and improved range of motion. This article reviews relevant published literature, including results from a Canadian clinical trial and case reports from a multicenter American clinical trial monitored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. It also describes the components and surgical technique of reverse THA.

Advances in stem cell therapy for diabetic foot.

Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFU) represent a grave complication often encountered in the advanced stages of diabetes mellitus. They frequently lead to recurrent hospitalizations and, in severe cases, can result in life-threatening conditions such as infections, gangrene, and even amputation Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), as a serious complication in the late stage of diabetes mellitus, are prone to lead to repeated hospitalization, and in severe cases, infection, gangrene, and even amputation. Although there are many methods for treating diabetic foot, there is no clear and effective method to reduce the amputation rate of diabetic foot patients. In recent years, advancements in the understanding of stem cell therapy for the treatment of DFU have shed light on its potential as a novel therapeutic approach. In recent years, as the research on stem cell therapy for diabetic foot is gradually deepening, stem cells are expected to become a new therapeutic method for treating DFU in the future. Their therapeutic effects are through promoting angiogenesis, secreting paracrine factors, controlling inflammation, promoting collagen deposition, and regulating immunity, etc. Despite numerous studies confirming the efficacy of stem cell therapy in treating DFU, there is still a need for the establishment of standardized treatment protocols. Although numerous studies have shown that stem cell therapy for DFU is real and effective, there has not yet been a standardized treatment protocol. This article reviews studies related to stem cell therapy for DFU, looking at the mechanism of action, types of stem cells, and modes of administration.